The Russian language is one of the brightest and most complex in the world. Express all shades of thought and describe events in detail, show the mood of a person and ...

By Masterweb

13.07.2018 20:00

The Russian language is one of the brightest and most complex in the world. This beautiful and strong language helps to express all shades of thought and describe events in detail, show the mood of a person and his attitude to the world around him. Its origin goes back to antiquity and is divided into borrowed and native Russian words. For people who study this language or live in Russia, it is very important to distinguish between Russian and foreign words that came to our country from other languages ​​of the world. Without such knowledge, it is almost impossible to fully understand its nature.

ancient origins

Russian belongs to the Indo-European language group, which is based on an even more ancient Proto-Indo-European language. From this "family" descended:

• Common Slavonic.
• Baltic.
• Germanic.
• Romance languages.

The common Slavic language was first reborn into Old Russian, and after the 14th century it was divided into three parts: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The most ancient native Russian words came into our vocabulary from the Proto-Indo-European language. These words are still used by people today and are used in Everyday life Often. Few people think about such names of close relatives as mother, son, daughter, brother and sister. Meanwhile, they are primordially Russian words, examples of which can be given endlessly.

What groups can Russian words be divided into?

As noted above, our modern language originates in the Indo-European language family. Therefore, it is possible to divide the origin of the names of various objects into groups of native Russian words. There are four groups in total.

Indo-European group

The Indo-European group of words is the most widespread in the world. It covers all the continents on which people live. This group was named by polyglot scientist Thomas Jung in 1813. In German sources, the group is usually called "Indo-Germanic languages", and in earlier times it was called Aryan, later one of the groups of Indo-European languages ​​\u200b\u200bbegan to be called this name.

There are different hypotheses about the place of origin of the Proto-Indo-European language from which this group emerged. The people who speak it lived about six thousand years ago. They lived in Eastern Europe and southwestern Asia. Also, the Indo-Europeans of the Yamnaya culture, whose territory was located on the lands of Ukraine and southern Russia, are considered to be the speakers of this language. This version of the origin of the language is confirmed by scientific research. It was spread in Europe by the migration of the people of the Yamnaya culture from the Black Sea lands and the Volga region 4500 years ago.

Confusion hypothesis from two sources

According to another hypothesis, it is believed that the Indo-European group was formed from two language sources. Scientists suggest that there was a mixture of the Ural-Altaic with the Caucasian-Semitic. According to this hypothesis, the Anatolian proto-language originally appeared from the Indo-European society, this event took place on the territory of the Armenian Highlands in the fourth millennium BC. Then the ancestors of the Anatolians moved west. As a result of this migration, there was a further division of the Indo-European language into groups. One group included the predecessors of Italic, Tocharian and Celtic, and the other group included the predecessors of the Armenian, Aryan, Greek, Baltic, Slavic and Germanic languages. In turn, the second group split into two more branches:

1. Aryan, Armenian, Greek.
2. Germanic, Baltic, Slavic languages.

The Indo-European language group includes such words as, for example, the names of relatives: father, mother, son, daughter. This primordial meaning of Russian words is clear to almost every inhabitant of the planet. As well as the designations of some animals: wolf, sheep, bull. And food: meat, bone.

Common Slavic group

This group is often called Proto-Slavic. The words of this group came to us from the Slavic tribes. Unfortunately, the written sources of the Proto-Slavic language have not been preserved, and it was restored by comparing different Slavic languages ​​​​and other Indo-European language branches. At the beginning of our era, the Slavs occupied a vast territory and united a large number of people. They already used one, common language, which included the original words of the Russian language. After the 7th century there was a resettlement of the people. As a result, the common language "disintegrated", but became the basis on which South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic language groups could form.

Among the original Russian words, examples of the common Slavic group can be the names of living quarters or plants: house, floor, canopy, oats, peas and others. As well as food or bird names: jelly, kvass, cheese, chicken, starling. There are verbs that have their origin from the common Slavic group: lie down, sleep, sit. Adjectives and numerals: young, old, one, two, three, one hundred and others. Pronouns and adverbs: I, we, you, where, etc.

East Slavic or Old Russian group

The words of this group appeared only among the Eastern Slavs, the progenitors of the Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, who by the 9th century were part of Kievan Rus. For native Russian words, examples can be the names of objects, actions or their properties: basket, rumble, good house, rock dove, beautiful, long. Among the concepts family relations the words appear: uncle and stepdaughter. Chaffinch, bullfinch, squirrel are added to the names of birds and animals; in units of count, people use numbers such as forty and ninety. Words appear that denote time periods, for example, today. All these words are used by Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.

Russian band

This group includes all the words that arose from the 14th century among the Great Russian people. An exception is vocabulary borrowed from other languages. New words appeared as a result of human activity, the emergence of new objects and phenomena. The words of the original Russian vocabulary of this period include:

• Household items: wallpaper, irradiation.
• Actions: scold, grumble.
• Different concepts: deception, experience, result.
• Words formed with the help of suffixes: bricklayer, cleaner, lighter.
• Nouns: chiaroscuro, musk ox.
• Adjectives: wild, dark red.
• Verbs: run away, get used to.
• Adverbs: in autumn.
• Prepositions: like, while and others.

Borrowed words

In any language of the world there are words that came from other countries. A person in the course of his activity begins to communicate with representatives of other peoples. By establishing political, cultural and trade ties, people of different language groups bring new, borrowed words into their speech. The vocabulary of the Russian language includes about 10% of words of foreign origin (Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Arabic, Chinese). In addition, according to the rules of the Russian language, new Russian words can be formed from borrowed ones. For example:

• Sports are sports.
• The climate is climatic.
• Coffee is a coffee pot.
• Highway - highway and others.

How to distinguish borrowed?

For people studying Russian, it is very important to be able to distinguish which word is native Russian and which one came from foreign language. There are a number of signs by which it is easy to determine the origin of the word:

• It starts with the vowels A, E, Yu, for example - pharmacy, aura, popsicle, era, skirt.
• The composition contains the letter F, for example - a torch, a sideboard, shoes, football, spotlights, a telephone, a gramophone, a figure and others.
• Nouns ending in –ia: lecture, army, harmony, photography, situation.
• There are double consonants: profession, terrace.
• If two vowels go in a row in the root: poet, maestro.
• In adjacent syllables there are identical vowels A, U, I: drum.
• Combinations of letters MYU, BYU, PYU, KYU, KE, GE, HE are also signs of borrowed words: bureau, muesli, skittles, mashed potatoes.

Knowing these features, you can easily determine which word is native Russian.

Words that came from the Old Slavonic language

The Old Church Slavonic language began with the era of Kievan Rus. Since the 10th century, Russian, together with Church Slavonic, have developed in parallel, exerting a significant influence on each other. In a separate group of borrowed expressions, one can single out Old Slavonicisms of primordially Russian words:

• City is a city.
• Breg - coast.
• Verb - word and others.

Old Slavonicisms, like other borrowed words, have their own distinctive features:

• Phonetic: -ra- (hail), -la- (power), -re- (burden), -le- (milky), railway / w (alien - alien), sh / h (lighting - candle), A, E, Yu at the beginning (lamb, one, holy fool).
• Morphological. Prefixes: co-, through-, pre-, pre-, out-, bottom-, air- (exhausted). Suffixes: -eni-, -estv-, -izn-, -aysh-, -eysh-, -ash-, -ush- (kindest). If the word begins with: evil, good, good, god, soul, great (slander, virtue, gratitude, and others).

What do Old Church Slavonicisms mean?

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin made an invaluable contribution to the development of the modern Russian language. From the school bench, and maybe even earlier, people read his fairy tales, which were conveyed by the poet in verse. Old Slavicisms that have come into the modern Russian language convey a special solemnity to speech and a written work, show the shades and colors of the ancient era. One can recall “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, where “A city stands on an island ... with golden-domed churches” or the work “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, in which there is a rich heritage of Old Slavonic words - a lukomorie, a golden chain, a string, a breg, a princess is tormented and many others .

Ancient words that adorn modern speech

Words that have come down from the depths of time can enrich the conversation of a modern person, add richness to his speech and color it with bright hues. Therefore, they must be known and understood what they mean.

List of some words with explanations:

• Oh well, somehow, something will work out.
• Altyn - three kopecks.
• Asp - poisonous snake, but in a figurative sense, a bad person.
• Byet and babble - tells or speaks. The lullaby "Bayu, bayushki, bayu ...", familiar to everyone from infancy, often causes a misunderstanding of these words, but knowing the translation of the word "bayat", you can easily guess what the song is about.
• Pregnancy is a burden that you can grab with your hands.
• Battle - battle (battlefield - the place where the battle takes place).
• Bulat is strong steel.
• Bylina is a folk song praising heroes, for example heroes.
• Crowd - make friends (a bunch of guys).
• To know is to know, to have some kind of knowledge.
• Nativity scene - cave or dungeon.
• A vershok is a unit of measurement that is equal to 4.4 cm. For example, the saying: “Two vershoks from a pot” indicates to a person that he is still too small to have his own opinion.
• Vestimo is what goes without saying.
• Knight is a warrior.
• Vyvoroten - a tree that has fallen with roots twisted out of the ground.
• Endure - endure.
• The voice is the voice. For example, the proverb: "The voice of the people, the voice of God."
• Goy thou - oh you!
• Upper room - a living room in which there can be a slide - a cabinet with glass walls for beautiful and expensive dishes.
• Just now - recently.
• Dereza - bushes with thorns.
• I wonder - I wonder or look.
• A shower jacket is a warm, usually woolen or quilted sleeveless blouse, decorated with frills at the back.
• Egoza is a fussy person.
• A jug is a jug with a lid.
• To hurt - to hurt.
• Izba - a rustic, Russian house made of logs.
• Indus - so.
• A tub is a wooden barrel.
• Kichka is a beautiful, female headdress.
• Knysh - hot bread.
• An oblique sazhen is a measure of length that represents the diagonal from the toe to the finger of the outstretched hand.
• Kochet is a cockerel.
• Matitsa - the middle beam on the ceiling in the hut.
• Unsalted slurping - those are the result that was expected, disappointment.
• Eye - eye.
• Shout - plow (orar - plowman).
• Pantalik - order or sense.
• Polati is a prototype of a bed, which was built from boards under the ceiling between the stove and the wall.
• A span is a measure of length, which is equal to the distance between the thumb and forefinger.
• Careful - thrifty.
• A week is a week.
• Sloboda is a suburb.
• Terem is a beautiful house.
• Khmara is a big cloud.
• To expect - to expect or hope.
• The servant is a servant.
• Yakhont is a precious stone, usually a ruby.

This is just a small list of old expressions, given as an example. People living in Russia need to be interested in and know the origin of native Russian words. If you forget the past, you can lose the future.

Kievyan street, 16 0016 Armenia, Yerevan +374 11 233 255

Everyone who graduated from a Soviet school "knew" that the Russian Empire was a country in which the population was almost completely illiterate. As Soviet textbooks told, the revolution itself was done in order to fulfill the "age-old craving" of the people for education. In the way of which "reactionary tsarism" stood.

These propagandist attitudes were hammered into the heads of Russian children for many years. And in reality, they turned out to be deeply false anti-imperial myths.

Is the Russian Empire a country of illiterate peasants?

Education in Russian Empire was extremely versatile. And very specialized. The Ministry of Public Education did not have a monopoly on education. Many ministries have their own educational establishments. Therefore, when they talk about education and show only the figures for the Ministry of Public Education, you are being deceived. Imperial education was a more complex state-social mechanism that did not dream of the overbureaucratized republican school for the next hundred years.

In general, there were four levels of education in the Russian Empire: elementary schools (from 2 to 5 years of education); general education or post-primary schools (the term of study, together with primary schools, was from 6 to 8 years); gymnasiums (classical, real, seminaries, cadet corps) - secondary educational institutions where they studied for 7-8 years; and higher educational institutions (universities, academies, institutes, specialized schools, etc.).

Expenses for the Ministry of Public Education for 1914 amounted to 161 million rubles. But this was a small part of what was spent on organizing education in the Russian Empire. The total expenditures of all departments on education amounted to almost 300 million (See: Saprykin D.L. Educational potential of the Russian Empire. M., 2009).

But that's not all. The empire was not a democratic state, but this in no way prevented a huge participation in the formation of zemstvo and city self-governments. Their investments were even more - about 360 million. So the total imperial budget reached 660 million gold rubles. This is approximately 15-17% of all the expenses of the Empire (of which 8-9% of the state budget). There has never been such a share of spending on education, nor in Soviet times, nor in the post-Soviet ones.

At the same time, the budget of the Ministry of Public Education increased even during the war. So, in 1916 it was 196 million. In general, during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, the budget of this ministry increased by more than 6 times. Although the total budget of the Empire increased from 1 billion 496 million (1895) to 3 billion 302 million (1913). The budget for education grew much faster than the general imperial spending on other state tasks.

The number of students at the gymnasium level of all types and all departments in the Russian Empire was about 800,000 people. And about 1 million students were in all kinds of post-primary institutions of the Empire. (http://old.ihst.ru/files/saprykin/book-education-pote.pdf).

The number of students at the gymnasium level of all types and all departments in the Russian Empire was about 800,000 people. Photo: Globallookpress

And this despite the fact that, according to the calculations of the famous British economist Agnus Maddison (1926-2010), the GDP of the Russian Empire (excluding Poland and Finland) was 8.6% of the world's GDP, and the population was 8.7% of the world's population. (See: Agnus Maddison, Historical Statistics for the World Economy).

Literacy of the population

In the Russian Empire by 1916 there were about 140 thousand different schools. In which about 11 million students studied.

Today in the Russian Federation, by the way, there are about the same number of schools.

Back in 1907, the law "On the introduction of universal primary education in the Russian Empire" was submitted to the State Duma. But the Duma red tape constantly postponed the consideration of this law.

Despite this opposition on the part of the "people's" representatives, the state and the zemstvos, in fact, without a formal law, introduced universal, compulsory and free primary education.

The Sovereign, in accordance with Article 89 of the Fundamental Laws, which allowed him to bypass clumsy deputies, issued a Decree of May 3, 1908, where he was ordered by the Highest to allocate additional state funding for the development of free education. Including, a program was launched to increase the number of schools and their accessibility (no more than 3 miles in a radius from each other).

As a result of the measures taken, by 1915 in the Moscow province, 95% of boys aged 12-15 and 75% of girls were already literate (New encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron, 1916). In 7 provinces, 71-80% were literate, in 20 provinces - 61-70%.

According to the partial school census of January 1915, in the central Great Russian and a large part of the Little Russian provinces, virtually complete education of boys was provided. The picture was "spoiled" by the non-European regions of the Empire.

Zemstvos took an active part in the transition to universal primary education. Of the 441 county zemstvos, by 1914, 15 zemstvos had already completely transferred to it, 31 were already close to its implementation, 62% of the zemstvos needed less than 5 years, and 30% from 5 to 10 years to implement this program (Primary public education, Pg., 1916. T. 28).

Interestingly, the penultimate Minister of Education of the Russian Empire (1915–1916), Count P.N. Ignatiev, already in exile, cited a figure of 56% of the literate of the entire population of the Empire in 1916.

Full literacy for all children in the Russian Empire at this rate would have been achieved by the period between 1919 and 1924. All the children of the Empire would go through elementary education in 4- or 5-year-old elementary schools and, if desired and talented, would be able to continue to study in gymnasiums or higher elementary schools.

Confirmation of these figures are the data of the War Department. In 1913, 10,251 recruits were drafted into the Imperial Russian Navy, of which only 1,676 were illiterate and only 1,647 were illiterate (See: Military Statistical Yearbook for 1912 (St. Petersburg, 1914. P. 372-375.). Of the 906,000 rank and file of the army, only 302,000 were illiterate.

But the revolution, embodied in Russia, put a fat cross on the pre-revolutionary school (or rather, a fat red star) and threw back the solution of the question of universal education for almost ten years. Only by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On universal compulsory primary education" of August 14, 1930, the communists were able to introduce universal compulsory (four-year) education.

The revolution, embodied in Russia, put a heavy cross on the pre-revolutionary school (or rather, a bold red star) and threw back the solution of the question of universal education for almost ten years. Photo: Globallookpress

Pre-revolutionary teachers' corps

In the Russian Empire in 1914 there were 53 teachers' institutes, 208 teachers' seminaries, in which more than 14,000 future teachers studied. plus out teaching classes more than 15,000 teachers graduated from women's gymnasiums in 1913. In total, there were 280,000 teachers in the Empire.

By the way, do not confuse elementary schools and parochial schools. These are different schools. But both there and there worked teachers who received professional Teacher Education. In parochial schools, the priest taught only the Law of God, the rest of the subjects were taught by professional teachers.

The salary of a teacher in higher elementary schools (something like Soviet seven-year plans) was 960 gold rubles a year, which is more than a million in our money. And a professor, for example, at the Tomsk Technological Institute received 2,400 salaries plus 1,050 rubles for canteens and plus 1,050 rubles for housing. That is more than 5 million for our money.

Meat then cost from 15 to 60 kopecks, potatoes 1-2 kopecks per kilogram. And to build a brick house with a finish of 150 square meters. m. cost 3-4 thousand rubles.

In conclusion, I must say a few words about the students. There were 141.5 thousand of them in the Russian Empire by the beginning of the World War. Twice as many as in Germany. And if we recalculate the number of students per 10 thousand inhabitants, Russia is equal to Great Britain.

Particularly noticeable growth occurred in technical universities. During the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, their number increased from six thousand to more than 23,300. Far ahead of Germany.

So the great liberal-Soviet myth about the uneducated Russian Empire can be thrown into the dustbin of history as untrue.

Pot.

Originally Russian word. Suffix-derived from Horn.

Horse.

Original Russian word. Suffix-derived from the old Russian losh.

Rooster.

Original Russian word. Suffix-derivative (suff. -uh) from pet "rooster". The rooster literally means “singing”.

Samovar.

Original Russian word. The addition of the foundations of self- and var-(from boil in the meaning of "boil"). Dialect variants - samogar, samokipets, samogrey of the same semantics.

Puppy.

Original Russian word. The suffix-derived from the common Slavic puppy is "puppy". A puppy is literally a "child" (of a dog or wolf).

Butterfly.

Original Russian word. Suffix-derived frombaba in the meaning of "moth, butterfly" (this meaning is still noted in dialects). Baba "butterfly" - from the baba "old woman, woman." The name of the insect is based on the pagan idea of ​​a butterfly as a "receptacle" of the soul of female ancestors.

Duck.

Original Russian word. Suffix-derivative (suff. -ък-> -к-) from common Slav. *ot< *ontь «утка» (о >y). Duck literally means "water bird".

Bagel.

Original Russian word. It is usually interpreted as a suffix-derived from the passive participial verb to scald, later transformed under the influence of the phrase bend into a ram's horn. The initial obvaronok > obvaronok > obaronok > bagel > bagel (with a change in bv > b, the disappearance of the initial o > a and the re-registration of the bagels into a bagel by analogy with "confectionery" words such as a roll, gingerbread, etc.). In this case, the bagel got its name from the scalded dough from which it is baked.

Sock.

Original Russian word. It arose on the basis of the sock "the front end of the shoe or stocking", a suffix-derived from the nose.

Angel.

Original Russian word. Comes from the ancient Russian angel.

Bast shoes.

Original Russian word. Usually explained as a suffix derivative (cf. nail, etc.) from the same stem as paw. It is possible, however, that this word is a suffixal derivative of lapy "rag, patch", the same root as the Ukrainian lapik "patch". In this case, the bast shoe is literally - "shoes made of bast."

Hour(s).

Original Russian word. Most likely, a suffixal derivative of chati, which later gave chaati "wait". Hour is originally "time". A similar development, the values ​​are marked in the year "time" (cf. wait a minute, wait).

Basket.

Original Russian word. A suffixal derivative from the same stem as korzit "to weave". Basket literally - "braid".

of a given language, included in its original vocabulary or subsequently formed from the lexical material of this language.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

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