School encyclopedia. School Encyclopedia Writers Language Dictionary
Lexical homonymstwo and more different words are called, coinciding in writing, pronunciation and grammatical design.
From Polemia is distinguished by or the lack of common seminal words (different values \u200b\u200bof one word always have common semes), or to the belonging of words to different parts of speech.
For example, "Bor" - chemical element and "Bor" - The forest is completely unnecessary by value. Words with sound shell "know" in contexts "Know the city", "City to know" and "Know, grinds»Refer to different parts of speech. In both cases, Omonimia is represented.
Two types of homonyms distinguish: full and incomplete (or partial)
Complete lexical homonyms include such words of the same part of the speech, which coincides with the entire system of forms. 1 - key (for lock), 2 - key (spring)
Incomplete does not match the entire form of forms. Plant (Enterprise) - Plant (hours)
The emergence of homonyms.
1. Semantic splitting, decay of a polysemantic word. The initial values \u200b\u200bof one word diverge and become soooo far away.
debt - duty, debt - taken off. In the 50s - options for the same word. The duration of the splitting process.
2. Omonium may be the result of the coincidence of the sound, writing and complete or partial coincidence of the formation of the original word and borrowed.
cutting (Russian, dissection) - cutting (Goll., Closed room on the top pallane vessel or ship superstructures)
3. Two or a few words borrowed from different languages, due to certain phonetic reasons, were in Russian consonant.
block - Union (FR), block - Machine for lifting weights (English).
Often, different words borrowed from one language are unemployed in Russian. Quarry - the fastest horse run (from fr.corriere)
quarry - Camera (from Fr. Carriere)
By structure:
simple (non-derivative) most often in a circle of land. There were in the cuts of the coincidences of the words of original and borrowed, by phonetic transformations of the original Russian words, as well as in the process of word formation. Among them, grapes allocate: 1) Omonimous derivatives of the bases consist each of the two (or more) homomorphs: Tolsta - ARC - A (Tolstoy's sequence - horror, it is necessary to call it so much) and the thick - OWK - A
2) Omonial derivatives are made up of morphemes that do not coincide with the sound of paper - IR (paper industry worker) and paper - nickname (purse for papers)
3) In a homonymous pair of words, the basis of the basis of the base is only one of the words, and another (or other) occurs the morphological process of the Opiage of Opide - to precipitate (surrounded by the troops), to precipitate (allocate the composite part of the sediment), be aspirated. Make a slow down to all at once)
4) one of the homonymic bases has a derivative character, the other - non-produced
north (reduce. To Nora) and mink (animal and animal skin)
In the Akhmanova, such types of homonyms are called "words with a pronounced morphological structure", five subtypes differ among them: 1) Omonimia of the foundations
2) Omonimia affixes
3) Omonium with various internal structure
4) Omonimia of different parts of speech
and the fifth they have not written
derivatives
Omophony - 1) Coincidence of the pronunciation of the word influenza - Mushroom
2) The coincidence of words and phrases: a dumb - not mine, drove - for the nose
3) Coincidence of individual forms of the word (Omoforms, or grammatical homonyms): Saw (she saw) - Saw (SUD), Ice (treated) - Ice (fly)
Omonimia is often attributed to Omonimia, i.e. Words coinciding in writing, but differing pronunciation, in particular emphasis. Iris (Candy) - Iris (thread type), village - Village.
Stylistic feature: to create images, for updating, Kalabura
Omonimov Dictionaries:
the first: 1974. "Dictionary of Omonyms of the Russian Language", O.A.ahmanova
1976 "Dictionary of Omonyms of the Russian Language" (Kolesnikov, Ed. Shanskaya
in the magazine "Russian language in school" for the first time printed "A brief word-formative-etymological dictionary of Russian Polemia and single-corneous homonymy" (Shansky, Romanov, Philipp).
Paronima They are called different words similar to pronunciation, lexico-grammatical affiliation and, as a rule, Rodation of the roots: the addressee - the address, inhale - sigh, land - earthlings, etc.
Omonimov differ from: 1) Paronims have different writing
2) do not have a complete coincidence in pronunciation
Kolesnikov: incomplete paronyms. Words of this type are closer with single-colored synonyms, although there are explicit distinctive features: 1) paronimny words relate or only to the original Russian words (the ramped - stray, remnants - the remains, pay - to pay, litter - marked), or only borrowed (subscriber - Subscription, Creature - Essence, Fact - Factor)
2) Synonyms, denoting the same or close concept, often semantically extremely closely, while the paronyms indicate completely different concepts and differ from each other with a clear semantic differentiation.
Reasons for mixing par monomic words:
1) Mixing arises as a result of rapprochement of the realities indicated by these words (bottom - bottom, Chara - Charca, Bowl - Cup)
2) the community of scope of application called them concepts, objects, processes, actions, qualities, etc. Or similarity of emerging associative connections: AnaFora - Epiphara, APGEY - Perigee, Gross - Netto, Lotsman - Boatzman, Baroque - Rococo.
3) a consequence of the possibility of their synonymous compound and proximity or identity of the boundaries of lexical combativity: anecdotal (anecdotic), apathic (apathetic), tragic (tragic)
4) Non-exposure to the style affiliation of words (rapprochement of book words with conversational (meaninglessness - nonsense (talk), Gnilets - Gniltsa (simple)
5) Close semantic ties of word-forming suffixes: H and SC; Ovit, OV and N; and Australia and DR (inventive - inventive, businesswittered - business - delight)
Stylistic functions: Paronomasia (paronomasia) - a stylistic figure, the essence of which is intentional mixing or in the deliberate clash of words-paronyms: not stupid, but oak; and deaf, and stupid.
a means of creating an unusual image in order to enhance its persuasiveness., Kalabura
Paronim dictionaries:
the first - "difficult cases of consumption of single-root words of the Russian language" (Belchikov, Panyushev) - 1968
1971 - "Dictionary of Russian Paronimes" (Kolesnikov)
1976 - "Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian language" (Rosenthal, Telenkov)
1984 "Dictionary of Russian Paronimes" Vishnyakova
Here is a good example of omoormal (grammatical homonyms, in the first stanza) + stylistic function
Pigeons welcome the morning ...
Valentin Vikhorev
By the morning, the blueberiobi of one, girlfriends are knocked heads, the drawing of the asphalt wing. Meaning attention: from the flock of dubbing to the pigeons! My windows pose, we go with the streets of wets with you. Again, on the outskirts, Golden Outstairs, with us on dawn. Cacamicoopol bury, in the shadows of the shadow are viscous, like a resin. Dragging the city surgery from the roofs. What is my proud, are you silent? 1965
Synonyms.
It is very important to determine what is based on a synonymic series.
2 positions:
1) Alexandrov. Synonyms should be considered words that have one PLA, distinguishing only with shades of value, expressive color, affiliation to one or another style; Must have a partially coincidence combination.
A.P. Evgenyeva. Synonyms - identical or loved by the meaning of the word.
Budagov. Synonyms are close to the meaning of the word, expressing the shades of one concept.
2) Reformatsky. Synonyms are words that call the same thing, but correlate it with different concepts and thus expand the different properties of this thing.
Supporters of the 1st position are suitable for determining linguistically, with a belly. Systems, proceed from the identity of concepts.
The 2nd concept comes from extralyingvistic reality. The words indicate the same phenomenon of reality.
Denotat - a homogeneous set of objects, reality phenomena, can be referred to as the same language unit (denoted).
The referent is an extra-speaking reality object, which means the speaker, the word (designation) correlated.
What is the nature of the differences that are valid between synonyms?
Only a semantic identity, and not the proximity of the values \u200b\u200ballows us to consider words as synonyms.
Difference in emoto. Color, in their own. Stil. Color, Funkts. Stil. Differences formally grammatical.
Characteristics of synonyms.
Using the example of a synonymous series: ask - to ask - pray - to pull out - Klyanch - Awelcome - Give - shoot.
At the heart of the LAs of these words lies one thing 'seeks to get something to seem to seek, contact someone. with the request'.
Dominant - the word, most clearly, an objectively expressing concept underlying the synonymic series. This word, as a rule, is direct nominative and stylistically neutral.
Associate: ask to go deep to humiliation.
Pray: ask + passionately, hot.
Pull out: "very" pray.
To poke and darling: ask + persistently, tediously, it is annoying (in a rough speech + emotor. Evaluation "intensive.").
Give: to ask how typical of the gypsies - relentlessly, intrusive (break down.).
Shoot: ask to talk Money or cigarettes.
Classification of synonyms.
The base of the classification may be different.
I. S m. Differences between synonyms.
The ideographic (semantic) are synonyms that are characterized by shades of meaning.
Quickly - hastily (forced speed).
Stylistic - synonyms, which, coinciding by meaning, are distinguished by a hard-expressive and stylistic color.
Semantico-stylistic - synonyms that differ in the semantic shades, and stylistic qualities.
Absolute (dubls) is one stylistic layer + identical in value, without prejudice to interchangeable in speech.
The language seeks to get rid of the doublet. Very often the old vocabulary remains in dialects, or differentiation (semantic or stylistic). For example, the image is an image.
II. With t. S. structures (word structure).
Single (ask - to ask);
Owls.
III. With t. S. Language and speech.
Language (Uzual);
River (occasional).
Functions synonyms in the language.
1. Clarification, detail, concretization.
2. Purely stylistic.
3. Pure technical (to avoid repetition).
Details Category: "Great, Mighty and Truthful Russian Language" Published 03/09/2016 18:07 Views: 2980The world of Russian dictionaries is huge.
Dictionaries aspect characterize the vocabulary of the Russian language from various points of view. They are divided into two large groups.
First Group: Synonymic, antonymic, rigorous, ionic, word-forming, dialectic. They describe single-order linguistic units forming a homogeneous microstructure.
Second group: Dictionaries Etymological, historical, spelling, orphoepic, dictionaries of grammatical difficulties, foreign words, etc. In these dictionaries, relatively different-quality lexical material is analyzed under a strictly defined angle.
Synonyms Dictionaries
In synonyms dictionaries, synonymous rows are given in the word dominant. The values \u200b\u200bof the words, features of the combination, stylistic coloring, sphere of use, examples of use in texts can be specified.
Synonym dictionary. Edited by A.P. Evgenareva, L., 1975.
Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Author N. Abramov, M., 1999.
Alexandrova Z. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: about 9000 synonymic rows / ed. L. A. Cesco.
Full online dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language and other dictionaries.
Omonimov's dictionaries
Omonimi (with Dr.-Greek. ὁμός "The same" and ὄνομα "Name") - different ones, but the same sound and writing words, morphems and other units of the language.
For example: leak (verb, in the value "leak") and leak (noun, in the value "flowing". Flow in the roof).
Omonimov's dictionaries indicate the type of homonym, the meanings of words-homonyms. Information may be given on the origin of homonyms and other instructions.
Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of Omonimov of the Russian language: over 2000 Waste articles, M., 1986.
Kolesnikov N. P. Dictionary of Omonimov of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shanskaya. M., 1976; 2nd ed. M., 1978.
Dictionary of Omonies of the Russian language. M., 1986.
Dictionaries Antonyms
Antonyms dictionaries include antonymic pairs, the values \u200b\u200bof which are disclosed with interpretations or examples from artistic, journalistic, scientific works. The dictionaries may indicate the features of the combination of antonyms with other words, their synonymous and word-forming links.
Dictionary of Antonyms of the Russian Language: about 3200 antonymic pairs.
Author M. R. Lviv, M., 1988.
Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of Antonyms of the Russian Language, Rostov-on-Don, 1971.
Dictionary of Antonyms of the Russian Language online.
Paronim dictionaries 
Paronyms (with Dr. Greek. παρα- (prefix with the meaning of adjacency), ὄνομα - "name") - these are single words that belong to one part of speech, have similarities in sound (due to the general root or the basis), but differ in their values.
Paronims are often becoming a source of speech errors: the similarity of words is often caused by their mixing (for example: wear - Dress).
In 1971, the "Dictionary of Russian Language" was published in Tbilisi, N. P. Kolesnikova, which contains words similar in morphological composition and sound, but having different meaning ( provide vacation, word; but submit a report, report, submit to promotion, reward or words of words: dressed - to wear, toast - health resort etc.).
In 1984, the "Dictionary of Russian Paronimes" O. V. Vishnyakova was published. It is also interesting for its allowance for students "Paronims of the modern Russian language." M., 1981.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of Russian Paronimov. Tbilisi, 1971.
Vishnyakova O. V. Dictionary of Russian Paronimov. M., 1984.
Grigoriev V. P., Kozhevnikova N. A., Petrova Z. Yu. Materials for the Russian Language Paronims. M., 1992.
Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Dictionary of Paronimov of the modern Russian language. M., 1994.
Paronov dictionaries give the interpretation of word-paronyms, illustrate their examples from artistic, journalistic, scientific literature, indicate the features of their combination with other words. Paronims can be compared with synonyms and antonyms, characterized by examples of their erroneous use.
Dictionaries neologisomes
The dictionaries of neologisms characterize new words, values, phraseological units not registered by the intelligent dictionaries of the Russian language. Studies of neologisms describe the words, the values \u200b\u200bof words or a combination of words that appeared during a certain period of time or used only once (occasionalism). In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines within one year is tens of thousands.
The indispensable signs of neologisms are their freshness and novelty. But these are signs temporary, because usually neologisms are quickly absorbed by the language, become familiar and lose these initial signs (cf., for example, the rapid entry into a speech use of such at first, as cosmonaut, Cosmotion, Laser, Rotaprint, Transistor).
New words and values \u200b\u200b// Ed. N. Z. Kotelova, Yu. S. Sorokina L., 1973, 1984.
New words and values \u200b\u200b// Ed. E. A. Levashova. St. Petersburg., 1997.
Perestroika dictionary / ed. V.I. Maksimova. St. Petersburg., 1992.
New in Russian vocabulary. Word materials. 1977-1996.
Foreign Word Dictionaries
Foreign word dictionaries characterize words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages \u200b\u200bor formed from the Morpheme of the ancient Greek and Latin languages \u200b\u200band conscious as foreignate ones. Dictionaries give the interpretation of words and indicate the source and the path of borrowing.
Dictionary of foreign words / ed. I.V. Lechina, F.N. Petrova et al. M., 1988.
Lokshina S.M. Brief dictionary of foreign words. M., 1988 and many other dictionaries, including dictionaries online.
Dialects
Dialectic dictionaries reflect the vocabulary of one dialect, group of govorov defined territory or all Russian dialects. Many dialect dictionaries were compiled by regions (Arkhangelsk, Bryansk, Vologda, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Pskov, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, etc.) and on other regions (Moscow region, Don, Mordovia, the Middle Urals, Siberia, Transbaikalia, etc.). The most fully dialectic vocabulary reflects the consolidated multi-volume "Dictionary of Russian People's Govorors", released in 1965 edited by F.P. Filin and then F.P. Sorokoletova.
Frameological dictionaries
These dictionaries interrupt the values \u200b\u200bof phraseological units indicate their stylistic nature and origin. Exist silent phraseological dictionaries (Kuzmich V. Zhuguchi Glagol - Dictionary of People's Phraseology. - 2000; Bystrov E. A. Educational Frameological dictionary. - 1997; Frameological dictionary of expressions of feelings and emotions; Fedorov A. I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language, 2008; Fedosov I. in . Russian Language Phraseology, 2003) and bilingual (Kunin A.V. Great English-Russian Phraseological dictionary. M.: Russian, 1984; Kunin A.V. Russian-English Phraseological dictionary. M.: Russian, 1984; Lucshin Yuri. Big Polish Russian, Russian-Polish phraseological dictionary. - Warsaw, 1998.
Language dictionaries writers
The vocabulary of writers reflects the words used by this author in all its works or in one of them. For example:
Vocabulary of Dostoevsky language. GL ed. Yu.N. Karaulov;
Vocabulary of Pushkin. Ot. ed. V. V. Vinogradov. This is the most complete theoretically designed explanatory dictionary of the writer. It consists of 4 volumes. The dictionary contains and explains the word 21 191.
The original "dictionary to the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky" N. S. Ashukin, S. I. Ozhegova, V. A. Filippova was released in Moscow in 1993. This dictionary is unusual, this is a whole encyclopedia of Russian life, which has left in the distant past.
Pester N. N. Dictionary of Neologisoms Velimira Khlebnikov, 1995.
The dictionary of the language K. G. Powesty / Sost. L. V. Leshavishche. Vilnius, 1996.
Dictionary of the poetic language Marina Tsvetaeva: in 4 m. M., 1996.
Onomastic dictionaries
Onomastic dictionaries describe their own names: anthroponyms (personal names) and toponyms (geographical names).
Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1984.
Fedosyuk Yu.A. Russian surnames. M., 1981.
Nikonov V.A. Brief toponymic dictionary. M., 1966, etc.
Dictionaries cuts
These dictionaries provide deciphering of alphabetic abbreviations and comprehensive words that are used in the language, as well as graphic abbreviations used in the letter.
Alekseev D.I., Gozman I.G., Sakharov G.V. Dictionary of contractions of the Russian language. M., 1983.
Dictionaries of the correctness of speech
Such dictionaries contain words and expressions that cause certain difficulties.
The difficulties of the Russian language / edited by L.I Rakhmanova. M., 1981.
Rosenthal D.E., Telenkov MA The dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1987.
Efremova T.F., Kostomarov V.G. Dictionary of the grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1986.
Aspect dictionaries of another type consider all the words at one point of view specific for each dictionary.
Specographic dictionaries
These dictionaries give the correct writing of words and some forms. Spelling dictionaries are the most popular among dictionaries and the most numerous.
Orphoepic dictionaries
These dictionaries provide information about the correct pronunciation and stress of words and grammatical forms. They reflect the rules of literary pronunciation.
Orphoepic dictionary of the Russian language / edited by R.I. Avanesova. M., 1989.
Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of stress of the Russian language. M., 1993.
Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. M., 1997.
Frequency dictionaries 
Frequency dictionaries show the degree of use of different words in speech. The dictionary can be sorted by frequency, alphabetically (then for each word its frequency will be indicated), according to groups of words (for example, the first one thousand most frequency words, for it the second, etc.), by typical (words, frequency for most Texts), etc. Frequency lists are used to teach the language, creating new dictionaries, applications of computer linguistics, research in the field of linguistic typology, and so on.
Frequency dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. L. N. Vodorina. - M.: Russian, 1977.
The frequency dictionary of the Language M. Yu. Lermontova // Lermontovskaya Encyclopedia / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House). M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981.
Sharov S. A. Frequency dictionary.
Steinfeldt E. A. The frequency dictionary of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1973.
Inverse dictionaries
These dictionaries lead words in the alphabetical order of the final letters of words, which makes it possible to identify all the words with the same endings, suffixes, the end sounds of the root. Such dictionaries are useful when studying the word formation, the characteristics of the end of the word. In computer linguistics, they are used as a basis for compiling and verifying wordform dictionaries.
Reverse dictionary can also be used as a dictionary rhymes.
Grev R., Lyubchev G. Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. M. Fasmer. Wiesbaden, 1958-1959.
Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language / Scientific Consultants A. A. Zaliznyak, R. V. Bakhturin, E. M. Smorgunova. M., 1974.
Kudryavtseva L. A. Reverse derivational dictionary of Russian neoplasms. Kiev, 1993.
Grammatical dictionaries
Grammatical dictionaries contain information about the grammatical properties of words. One of the best grammatical dictionaries is the "grammar dictionary of the Russian language. Word Incement "A. A. Zaliznyaka (M., 1977). It contains about 100,000 words located in the reverse alphabetical order, which developed a unique system of indexes, attributing words to a specific discharge, type inside it, varieties of emphasis, etc.
Dictionary directory for print workers D. E. Rosental "Management in Russian" (M., 1981) contains 2,100 vocabulary articles, giving an idea of \u200b\u200ba possible choice of designs that differ in semantic or stylistic shades. In 1986, the 2nd, significantly updated publication of this dictionary.
Kolesnikov N. P. Dictionary of Unclear words. M., 1978.
Morphem and word-forming dictionaries
Such dictionaries lead the lists of Russian morpheme, show the membership of words on the morphemes, establish ways to educate words from other words.
Morphema (from Greek. Morphe - "Form") - the minimum significant part of the word.
Shklyar V. T., Kynert H. Brief wording dictionary of the Russian language. Potsdam, 1973.
Tikhonov A. N. School word formation dictionary. M., 1978.
Potich Z. A. The structure of the Russian word: educational dictionary for foreign schools. M., 1981.
Etymological dictionaries
Etymological dictionaries explain the origin of words. Since the origin of many words is not amenable to accurately unequivocal definition, the etymological dictionaries fix various points of view and contain references to the appropriate literature.
Some etymological dictionaries include information about groups of languages \u200b\u200band contain the reconstruction of the vocabulary of the pricing and its contacts with other reconstructed primasters.
Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. N. M. Shanskogo (1963-1999), A. F. Zhuravleva (from 1999), Philology Faculty of Moscow State University. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1963-2007 (the publication continues).
Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language: in 4th TT. / Ed. B. A. Larina. M.: AST, 2009.
Historical dictionaries
Historical dictionaries reflect the vocabulary of past historical eras and are compiled on the basis of writing monuments.
Sometimes the Russian classic is not always clear. For example, this line A.S. Pushkin:
Winter! .. Peasant, triumph,
On firewood updates the path;
His horse, snowing sneaking,
Sheet trot someday;
Brazda fluffy exploding
Flying kibitita removal;
Rack is sitting on irradiation
In Tulup, in the Red Quusha.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
« The jimmer sits on the irradiation, in Tulup, in the Red Quusha... "- in these lines of Pushkin, modern schoolchildren do not cause questions only words" sits "and" in red ", the rest can cause difficulties.
To overcome these difficulties and create historical dictionaries of the Russian language.
Intelligent dictionaries
Dictionaries of this type serve to interpret, explain the meaning of words.
The first intelligent dictionary of Russian language was the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-1794). He included over 43,000 words and was focused mainly on the transfer of high-style words, including Staroslavlyansky origin.
4-Tomny "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" V.I. Dalya came out in 1863-1966. (The second edition with the author's corrections - in 1880-1882) and included about 200,000 words. Of these, about 80,000 words were collected by V.I. Dalem.
The location of words in the sensible dictionary can be nest (In one dictionary, there is a nest of related, single-damned words) or alphabetic.
Authors of the most famous intelligent dictionaries: D.N. Ushakov, S.I. Ozhegov.
Lapatukhin M. S., Svlupovskaya E. V., Snetova S. P. School Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: Handbook for students / Ed. F. P. Filina. M., 1981.
4000 most common words of the Russian language / ed. N. M. Shanskaya. M., 1981.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: manual for students of national schools / Ed. M. M. Makhmutova, A. V. Teuchva. N. M. Shanskaya. L., 1982.
Gabachan K. V. Teaching explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1983.
Lopatin V. V., Lopatina L. E. Small Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. M., 5th ed., M., 1998.
Omonium Dictionary - The type of dictionary, which describes the same sound words that do not have common semantic signs that give the ability to consider the corresponding values \u200b\u200bwith the values \u200b\u200bof one word (for example: spit - "Hair", spit - "A tool for kosba" and spit - "Oven").
Omonium dictionaries reflect the relationships of formally identical and semantically different lexical units. These links have a long tradition of description in sensible dictionaries.
The first in domestic lexicography experience of the entire totality of Omonimov appeared "Dictionary of Omonyms of the Russian Language" O. S. Akhmanova. It presents in a detailed classification of homonyms. Due to the release of homonyms with a pronounced morphological structure, there is a regularity of homonymic relations among entire lexico-grammatical classes of words. Omonies, formed as a result of the collapse of Polemia, are recorded in the dictionary and described, an attempt to distinguish between the completed and unfinished process of decaying Phasemia is made. In the vocabulary article contains instructions on the type of homonyms, as well as grammatical, stylistic and other information, emphasizing the opposition of homonyms. In order to more clearly show the semantic incompatibility of homonyms, they are equipped with translations into English, French and German.
A wider understanding of homonyms is presented in " Dictionary of Omonyms of the Russian Language » N.P. Kolesnikova. Omonyms are understood as words with different lexical and (or) grammatical meaning, but with the same (identical) writing and (or) pronunciation. Two types of homonyms are included in the dictionary: 1) Omonies, having different lexical importance and identical writing and pronunciation (bow 1. and onions 2 ", schedule 1 and chart 2) ", 2) words having a different lexical, but the same grammatical value and the same spelling (with a non-nominal pronunciation): organ and organ, cotton and cotton, pelvic and padtor. Material Dan, as noted by the editor of the dictionary N. M. Shansky, "with a solid array, without classification partitions and classification boundaries."
"The explanatory dictionary of the homonyms of the Russian language" T.F. Efremova, in contrast to the existing dictionaries of the Omonimov of the Russian language, includes both the homonyms themselves and the units derived from them. The lexical composition of the dictionary reflects the generally used vocabulary of the Russian language, which established by the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century, including terms from various areas of knowledge, as well as words weighing archaic.
In the "Dictionary of Omonyms of the Russian Language" A. P. Okunevaya is a description of the semantic, accentological, orphoepic, grammatical and stylistic properties of words-Omonimov. A special place is given to their etymology. Synonyms, antonyms, phraseological units, correlative values \u200b\u200bwith individual values \u200b\u200bof words-ionone, as well as illustrative material are given.
"Dictionary of verbov-Omonimov of the Russian Language" O.I. Litvinnikova, L.I. Golovin, MA Alekseenko includes omonymous verbs, extracted from the "Great Dictionary of Russian Language" edited by
S.A. Kuznetsova and "Dictionary of verb homonyms of dialective speech", compiled by MA Alekseenko and O.I. Litvinnikova. According to the authors, "in the dictionary is given a systematic representation of the verbov-homonyms of the Russian literary language and dialective speech in their correlation."
"Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language" OM Kim and N.E. Oslattn is dedicated to one of the most difficult practical issues - the delimitation of grammatical homonyms - words belonging to different parts of speech and coinciding both in sound and writing. For example:
- 1. One- numeral ( Bought one meter of fabric).
- 2. One- adjective ( I go out alone on the road).
- 3. One- pronoun ( One boy was so invented, invented and became a writer).
- 4. One- noun ( There is safety in numbers).
- 5. One- particle ( Around one horror).
"The Dictionary of the Omographs of the Russian Language", edited by A. V. Wentsov and V. B. Kasevich contains Wordforms classified by grammatical features. The review article gives an analysis of the connection between the type of omography and the semantics of the Omographs.
Omonium as a word-forming limit of Phasemia is represented in the "brief word-formative-ecto-ectoic dictionary of Russian Polemia and single-corneous homonymy" N.M. Shanskaya et al. The dictionary is a lexicographic reference book, which gives a brief explanation of the origin of the portable values \u200b\u200bof the most commonly intelligent words and one-sided homonyms of the Russian language. Facts of Pollopmia are considered in one row with single-corneous homonym as a word-forming limit of the first. The dictionary shows the patterns of the emergence of multivalued words and single-tempered homonyms, models and samples for which they arose. In addition to the facts of the original Phasemia and Omonimia, the semantic and word-forming tracing trains are also involved in the dictionary. Thus, the allowance is an attempt in compressed and compact the formation of the main facts of derivation and etymology of portable values \u200b\u200band single-angry homonyms.
Akhmanova O. S. The Russian language of the Russian language [more than 2000 dictionary articles]. 3rd ed., Ched. M.: Russian, 1986. 448 p. .
Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P. Educational dictionary of Omonimov Russian language. 2nd ed. M.; Rostov n / d. : March: Phoenix, 2010. 256 p. .
Grebedeva Yu.N. Dictionary of the Omographs of the Russian Language. Livny: Publisher G. V. Mukhametov, 2012. 275 p.
Grebedeva Yu.N. Dictionary of Omonimov and Omforms of the Russian Language [about 2500 Omonimov and Omoform]. 2nd ed. and add. M.: Iris- press, 2011. 351 p. (From A to Z). .
Efremova T. F. The explanatory dictionary of the homonyms of the Russian language. M.: The world of the Encyclopedia of Avanta +, 2007. 1406 p.
Kim O.M., Oslattn I.E. Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language [about 11,000 words, about 5,000 homonymic rows]. M.: Act [et al.], 2004. 842 p.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of Omonies of the Russian language. Rostov N / D.: Phoenix, 1995. 670 p. .
Okuneva L.P. The Dictionary of Omonies of the modern Russian language [about 5000 words and phrases]. M.: Russian, 2002. 412 p.
Dictionary of the Omographs of the Russian language [more than 4000 words] / Sost.
A.V. Ventsov, E.V. Gruceva, VB Kasevich, E.I. Koreshkova, E.A. Swedenzova, E.V. Jagunova; Ed. A.V. Wentsova, VB Casic. SPb.: Philol. Fact S.-Petersburg. State University, 2004. 160 p.
Dictionary of Omonies and Multilingual Words of the Russian Language / Sost. EM. Rivin. Voronezh: Voronezh, State. Technology, Acad., 2011. 388 p.
Dictionary of phraseological homonyms of the modern Russian language / Sost. T.V. Varlakov, TA Krivosheeva, S.S. Lowukhina, N.A. Pavlova, so-called. Sheveleva; Ed. ON THE. Pavlova. M.: Flint: Science, 2010. 304 p.
Shan N.M., Romanova N.N., Philippov L. V. A brief word-formative-etymological dictionary of Russian Polemia and single-corneous homonymy // Russian language in school. 1983. № 4-6; 1984. № 1-6; 1985. № 1-6; 1986. № 1-5.
The dictionary presents more than 200 rows of paronyms - words similar to sound and loved ones, but not identical, by meaning. The article includes the interpretation of the word, its grammatical characteristic, a sample of consumption in the literature, explain in detail the semantic differences of each paronym of one paronymic series. In addition, examples of possible errors arising due to improper use of paronyms. The dictionary is intended for schoolchildren, students, translators, journalists, philologists, all interested in the problems of the Russian language.
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Subscriber, SUB., M. The one who uses the subscription, as well as the client of some utilities (telephone network, electric and gas supply). Telephone network subscriber. In the small town of this ... the subscribers were called no by numbers, but asked for a telephone line ... G. Baklanov. Carpukhin. [An unknown man] cheekily called directly at the Department of Philosophy and asked Maisa, it was Maisa, and not Maria Ardalionna, and she really changed to Paths, and from this so Iosifa Yakomchevich became hurt that he was ready to remove the annoying subscriber. V. Khlumov. Old Virgin Mary.
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Subscription for a cycle of lectures (concerts), at the film festival, to the stadium, in the swimming pool, to the conservatory, theater ...
Sale, purchase, refund, payment, card file, number ... Subscriptions. Registration of the order for the subscription.
Buy, redeem, acquire, order, get, elare, sell, give, rub, return, pay, extend ... subscription. Refuse ... from the subscription.
Subscriber. Urban, factory, new (recent), old (long-standing), neat ... Subscriber.
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Payment book statement, request, requirement, rights, responsibilities, obligation ... Subscriber. Card file list, number ... subscribers. Reception hours ... subscribers.
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