What is social deviant behavior? Social functions of the family. Positive and negative deviations

Deviant (deviant) behavior is behavior that does not meet the requirements of social norms.

Deviation can be either positive (does not correspond to patterns of social behavior in the sense of improving them; leads to positive consequences for society), as well as negative (violates the requirements of social norms, leads to negative social consequences).

The most negative forms of deviant behavior that have the most serious consequences for society are forms of depinquent (literally, criminal) behavior.

Negative deviant behavior is divided into destructive and asocial types.

Destructive behavior - deviations that harm the personality itself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.).

antisocial behavior - behavior that harms others.

Deviant behavior can be individual, collective and mass.

The opposite of deviant behavior is conforming behavior (from the Latin word conformis - similar, similar).

conformist called social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values ​​\u200b\u200baccepted in society.

The main task of normative regulation and social control is the reproduction in society of a conformal type of behavior.

3.12. social role

social role - a pattern of behavior recognized as correct and appropriate for people with a certain status in a given society.

The role provides a model showing exactly how an individual should act in a given situation. Society expects from a person with a certain status of behavior, fixed by a social role.

A social role can be assigned to a person both formally (for example, in a legislative act), or be informal. Each person has a set of social roles that corresponds to his set of his social statuses. The set of roles of an individual is called a role system, a role set. In the process of achieving a certain status and performing an appropriate social role, a role conflict may arise.

Types of role conflicts:

1. Interrole: arises if an individual seeks to fulfill incompatible roles (for example, a woman-mother and a woman-careerist)

2. Intra-role: arises if, within the framework of one role, one should act atypically (for example, a loving parent punishing a naughty child)

3. Personal-role: occurs in case of psychological incompatibility of the individual with the chosen role (for example, a shy person giving lectures)

The main (basic) social roles are distinguished:

the role of the worker;

the role of the owner;

the role of the consumer;

the role of a citizen;

the role of a family member.

The set of roles played by a particular individual is called a role set.

The personality of a person leaves an imprint on the performance of a particular social role. The higher the status of the individual, the more stringent the role requirements.

3.13. Socialization of the individual

Socialization - a lifelong process of human interaction with society and its institutions, as a result of which he assimilates social norms, masters social roles, and acquires the skills of joint activity.

Socialization of the individual takes place in two stages:

1. Primary socialization - unconscious by the person himself and uncritically perceived impact of society, its norms and institutions, leading to the primary assimilation of the norms and skills of social interaction. Primary socialization ends with the formation of personality.

2. Secondary socialization - critical and selective mastering of new norms and patterns of behavior by the individual within the framework of social institutions.

Socialization in society occurs with the help of socialization institutions.

Socialization agents - people and organizations that carry out socialization within certain institutions (father, commander (chief), journalist).

Institutes of socialization - social institutions responsible for the socialization of the individual in society. As such, they distinguish:

Social norms are usually understood as the rules established in society, patterns, standards of human behavior that regulate social life.
In reality, the behavior of people in society does not always correspond to established social norms, and even, on the contrary, they are violated. In this case, one speaks of deviant behavior of the subject. Deviant (deviant) is usually called such behavior that does not meet the requirements of social norms accepted in society.
deviant(from lat. deviatio - deviation), deviant behavior - an act, human activity, a social phenomenon that does not correspond to the norms (stereotypes, patterns) of behavior established in a given society.
At one extreme of deviant behavior are people who exhibit the most disapproved behavior: terrorists, traitors, criminals. On the other hand, there are people with the most acceptable deviations: national heroes, scientists, writers, artists. In a broad sense deviant- any person who has gone astray or deviated from the norm. Alcoholism and drug addiction is a type of chronic disease that develops as a result of the systematic use of alcohol or drugs by a person.
A crime is a socially dangerous guilty act, provided for in the Special Part of the Criminal Code.
In a narrow sense, deviant behavior refers to deviations that do not entail criminal punishment, i.e. are not illegal.
The totality of illegal acts, or crimes, has received a special name in sociology - delinquent(literally criminal) behavior. Deviant behavior is relative, because it is related only to the cultural norms of this group. But delinquent behavior is absolutely in relation to the laws of the country.
Delinquent behavior- antisocial illegal behavior of an individual, embodied in his actions (actions or inactions) that harm both individual citizens and society as a whole.
Forms of deviant (disapproved) behavior Key words: criminality, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, homosexuality, gambling, mental disorders, suicides.
Types of deviations.
Cultural and mental deviations.
Often people try to connect cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental deviations. However, usually mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms adopted in society, and, conversely, for individuals who are mentally quite normal, very serious deviations are characteristic. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.
Individual deviation: an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;
Group deviation: conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture (for example, teenagers from difficult families who spend most of their lives in basements. "Basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes In this case, there is a group deviation from the dominant culture, since adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture).
primary deviation- deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a little prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake.
secondary deviation- a deviation from the norms existing in the group, which is socially defined as deviant.
culturally approved And culturally condemned deviations.
Types of deviant behavior(Robert Merton).
Merton considered the main cause of deviations to be the gap between the goals of society and the socially approved means of their implementation.
1) Conformity: conformity to cultural ends and means.
Conformism is the only type of non-deviant behavior, since it supports both the goals of the activity and the means to achieve them.
2) Innovation: agreement with culturally approved ends, but rejection of socially approved means to achieve them.
Innovation(from English. innovation) - innovation.
3) ritualism: the rejection of the goals of a given culture, but the acceptance and use of traditional, socially approved means to achieve them.
Ritual(from lat. ritualis - ritual) - a kind of custom or tradition; a historically established or specially established norm of behavior in which the form of performing actions is strictly canonized and has only symbolic meaning.
4) Retreatism(from English. retreat - retreat, retreat; secluded place, refuge), escape from reality: the denial of both goals and socially approved means to achieve them.
5) Rebellion, rebellion - a form of behavior that not only denies, but also seeks to replace the old goals and means, a mode of action that involves alienation from the prevailing goals and standards, the formation of new goals and means.
Reasons for deviant behavior.
Causes of culturally condemned deviations.
1) Biological explanations(theories of physical types):
Certain physical traits of a person predetermine the various deviations from the norms committed by her; people with a certain physical constitution tend to commit social deviations, condemned by society.
The first who suggested looking for signs associated with criminal behavior, in the features of a person's appearance, were supporters of physiognomy. 2) Psychological explanations.
Sigmund Freud assumed that any actions of people are unconscious instincts or drives rushing out. When the controlling volitional factor is not able to suppress the natural instinct, a conflict arises, resulting in a crime.
According to Konrad Lorenz and the source of aggression is the instinct to fight for survival. In humans, unlike all other living beings, violence against members of their own species is widespread. At the dawn of human history, it was not so dangerous. However, the emergence of weapons of mass destruction threatens the survival of man as a species.
3) Sociological explanations.
Theories of conflict.
Charles Marx and Friedrich Engels the existence of crime was associated with the social inequality of capitalist society. In order to achieve equality, members of certain groups of the population become criminals primarily for the purpose of obtaining material gain.

Theories of social anomie.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the dynamics of crime contradicted both the theories of mechanistic social determinism (crime grew faster than population growth) and class theories of conflict (as class contradictions smoothed out, crime not only did not disappear, but did not even decrease). Under normal conditions, a person feels the restrictions imposed by society and obeys its collective authority, its requirements do not exceed a certain socially acceptable level. However, in the case when in society there are no established limits of aspirations for its individual members, as happens with various social upheavals, before the society comes into balance, not a single member of it knows exactly which needs will turn out to be excessive and which will not. Durkheim calls this state of social anomie.
Anomie: 1) the mental state of a person, when nothing is sacred and not necessary for him (individual anomie); 2) violations in the value-normative system of society (absence or inefficiency, inconsistency of legal and moral norms), general apathy, disillusionment, an increase in crime, a mass desire for a non-working lifestyle (mass anomie); 3) the desire to achieve political goals by violating legal and moral norms (political anomie); 4) conflict of norms in culture (anomia of culture).
Durkheim concludes that crime is normal social phenomenon. Its existence is necessary so that society does not stop in its development, crime prepares the ground for social progress, and only excessive or too low crime is abnormal. Durkheim believed that even if society somehow manages to re-educate or destroy existing criminals (thieves, murderers, rapists, etc.), society will be forced to make other acts criminal that were not previously considered as such. This is explained by the fact that the criminal is a negative role model of behavior necessary for the formation of a person as a full-fledged member of society.
4) Cultural explanations.

Sometimes such deviations can be positive and lead to positive consequences. But in most cases, deviant behavior is spoken of as a negative social phenomenon that is harmful to society. The most serious manifestations of such behavior are crime, drug addiction and alcoholism.

Deviant human behavior is a variant of the interaction of a person with other individuals in the process of socialization, that is, inclusion in society. Let's look at this concept in more detail.

What is behavior?

Behavior - this is a kind of reaction to various stimuli, both externally and internally (other people, information). Sometimes the behavior makes sense, and sometimes it doesn't. A person acts meaningfully, striving to achieve some goals, instinctively - in any ordinary situations (for example, looking in the direction of a loud sudden sound).

What is a norm?

The social norm regulates the behavior of people in society, their relationship with each other and with society as a whole.

There is a notion of normal behavior. This is a historically developed option, it suggests a kind of framework for permissible or mandatory behavior.

The rules can be divided into two groups: officially established (for example, norms of legal laws, various instructions, etc.) and actual . These latter include traditions, norms of etiquette, morality, and so on.

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Officially established and actually established norms may not coincide. For example, everywhere in cities they ignore the rules for walking dogs only in special areas. This norm is official, but actually not established.

Sometimes it happens that an officially created norm has a disorganizing effect, that is, it is abnormal. This is possible in the case when the voluntarism of legislators takes place. One can cite as an example the anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR in the 80s, which led to the creation of a mass of underground enterprises for the production of alcoholic beverages.

The concept of deviant behavior

How are social norms and deviant behavior related?

Any norm is inherently conservative. However, the situation in the state and society is changing, and, accordingly, spontaneous deviations from the norm appear. After some time, this deviation itself becomes the norm.

Deviant or deviant behavior is contrary to the generally accepted norm, but it must be borne in mind that in different societies the same behavior may be considered deviant or normal, cause or not cause condemnation, and after a while deviant behavior may begin to be perceived as normal.

Variants of deviant behavior

Traditionally, deviant behavior is considered to be one that poses a certain danger and even a threat to the established order. But social deviations can manifest themselves not only in the form of crime. Deviant can be considered the behavior of various prominent people, for example, artists who create their works in some new style or direction. Deviant can be considered the behavior of an inventor, a scientist who completes an amazing discovery, or people who hold radical views.

Researcher Gilinsky proposed his own classification; he singled out two types: negative, that is, harmful to society, and positive behavior. What can serve as an illustration of positive deviant behavior? For example, various forms social creativity. What is negative? This is dangerous and antisocial behavior: beatings, insults, and so on.

Reasons for deviant behavior

Find out what are the causes of deviant behavior.

• The emergence of a new social system on the ruins of the old.
• The process of developing a new system, which can lead to various distortions and disproportions.
• The needs of society (spiritual, economic, etc.) can outpace the development of society, and this causes the need for deviant behavior.
• Perhaps just a random deviation.

There is no doubt that the violation of even the most important norms accepted in society is connected with economic relations. This connection is not direct, but it is absolutely certain. An example is the situation in our country in the mid-1990s. The onset of unemployment and lack of money led to the formation of a large number of groups with deviant behavior: these are criminal gangs, and companies of drug addicts, homeless people, etc.

Another reason is the contradiction between the strata of the population. This is especially true of the relationship between those in power and ordinary people. The hypocritical behavior of the authorities leads to social apathy on the part of the majority of the population. This can also include social injustice and the traditions of deviant behavior that have developed in society (a specific example is the lack of moral condemnation of petty theft).

Types of deviant behavior

What types of deviant behavior are identified by sociologists? Three types can be distinguished:

• aggressive deviations ; they manifest themselves in actions against a person: a crime (for example, murders), insults, fights, etc.; they cause not only moral condemnation, but also legal prosecution;
• deviations of selfish orientation; these are actions that are associated with the desire to illegally obtain property benefits; this includes bribes, theft, fraud, etc.;
• socially passive deviations - This various options avoidance of solving personal and social problems (unwillingness to study, work, desire for vagrancy, different kinds drug addiction and substance abuse; This also includes suicide.)

Behavior of children and adolescents

Children and adolescents may be characterized by forms of deviant behavior of all groups: theft, fights, begging, substance abuse and computer addiction, suicidal actions, etc.

In childhood and adolescence, the reason for this behavior is usually adherence to group values. There are various methods for diagnosing the propensity of children and adolescents to deviant behavior and are widely used. Basically, their goal is to identify a propensity for addictions.

Based on these methods, various correction methods are used to protect children from possible consequences propensity to deviant behavior, to teach to interact with society, to instill the ability to smooth out conflicts, to respect the norms of behavior accepted in society.

theories

There are several theories of the deviation of the individual from social norms. In grade 11, in a social studies lesson, it is enough to get acquainted with their content briefly.

For example, biological theory says that some individuals have inherent personality flaws that lead to antisocial behavior, interfering with socialization. However, biological theory is currently under considerable criticism. In addition, it cannot explain those crimes and acts that imply conscious choice.

The socio-psychological theory explains the presence of manifestations of deviant behavior by social upheavals, crises, unemployment, etc.

There is another theory, it is called the theory of stigma, or "labeling". The essence of the theory is that certain groups of people initially cause distrust and condemnation of society; it is as if a person is branded a criminal, and he behaves in accordance with the expectations of society. That is, the behavior is secondary in relation to the assessment, which initially had no basis.

What have we learned?

Deviant behavior does not correspond to the social norms accepted at the moment in this society. It can be positive or negative; negative deviant behavior can be dangerous for the person and others.

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Each social society has its own norms or rules by which it lives. They can be attributed to unwritten laws that reflect the nature of human behavior in different situations. Failure to comply with these norms is considered a social deviation, which is also called deviation. This concept can be viewed from different angles. First of all, deviant behavior always violates the norms of law and standards that have developed in society. But besides this, it is considered a social phenomenon, which finds its expression in any mass forms of human activity and does not correspond to the tacitly established rules of conduct.

Where is deviant behavior and its types studied? Social science is the subject that for the first time introduces students to the scientific explanation of this

Basic concept

Unfortunately, there is no such society, all members of which would adhere to common normative requirements. Existing deviant behavior and its types can take different forms. So, people with include criminals and hermits, ascetics and geniuses, saints, etc.

Deviant behavior is a type of behavior that is not approved by society. At all times there has been a struggle to eliminate undesirable forms of human activity and their carriers. At the same time, various means and methods were used that corresponded to the socio-economic relations existing in the country, public consciousness, as well as the interests of the ruling elite.

Deviant behavior and its types have always attracted the interest of researchers.

Role in society

Deviant behavior is a type of behavior with a dual character. On the one hand, it threatens to lose the stability of society. On the other hand, it maintains this stability. How can this be explained? The successful operation of all social structures is possible only if the order and predictability of the behavior of all members of society are ensured. It is important for each person to know how other people will behave and what behavior they expect from him.

However, in every society there are subcultures. They have their own norms that are in conflict with generally accepted morality. Such deviations are considered group and sometimes contribute to further development society.

Types of deviant behavior

Sometimes an individual violates social norms only occasionally. This behavior is referred to as primary deviation. Second view this concept- secondary. In this case, the person is labeled a deviant and feels that they are being treated differently than other people.

Deviant behavior always violates moral norms and can be both individual and collective in nature. The first type of deviation is often transformed into the second. Most often this happens when criminal subcultures influence those categories of people who are predisposed to commit deviant acts, that is, they belong to the risk group.

Types of deviant behaviors

Allocate:

Delinquent acts that have a pronounced antisocial orientation, which in their extreme expressions become criminally punishable;

Addictive acts, the purpose of which is to escape from reality through the use of psychoactive substances or with excessive fixation on a certain type of activity;

Pathocharacterological actions that are due to pathological changes in character that occur due to defects in education;

Psychopathological actions that are a consequence;

Actions based on a person's hyper abilities, manifested with special giftedness or genius.

Deviant behavior and its types may have a slightly different classification. In relation to them, society deviant actions are:

1. Socially approved. They are expressed in the behavior of the individual, which is positive and aimed at eliminating outdated standards. As a rule, this type of deviant is associated with social creativity and contributes to qualitative changes in the entire social system. Examples of this are genius, sporting achievements, heroic deeds and leadership abilities.

2. Neutral. This deviant behavior is a type of behavior that does not cause any fear of society and does not contribute to its change. Such deviant acts include eccentricity and eccentricity, the desire to surprise everyone with their demeanor and dress code.

3. Socially frowned upon. Such behavior disturbs and disorganizes the social system.

It carries traits of negativity and dysfunction. Such deviant acts harm the society. These include various deviations that are harmful to people and the individual himself. They are expressed in the form of various illegal, aggressive and criminal actions, as well as in alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, etc. Thus, the following types of deviant behavior are classified as socially disapproved: addictive, delinquent.

R. Merton's typology

The concept of deviant behavior is relative. For example, criminals believe that extortion is a normal form of income. However, for the majority of the population, such behavior is deviant. The same applies to certain types of social actions. Some of them are considered deviant, while others are not.

In modern sociology, the types, types of deviant behavior classified by R. Merton are considered the most recognized. He compiled his grouping of concepts in line with the ideas of this process as destroying the basic elements of culture, including ethical standards. Based on this, Merton identified four types of deviation, which include:

1. Innovation. This type of behavior implies agreement with the general goals of society, but at the same time the denial of the accepted methods of achieving them. Innovators include prostitutes and blackmailers, great scientists and creators of financial pyramids.

2. Ritualism. Such behavior is associated with the denial of the main goals of society and the absurd execution of the means to achieve them. An example of this is a bureaucrat. This official requires careful completion of any document, its repeated verification, drawing up in four copies, etc. At the same time, the main thing is lost sight of - the goal.

3. Retreatism. This is nothing more than an escape from the existing reality. This type of deviation is expressed in the rejection not only of socially significant goals, but also of the ways in which ordinary people achieve them. This type of behavior is typical for drug addicts, alcoholics, homeless people, etc.

4. Riot. This behavior denies the goals and methods available in society. The rebel seeks to replace them with new ones. A vivid example of this is the revolutionaries.

When compiling his classification, Merton emphasized the fact that deviant behavior and its types are not a product that demonstrates an absolutely negative attitude towards generally accepted norms. After all, the thief does not at all reject such a goal of society as material well-being. And the actions of a bureaucrat do not conflict with the generally accepted rules of work. In this case, there is only a literal execution, reaching the point of absurdity. But at the same time, both the bureaucrat and the thief are deviants.

The main causes of deviant behavior

There can be many explanations for the deviant phenomenon. To understand it, you need to know what types of deviant behavior are. And the reasons in this case will be much easier to identify. For example, the tendency to drug addiction and alcoholism, as well as mental disorders, are explained not at all by social, but by biological causes. After all, these negative phenomena are sometimes transmitted to children from their parents.

In sociology, there are several directions, according to which the causes of deviant behavior are explained. One of them is the existence of such a state of society in which the old values ​​and norms have already come into conflict with existing relations, but there are no new ones yet. At the same time, the reason for deviant behavior lies in the inconsistency between the goals put forward by society and the means that are offered to achieve them.

Marginalization

This is one of the causes of deviation, characterized by a break in social ties. The most common option is the initial rupture of economic relations. After that, social ties are lost, and at the next stage - spiritual ones.

A characteristic feature of marginals is the lowering of the bar of social needs and expectations. At the same time, their industrial, everyday and spiritual life is primitivized.

Social pathologies

Begging and vagrancy

This behavior is a special way of life. Its main reason is the refusal to participate in work for the benefit of society and the desire for unearned income.

It is worth noting that begging and vagrancy have recently become quite widespread. However, society is trying to fight this socially dangerous phenomenon. After all, often such individuals act as intermediaries in the sale of drugs, and also commit theft and other crimes.

addiction

Often the cause of negative behavior is the desire to avoid the existing internal discomfort, as well as to change one's own socio-psychological state, which is expressed by internal struggle and intrapersonal conflicts. All of these are addictive behaviors. Such a path, as a rule, is chosen by those who do not have a legal opportunity for self-realization, whose individuality is suppressed due to the hierarchy that has developed in society, and personal aspirations are invariably blocked.

It is impossible for such people to make a career and change their social status using legitimate channels. That is why they consider the generally accepted norms of society to be unfair and unnatural.

Features of negative behavior

In our modern society deviant actions become more and more rational and risky. The main difference between such a person and an adventurer lies in the reliance on professionalism, and not in faith in chance or fate. This is a conscious choice of a person, thanks to which its self-realization, self-assertion and self-actualization is possible.

Deviant behavior of teenagers

In modern society, the problem of child neglect, drug addiction and crime is relevant. In this regard, there is an increase in the number of adolescents with deviant behavior. Such a deviation in the behavior of children is the result of political, social, economic and environmental instability, the growth of the influence of pseudo-cultures, changes in the existing value orientations of young people, troubles in the family and household sphere, lack of control, which is the result of the constant employment of parents, the epidemic of divorces and shortcomings in work. educational institutions.

The main types of deviant behavior of adolescents, as a rule, are expressed in such forms as addictive, auto-aggressive (suicidal), and also hetero-aggressive.

What are the most common causes of negative behavior among young people? Their list includes the following:

1. Wrongly organized education. Such a teenager usually lives in a difficult family. Before his eyes, there are conflicts between parents who are not interested in him. inner world. Sometimes this trouble is quite deeply hidden. And it is discovered only after the teenager begins to stand out with his negative behavior.

2. Biological factors. Among these reasons, heredity stands out, which reduces the activity of protective mechanisms and limits the adaptive functions of a person. This factor can manifest itself in mental deficiency, inheritance of abnormal traits in character, as well as such a negative phenomenon as alcoholism. In addition, in adolescents with deviant behavior, inferiority of brain cells is revealed, which became the result of some serious diseases that they transferred to early age. The factors of the biological type also include the peculiarity of the adolescent period. It is at this age that a person experiences rapid growth of the body, begins and comes to an end. puberty, as well as the functions of many systems and organs, including the central nervous system, are being improved.

3. Mental factors. In adolescence, the formation of a person's character is also completed. Violations of this process sometimes lead to negative characterological reactions that go beyond the norms accepted in society. Among them are the following: active protest (disobedience and rudeness); passive protest (leaving home); actively avoiding contact with people; imitation or imitation of the behavior of others; increased desire for self-affirmation based on the denial of the experience of elders; hypercompensation (reckless actions) as a defensive reaction, masking the weaknesses of the personality.

So we have considered deviant behavior and the causes that cause it.

Deviant (deviant) behavior: 1) an act, actions of a person that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms or standards in a given society; 2) a social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms or standards in a given society. The criterion of deviant behavior is moral and legal norms.

Delinquent (criminal) behavior- is in violation of the rules; falling under the category of illegal activity.

Types of deviant behavior

1) Primary deviation (an individual from time to time violates some social norms and does not consider himself a deviant) and secondary deviation (a person is branded as a “deviant” and begins to be treated differently from ordinary people).

2) Deviant behavior can be both collective and individual. Individual deviation in some cases is transformed into a collective one. The spread of the latter is usually associated with the influence of the criminal subculture, the carriers of which are the declassed strata of society. Categories of the population, more than others predisposed to commit deviant acts, are called risk groups.

Types of deviant behavior

* socially approved- positive, aimed at overcoming outdated norms or standards and associated with social creativity, contributing to qualitative changes in the social system (genius, heroic deeds, sports achievements, leadership abilities)

* Neutral- eccentricity, eccentricity, the desire to stand out among others in the manner of dressing, demeanor, etc.

* socially frowned upon- negative, dysfunctional, disorganizing the social system and leading it to destruction, leading to deviant behavior actions that cause damage to society (deviations aimed at causing harm to others (various aggressive, illegal, criminal actions) - delinquent behavior; deviations that cause harm the personality itself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.).

Functions of deviants in society

1. contributes to the rallying of social groups and helps people to become more deeply aware of themselves as a person and understand their own values ​​(for example, within the framework of informal youth organizations, a teenager adapts to external conditions existence, learns behavior in a group, reveals his personal characteristics);

2. determines the limits of the permissibility of certain forms of behavior (it is determined to what extent society can tolerate the behavior of some people);

3. certain types of deviants are safety valve in a society that can relieve social tension at certain moments of crisis (for example, speculators in the USSR removed the problem of supplying society with scarce and in demand goods, and drug dealers often help to remove a psychological crisis);

4. The presence of a large number of deviants indicates that there is some defect in society that needs to be combated (for example, an increase in bribery among government officials contributes to the adoption of a law to combat corruption).

Typology of deviant behavior R. Merton is based on the idea of ​​deviation as a gap between cultural goals and socially approved ways to achieve them. Accordingly, he distinguishes four possible types deviations: innovation (involves agreement with the goals of society and the rejection of generally accepted ways to achieve them); ritualism (associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and an absurd exaggeration of the significance of the ways to achieve them, while forgetting the main thing - the goal); retreatism (escape from reality); rebellion (strives for a radical breakdown of all social relations).

Theories of the origin of deviant and delinquent behavior

1) Theory of physical types claims that certain physical traits of a person predetermine the various deviations from the norms committed by her. Italian doctor C. Lombroso believed that there is a direct link between criminal behavior and the biological characteristics of a person. He argued that the "criminal type" is the result of degradation to earlier stages of human evolution. W. Sheldon identified three main types of human traits that, in his opinion, influence the commission of acts that are characterized as deviant behavior: endomorphic type(roundness of shapes, excess weight), mesomorphic type(muscular, athletic) ectomorphic type(slenderness, thinness). Sheldon described certain types of behavior inherent in each type: for example, criminal types and alcoholics are mostly mesomorphic types. However, practice has proved the inconsistency of theories of physical types.

2) At the core psychoanalytic theory deviant behavior is the study of conflicts occurring within the consciousness of the individual. According to the theory 3. Freud the psychological causes of deviation are called “dementia”, “degenerativeness”, “psychopathy”, etc.

3) Supporters theories of labeling (stigmatization) (E. Lemert, G. Becker) determine the appearance of deviation by group assessment, “hanging” on a person the label of a “violator” of established norms and applying sanctions against him.

4) The theory of cultural transfer of deviation: a) imitation theory ( G. Tarda). People become criminals because from an early age they fall into a criminal environment, and it is this environment that is the reference group for them; b) differential association theory ( E. Sutherland). Much in the deviant behavior of an individual depends on his environment, i.e., the longer an individual stays in a criminal environment, the more likely it is that in the future he will become a deviant.

Reasons for deviant behavior

1) Biological features rule breakers.

2) Addiction, i.e., with the desire to avoid internal socio-psychological discomfort.

3) The concept of disorientation ( E. Durkheim) argues that social crises are the breeding ground for deviations, when there is a mismatch between accepted norms and human life experience and a state of anomie sets in - the absence of norms.

4) R. Merton believed that the cause of deviations is not the absence of norms, but the inability to follow them.

5) Marginalization. As characteristic feature social behavior of the marginalized can be called a decrease in the level of social expectations and social needs.

6) Infection with "bad" norms of spiritual culture of representatives of the middle and upper strata from the lower strata. "Infection" occurs during communication "on the street", as a result of casual acquaintances.

7) The spread of various kinds of social pathologies (growth of mental illness, alcoholism, drug addiction, deterioration of the genetic fund of the population).

8) Vagrancy and begging (refusal to participate in socially useful work, focusing only on unearned income).

9) Social inequality. The fundamental needs of people are quite similar, and the ability to satisfy them in different social strata (rich and poor) is different. Under such conditions, the poor receive a "moral right" to deviant behavior towards the rich, expressed in various forms of expropriation of property. This theory, in particular, formed the ideological foundation of the revolutionary deviation of the Bolsheviks against the propertied classes: “rob the loot”, arrests of the propertied, forced labor, executions, the Gulag. In this deviation, there is a discrepancy between righteous goals (complete social equality) and unrighteous means (total violence).

10) Associated with the formation of motivation, social roles and statuses of a person in the past and present, which contradict each other. Social roles are constantly changing in the course of a person's life, reinforcing either conformal or deviant motivations.

11) The conflict between the norms of the culture of a given social group and society. The subculture of a student or army group, the lower stratum, a gang differ significantly in their interests, goals, values, on the one hand, and possible means of their implementation, on the other hand.

12) Social (including wars), man-made and natural disasters violate the psyche of people, increase social inequality, cause disorganization of law enforcement agencies, which becomes an objective reason for the deviant behavior of many people.

Deviant behavior in society is opposed social control- a means available to society by which people are forced to behave in accordance with generally accepted norms and rules of conduct. social control - the efforts of others aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them. Social control can also be defined as a mechanism of self-regulation in social systems, which is carried out due to the normative (legal, moral, etc.) regulation of the behavior of individuals.

Social sanctions- these are operational measures and means developed by the group, necessary to control the behavior of its members, the purpose of which is to ensure internal unity and the continuity of social life, stimulating desirable behavior for this and punishing undesirable behavior of members of the group.

Negative informal sanctions: expression of displeasure, facial expression of grief, termination of friendly relations, refusal to give a hand, various gossip, etc. The listed sanctions are important, since they are followed by important social consequences (deprivation of respect, certain benefits, etc.).

Negative formal sanctions: all kinds of punishments that are provided for by law (fines, arrests, imprisonment, confiscation of property, death sentence, etc.) act as a threat, intimidation and warn what awaits an individual for committing antisocial acts.

Informal positive sanctions: the reaction of the immediate environment to positive behavior that corresponds to the standards of behavior and value systems of the group, expressed in the form of encouragement and recognition (expression of respect, praise, flattering reviews in oral conversation and in print, friendly gossip, etc.).

Formal positive sanctions- this is the reaction of formal institutions, carried out by people specially selected for this, to positive behavior (public approval from the authorities, awarding orders, medals, monetary rewards, erection of monuments, etc.).

According to the method of internal pressure, the following sanctions are distinguished:legal sanctions (a system of punishments and rewards developed and provided for by law); ethical sanctions (a system of censures, reprimands and incentives based on moral principles); satirical sanctions (a system of all sorts of ridicule, mockery applied to those who behave differently than is customary); religious sanctions (punishments or rewards established by the system of dogmas and beliefs of a certain religion, depending on whether the individual's behavior violates or corresponds to the prescriptions and prohibitions of this religion).

Moral Sanctions are implemented directly by the social group itself through various forms of behavior and attitudes towards the individual, and legal, political, economic sanctions - through the activities of various social institutions, even specially created for this purpose (judicial-investigative, etc.).

Deviation And conformism- two opposite types of behavior.

Conformal behavior- situational behavior of an individual under conditions of specific group pressure (influence). This compliance finds expression in changing his views and behavior according to the point of view of the majority. There are two types of conforming behavior: internal And external subordination of the individual to the group. conformist behavior is based on obedience to legal prescriptions without their deep and comprehensive awareness, without high legal activity. When the subject subordinates his behavior to legal prescriptions only for the reason that “everyone does it,” and he believes that he is acting lawfully.

Between conformal and deviant motivation of people's actions is indifferent(consists in the lack of interest in the environment, indifference, indifference, passivity).

social role

social status- the position of an individual or group in a social system, which has features specific to this system. Main groups of statuses:

1. prescribed(congenital) statuses a person receives from birth regardless of his will: gender, age, nationality.

– Achieved (acquired) statuses are acquired by a person as a result of free choice and purposeful efforts: a doctor, an engineer, a businessman, an athlete.

- Mixed - prescribed and achieved at the same time.

2. Temporary and permanent.

In any society there is a hierarchy of statuses, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. Prestige- society's assessment of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion. The hierarchy of statuses is formed under the influence of two factors: a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs; b) the system of values ​​characteristic of a given society.

Political, religious, demographic, economic, professional statuses of a person determine the intensity, duration, direction and content social relations of people. With a concept social status closely related concept is social role: 1) fixing a certain position that this or that individual occupies in the system of social relations; 2) a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society, as well as actions that a person holding a given status in the social system must perform.

With different approaches to interpretation, social roles are also defined as:

1) a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected from everyone occupying this position;

2) a socially necessary type of social activity and a way of behaving a person, which bears the stamp of social assessment (approval, condemnation, etc.);

3) the behavior of the individual in accordance with his social status; a generalized way of performing a certain social function, when certain actions are expected from a person depending on their status in society and the system of interpersonal relations;

4) the system of expectations existing in society regarding the behavior of an individual occupying a certain position in his interaction with other individuals;

5) a system of specific expectations in relation to himself of an individual occupying a certain position, that is, how he represents a model of his own behavior in interaction with other individuals;

6) open, observable behavior of an individual occupying a certain position;

7) an idea of ​​the prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required from a person in a given situation;

8) prescribed actions characteristic of those who occupy a certain social position;

9) a set of norms that determine how a person of a given social position should behave.

The concept of social role was proposed by American sociologists R. Linton, J. Mead. The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist T. Parsons.

1. Scale. The scale of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale.

2. According to the method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and achieved.

3. Degree of formalization. Formalization is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested.

4. By type of motivation. Personal profit, public good, etc. can act as motivation. Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles driven by various motives.

The more social roles an individual is able to play, the more adapted to life he is. The set of roles performed by an individual is called role set, or role repertoire.

According to the degree of manifestation, they are distinguished active And latent roles. Active roles are determined by a specific social situation and are performed at a given moment in time; latent ones do not appear in the actual situation, although the subject is potentially the bearer of this role.

According to the way of assimilation, the roles are divided into prescribed(determined by age, gender, nationality) and acquired which the subject learns in the process of socialization.

The process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles. A role can be used as a means to an end, or it can become an end in itself.

Role conflict A situation in which an individual of a certain status is faced with incompatible expectations. The situation of role conflict is caused by the fact that the individual is unable to fulfill the requirements of the role.

Types of role conflicts

Interrole- conflicts caused by the fact that the individual has to simultaneously perform too many different roles and therefore he is not able to meet all the requirements of these roles, either because he does not have enough time and physical capabilities for this, or different roles present him with incompatible requirements.

Intra-role- conflicts caused by conflicting demands placed on the bearers of the same role by different social groups. Each person has a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. Their combination is called the role system.

The individual has the opportunity to choose from a variety of social statuses and roles offered to him by society, those that allow him to better realize his plans, to use his abilities as efficiently as possible. The acceptance of a particular social role by a person is influenced by both social conditions and his biological and personal characteristics (health, gender, age, temperament, etc.).

3.13. Socialization of the individual

Socialization of the individual- the process of assimilation by an individual of social norms, cultural values ​​and patterns of behavior of the society to which he belongs, includes the transfer and mastery of knowledge, skills, skills, the formation of values, ideals, norms and rules of social behavior. Socialization is a set of agents and institutions that form, guide, stimulate, limit the formation of a person's personality.

Types of socialization:

A) primary- assimilation of norms and values ​​by the child;

B) secondary- the assimilation of new norms and values ​​by an adult.

Levels of socialization

* Primary(up to 6 years), which occurs mainly in the family, is based on preconscious programs that are more perfect in a talented newborn than in an ordinary person. The perception of the objective world, language and speech, participation in role-playing activities are signals that develop the mechanisms of preconsciousness into consciousness, into the ability to music, mathematics, physical labor and the corresponding models of roles.

* Secondary socialization(up to 23–25 years old), which takes place in the education system, is aimed at improving the emerging consciousness, value orientations, role models into more complex, professional, interrelated orientations of actions, as well as roles and actions: boys and girls, students and athletes, loving and beloved, etc.

* Tertiary socialization- this is the socialization of an adult, educated person who has received a profession. At this time, the mentality and value orientations, statuses and roles, the behavioral skills of a man and a woman, a husband or wife, a father and mother, an employee and a citizen, a patriot and an internationalist, etc., are formed.

Socialization agents are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and social values.

Institutes of socialization institutions that influence the process of socialization and guide it.

Primary socialization agents(immediate and immediate environment of a person) - parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, other relatives, friends, teachers, leaders of youth groups. The primary institutions of socialization are the family, school, peer groups, etc.

– Family is the most important agent of socialization. The social position of the parents determines the social status of the child during the first 20 years of his life. The profession of parents determines the cultural and educational level of the family.

– Sport It has a positive effect on the formation of a physically and spiritually healthy personality, disciplines the personality, forms willpower, purposefulness and purposefulness, and is also the key to healthy mental activity of a person, cheerfulness and cheerfulness.

- The school as an agent of socialization differs from the family in that it is an emotionally neutral environment where the child is treated objectively, in accordance with his real qualities. At school, the child learns in practice what competition, success and failure are, learns to overcome difficulties or gets used to giving up before them. During the school period of socialization, a child develops self-esteem, which in many cases remains with him for life.

Socialization in the process of education in the family and school has a dual character - not only regulated and purposeful, but also uncontrolled, spontaneous. The student enriches his social experience through the actually experienced or observed experience of social interaction between teachers and students among themselves and within the social group. This experience can be both positive, that is, coincide with the goals of education (in this case, it lies in line with the purposeful socialization of the individual), and negative.

– Internet as an agent of the socialization of youth, it has a strong influence on the personality and its moral state. The Internet, enhancing the process of mediated communication, has an impact on the mental state of the individual in terms of the formation of Internet addiction.

Agents of secondary socialization- representatives of the administration of the school, university, enterprise, army, police, church, media workers. Secondary institutions are the state, its bodies, universities, the church, the media, etc.

Stages (stages) of the process of socialization

* Stage of adaptation (birth - adolescence): there is an uncritical assimilation of social experience, the main mechanism of socialization is imitation.

* Identification: the emergence of a desire to distinguish oneself from others.

* The stage of integration, introduction into society.

* Labor stage: there is a reproduction of social experience, impact on the environment.

* Post-labor stage ( elderly age) is characterized by the transfer of social experience to new generations.

Factors influencing the process of socialization: heredity, family, school, street, TV and Internet, books, public organizations(army, sports team, party, prison, etc.), type social order, type of civilization, age, gender, degree of kinship; biological heredity; physical environment; culture, social environment; group experience; individual experience.

The process of socialization covers all strata of society. Within its framework, the assimilation of new norms and values ​​to replace the old ones is called resocialization, and the loss of a person's social behavior skills - desocialization. Deviation in socialization is called deviation. American sociologist I. Hoffman (1922–1982) identified the following signs of resocialization in extreme conditions: isolation from the outside world; constant communication with the same people; the loss of the former identity, which occurs through the ritual of dressing; weaning from old habits, values, customs and getting used to new ones.

Education- the process of purposeful formation in a person of certain skills: practical (dressing, greeting, etc.) and mental (thinking, analyzing, etc.). It forms a variety of role-playing behavior, the norms and values ​​of which a person may not be aware of. Education takes place primarily in the family.

Upbringing- the process of purposeful formation of motives in a person, as well as moral, aesthetic, worldview values, beliefs, beliefs that determine his life activity. It is carried out in the family, school, through television, the press, etc.

Education- the process of purposeful formation in a person of knowledge about himself, his immediate environment, nature, society, the meaning of life, etc., which can be everyday, technical, historical, etc. in nature and takes place at school and university.

Protection- mental and practical processes through which people overcome internal conflicts: between different needs, interests and values ​​and within them (vertically) in the process of socialization. Protection relies on the will of man.

Adaptation- the mental and practical processes by which a person copes with the tension in his relationship with a situation of which other people are a part. Within the framework of this mechanism, a person overcomes the threat of losing the object of need, interest, orientation. Adaptation is based on knowledge, memory, human will.

Means of socialization born person become:

1) imitation of the behavior of adults; based on the genetically inherent human ability to remember and reproduce Various types behavior;

2) role-playing trials and errors in the course of their own activities; associated with the generalization of the acquired skill and its transfer to a new situation;

3) language, speech, knowledge (sensory and mental); associated with the development of empirical, theoretical, philosophical knowledge.

Supporters behavioral psychology(behaviorism) believe that the process of becoming a person occurs on the basis of chance, under the influence of certain circumstances, is entirely dependent on them and therefore poorly controlled.

As part of theories of structural functionalism socialization is revealed through the concept of "adaptation", as American sociologists (T. Parsons, R. Merton) socialization is understood as a process of complete integration of the individual into the social system, during which its adaptation takes place.

I. P. Pavlov and other psychologists recognize the orderliness, regularity in the development of the human psyche, the presence in the process of its formation of a number of successive stages and, therefore, the possibility of purposeful influence on it, its management.

The process of socialization includes two main forms of interaction between the individual and the environment:

– passive form consumption of social experience already accumulated before its manifestation, which ensures the entry of the individual into life, into the system of established social ties; This is a reproductive activity.

– active form, manifested in the creation or destruction of existing social ties through active, creative, creative activity.

One of the essential problems of socialization is compatibility different values culture offered by various factors - systems of socialization (family, street, school, prison, etc.). Socialization is characterized by a compromise between different traditions, norms, values, ideals, etc. Such a compromise also implies a compromise of the individual with other people. As a result of the variety of socialization factors within the same type of society, different types personalities: by worldview, mentality, character, lifestyle: conformists (conservatives); reformers; revolutionaries. Reformers and revolutionaries enter into social and interpersonal conflicts, which serve as a source of development for societies.

The implementation of the process of socialization occurs on the basis of four hierarchically arranged structures:

microsystem, in the functioning of which the individual is directly involved: the family, kindergarten, school, circle of friends. As microfactors of influence on the socialization of young people, it is necessary to include factors of a socio-psychological nature - physiological, genetic and psychological characteristics young man, as well as the features of the microenvironment in which the personality is formed.

mesosystem- these are the relations between the elements of the microsystem, for example, between the family and the school, involve taking into account the external characteristics of the subculture of a particular social community (ethnic, age, gender, professional, territorial, etc.), such as values, norms, social practices, institutional patterns, symbols, language environment, established in the space of this subculture.

exosystem consists of institutions that do not directly concern a given individual, but nevertheless participate in his socialization, sometimes exerting a very strong influence on him (the work of parents, their business environment, bosses and subordinates, whose relationships with the parents themselves often play an important role in shaping the child's ideas about the world of adults).

macrosystem, cultural environment - social values ​​and ideologies that are not only directly instilled in the child, but also indirectly affect the functioning of the first three structures.

Family and marriage

Family is a small social group based on marriage and consanguinity, whose members are connected by common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility. The family is a system of relations between husband and wife, parents and children. As a social institution, the family interacts with the state and other social institutions. Sociology considers the family from two main positions: as a small social group; How social institution.

1. How small social group- the subject of the study is intra-family relations (relations between spouses, between parents and children, between other family members).

2. How social institution- the emphasis is on the relationship between the family and the state (society), as well as the social functions of the family.

The family, a broader concept and social phenomenon, includes, as a rule, the institution of marriage. However, there are cases when marriage and family exist as if by themselves. Such extramarital relations in the family are usually called civil marriage.

Family- a single social community, the integrity of which is ensured by the complementarity of the sexes, social functions and roles.

Family social status- one of the types of social status in society and determines the place of the individual not only in the family structure, but also in the general structure of society. Family statuses are divided into: marital (wife, husband); parental (mother, father); children (son, daughter, brother, sister); intergenerational (grandfather, grandmother, grandson, granddaughter, etc.).

Family social role- prescribed and expected behavior due to marital status.

Social features families

* reproductive- childbearing, reproduction species. Thanks to this function, the family not only reproduces itself, but also ensures the replacement of outgoing generations by new members of society.

* Personality socialization .

* existential- the function of caring for and protecting its members, ensuring their social and psychological security.

* Economic And household- joint production of material goods and their distribution, organization of joint residence of family members and maintenance of their physical health and well-being.

* Function of primary social control- moral and social regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life.

* Recreative- the function of restoring and strengthening the physical, moral and spiritual forces of a person.

* Social status- reproduction of the social structure of society. By acquiring new social statuses in the family (“husband”, “wife”, “father”, “mother”, etc.), the individual replaces the statuses of his predecessors (parents) in the social structure and thereby reproduces the social structure.

* Leisure- organization of rational leisure for all family members.

* hedonistic(from Greek - pleasure) - a function of mutual pleasure, enjoyment, love, happiness, etc.

Marriage- 1) historically established, socially regulated relations between men and women, establishing their mutual rights and obligations in the family organization; 2) a legal institution that regulates relations between all family members, between the family and the state.

Types of marriage

* group marriage- the marriage union of several men and women (most characteristic of the early stages of development of primitive society);

* polygamous marriage- the marriage of one spouse with several. Polygamy is of two types: polygyny - the marriage of one man with several women; polyandry - the marriage of one woman with several men (Southeast India, Tibet, Ceylon, New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands);

* monogamous marriage the marriage of one man to one woman. Such marriages are the most typical for the Christian world and for democratic countries in which there is legal equality of the sexes. But such marriages are 5 times less common than polygamous ones;

* pair marriage- an equal marriage union of a man and a woman, which took place during the period of transition from matriarchy to patriarchy (the period of barbarism);

* exogamous marriages- are based on customs that prohibit marriages within a certain social community, for example, within a clan, phratry, community. Such marriages involve the creation of marital relations outside the given kinship group;

* endogamous marriages- are based on the customs of marriage within a certain social community - tribe, caste, nation, confession, etc.

There are also such varieties of marital relations as: marriage for love, marriage of convenience, sacred marriage, dynastic marriage, civil marriage, purchased marriage, marriage with kidnapping, unequal marriage, remarriage and others.

Social functions inherent in marriage