Any business owner to carry out entrepreneurial and other activities needs to have a certain amount of capital, which is sometimes not enough, in connection with which there is a need to raise additional funds through lending. Before settling on a specific loan program, entrepreneurs, based on an assessment of their financial capabilities, need to choose the most optimal offer. What is the most profitable banking product?

Credit institutions specializing in the provision of a variety of loan products offer many types of lending, the terms of which are set based on certain target characteristics of lending, as well as a specific field of activity. Each loan product is usually provided on the basis of an individual loan service scheme.

How to find an acceptable loan offer

Making out a loan, its recipient, first of all, must decide on the goal for which he needs additional funds. It is important to consider not only the amount of interest on the loan product, but also commission deductions and other additional penalties. Calculations should not be ambiguous.

There are credit programs for which fairly loyal and acceptable rates are set, which is very attractive for clients. However, if you carefully read the terms of the agreement, footnotes and annexes to the document, you may find that in fact the loan is not so profitable. Often, by reducing interest on loans, banks are trying to get lost profits by setting commissions, which can increase the cost of a loan by a fairly significant amount. Commissions may include deductions for opening a loan account and its maintenance, collection for the issuance of capital in cash, sanctions for early repayment of debt or for not using the residual limit.

The payment schedule should consist of simple and straightforward calculations. It should indicate not only the amount of the principal debt, the amount of monthly installments, interest, but also all commissions provided for by the credit program. The borrower who has taken out a loan must know the specific date until which funds must be credited to the loan account, as well as what sanctions are provided for the delay in repayment of the debt.

Credit line, features and types

A line of credit should be understood to mean a certain automatic sequence of credit products. The credit line has two types of its functioning: non-revolving and revolving lines.

A non-revolving line of credit is rational when used for partial advance payments, periodic partial settlements, and deferral of a loan installment. The main advantage of such lines is manifested in investment activities, when the business owner is planning expensive purchases, but does not know about their volume and timing of purchase. The agreement of such a loan contains, as a rule, the term of credit servicing of the account and debt, as well as the amount, term and procedure for granting tranches. Funds are credited to the borrower's account in equal installments. When the borrower completely closes the debt before the expiration of the specified period, then in order to reuse the loan capital, he needs to re-execute the transaction. The capital drawdown schedule is drawn up based on the statement of the capital recipient. The sampling period can vary over a time range of 6-12 months. As soon as the selection is completely finished, the line is immediately considered closed.

The revolving credit line is convenient to use when the need for additional capital is associated with fixed costs that are of a recurring nature. The main difference between such a deputy and a non-renewable limit is that the funds are issued only once. The revolving limit is well suited for many types of businesses, in particular those that require unpredictable costs and investments. It would be rational to issue a revolving limit for those persons who periodically need an insignificant amount of capital. If the client is a borrower for a revolving loan product, then the most profitable way to repay it is to return the money taken as soon as possible, which he can use again if it is needed later.

Credit line repayment options

Debt repayment can be done in two ways. Thus, the borrower can agree to establish a schedule for each specific installment. Since there are usually quite a lot of such payments, it is very problematic for banks to monitor the timeliness of all payments. That is why this option of debt repayment is rarely used in practice in the banking sector.

The loan agreement may specify a schedule for decreasing the limit capital by inverse proportion to the remaining debt. The lender usually sets a maximum amount of debt that may not be repaid on a specific date. When the amount of outstanding payments exceeds the established limit, the borrower undertakes to repay the debt to the bank in installments. Payment of interest calculated on the basis of a specific amount of interest is carried out every month during the period of loan service.

One-time loan - its features and terms of provision

Experts recommend one-time loans to make purchases, as well as real estate. If we compare such a loan with other lending programs, then, due to its simplicity of registration and issuance, it is considered the most popular and demanded type of banking products. The issuance of a loan occurs by crediting the loan amount to the credit account of the recipient, and repayment must be made at the end of the credit period.

Interest on one-time loans is calculated every day based on the residual debt. The borrower must pay interest for the use on the days specified in the agreement, or other specific time intervals. The very initial commission that a potential borrower must pay before providing loan capital is 0.5-5% of the amount of the loan received. In addition, one-time loan programs provide for another additional commission, which is charged for early repayment of funds back to the lender.

Debt recovery can be done in three ways. So the repayment of a one-time loan can be made according to the annuity schedule, when contributions are payable periodically in equal installments. The debt can be divided into equal amounts, consisting of the principal amount and the interest required to pay, calculated from the balance of the outstanding loan. As a rule, such repayment is characterized by rather large contributions at an early stage of lending. When an individual schedule is drawn up, interest is paid every month. Accrual is based on the residual debt. The cancellation of all debt is also done on schedule.

Advantages and disadvantages of a non-renewable line

The main advantages of a non-renewable limit include:

• - a significant amount of capital available for borrowing;
• - separate commission deductions, which are made for a specific payment, which excludes huge one-time penalties;
• - accrual of interest, which is carried out on the amount of unpaid payments, but not on the residual debt;
• - early return of capital, which does not provide for commissions and other charges.
• Negative nuances of non-revolving loan products:
• - additional commission withholding, which is subject to collection in the event that the credit line limit is not claimed;
• - impossibility to repay the debt under the annuity schedule;
• - decrease in capital in case of late payment of the previous contribution;
• - debt repayment on individual program repayment set for each specific payment made.

Revolving limit - pros and cons

Benefits of a revolving cap:

• - rather long term of credit service;
• - to receive new capital, the borrower does not need to re-collect the documents and go through the registration procedure again;
• - repeated use of credit funds.

The disadvantages of renewable lines include the fact that after the borrower has used the loan funds and paid off the payments in arrears, he again takes a new loan from the same creditor bank. The downside to lending under a revolving program is also a shorter maturity period. When it comes to significant loan capital, the payer of the loan may face difficulties in repaying it.

One-time loan - what is convenient and what are its disadvantages

One-off loans are loan products that are convenient enough to use for one-off transactions. One-time loan programs allow clients not only to cover the arisen deficiency working capital, as well as create all the reserves required for the operation of the enterprise at the right time, but also quickly conclude a valuable deal. Moreover, the payment schedule is based on a phased repayment. One-time loans are provided on very reasonable and favorable terms, which favorably affects the creation of a good loan history.

When a borrower wants to take a large amount, he must understand that due to the high interest rates set for one-time loans, he will have to overpay a fairly serious amount of his own funds. Such programs almost always provide for the need to draw up a surety or pledge agreement, various expensive commission deductions, as well as pledging a deposit as a guarantee. To get a one-time loan, you need to submit a wide documentary package with all important papers and certificates. Quite often, lenders require customers to arrange insurance, which, of course, increases and increases the cost of the loan.

It is not easy to choose a suitable lending product, but if you evaluate and analyze the business, as well as the priorities for its further functioning and development, you can make the right choice.

Lending to individuals today is becoming an increasingly popular banking service. Most often, individuals apply to a bank for a consumer loan. The spread and popularity of this loan product can be explained by its availability to the general population. There is a wide variety of types of consumer loans, which also allows interested consumers to find the most beneficial loan options for themselves.

There are two main types of consumer loans: targeted and non-targeted. In this case, the bank provides the consumer with funds for the implementation of a specific need, or issues a loan that the client can spend for any purpose.

It should be noted that the types of consumer loans may also differ in the way they are secured. Banks can provide both secured loans and unsecured loans to borrowers. In this case, the property of the creditor of liquid value, covering the amount of debt, taking into account the interest rate, is considered as security. A surety can also be considered as collateral to cover a client's debt on a loan. The collateral provided to the lender acts as a guarantee that the loan will be repaid, and in case of non-fulfillment of financial obligations, the pledge will be sold by the bank to cover the debt on the loan.

Some types of consumer loans involve the provision of bank loans to certain categories of citizens, for example, students, pensioners, and the military. Loans to these groups of borrowers may differ in terms of repayment from standard loan terms.

In order to choose the most suitable view consumer loan, the borrower needs to study the loan offers of creditor banks and determine the most attractive terms based on their own financial situation.

Types of consumer lending:

a) A loan for urgent needs. A consumer loan for urgent needs is the most versatile type of consumer loan provided by banks to individuals. The concept of "urgent needs" can be interpreted by potential borrowers quite broadly, which allows him, in principle, not to disclose (and not to indicate in the loan agreement) the true reasons that prompted him to apply for a loan.

Thus, a consumer loan for urgent needs is multipurpose, which frees the borrower from the need to document how exactly the funds provided by the bank were spent. Such a loan can be provided to almost any capable citizen, but within the amount established by the bank, calculated on the basis of an assessment of the borrower's solvency. The likelihood of a loan, its size, as well as the lending period increase significantly if the borrower provides the appropriate security for its obligations to repay the loan.

Issuance of a loan for urgent needs can be made not only in non-cash form, but also in cash through the bank's cash desk. The credited funds, at the request of the borrower, are provided to him at a time or in parts.

Repayment of a loan for urgent needs is most often made according to an annuity scheme, that is, equal monthly or quarterly payments. The loan interest is repaid together with the next part of the loan.

b) Consumer one-time loan. A consumer lump sum loan is a type of universal consumer loan. Like a loan for urgent needs, this type of loan can be provided to almost any capable citizen, but within the amount established by the bank, calculated on the basis of an assessment of the borrower's solvency.

Usually, a one-time loan is provided to citizens for up to two years, mainly in rubles. The size of such a loan usually does not exceed 50 times the average monthly "net" income of the borrower. The loan rate is about 20%. A feature of a one-time consumer loan is that it is provided and repaid at a time, and not in parts. In this case, interest on the loan is paid monthly.

This method of lending is most convenient for providing one-time purchases of a relatively low cost, since no more than one and a half to two years are given to repay this type of loan.

Early one-time (or partial) repayment of the loan is allowed, but in this case, the bank most often deducts an additional commission from the borrower.

c) Consumer revolving loan. A revolving consumer loan (sometimes also called a deferred loan) is a universal consumer loan. This type of loan can be provided to almost any capable citizen, but within the amount established by the bank, calculated on the basis of an assessment of the borrower's solvency.

A feature of this type of loan is that it is provided for a certain period, but strictly within the period of the so-called credit line, that is, the period during which the borrower can count on the provision of credit funds in accordance with a preliminary decision of the bank. In other words, the borrower does not receive money immediately, but can withdraw it from his account at any time convenient for him (all at once or in parts) but within a certain period of the contract.

This method of lending is very convenient in cases of one-time purchases, the term of which is not defined, but the borrower needs a guarantee that, if necessary, the loan will be provided to him immediately and for sure.

Another feature is the conclusion between the bank and the borrower of a general (preliminary) agreement on the opening of a credit line and, in addition to it, one or more loan agreements. The signing of the agreement and the agreement (contracts) can be carried out simultaneously or separately.

The standard loan term within the period of the credit line can range from one to two years. The issuance of a loan, as in the case of a one-time loan, is also carried out at a time - for each loan agreement concluded within the framework of a general (preliminary) agreement on opening a credit line.

When making a decision to provide a revolving loan to citizens who previously used consumer lending services, their reliability is also taken into account, that is, how fully and on time they paid off the previous loan.

The bank charges a one-time fixed fee for opening a credit line. The revolving loan is subject to a one-time repayment, with the interest paid on the loan on a monthly basis.

d) Consumer loan for real estate. A consumer loan for real estate is a widespread targeted consumer loan for the purchase of real estate. The fundamental difference between such a loan and a mortgage is that it does not require the borrower to pledge the loaned apartment or house. Of course, this does not exclude the need for the borrower to provide security for its obligations to repay the loan - for example, in the form of a guarantee of third parties or "under" the real estate already at the borrower's disposal.

A real estate loan is a good alternative for potential borrowers who, for one reason or another, do not want to conclude a mortgage lending agreement with the bank. Moreover, depending on personal circumstances, the borrower can also use an inappropriate loan (in particular, a loan for urgent needs) to buy a dwelling, however, the final decision in favor of one or another loan option, apparently, should be guided by the criterion of profitability , that is, based on the specific conditions of the loan. It is worth making a reservation - a consumer loan for real estate, like a mortgage, is provided specifically for the acquisition of real estate, you cannot buy plumbing with the funds received, or textured plaster for new housing.

It is necessary to separately mention the procedure for determining maximum size loan for real estate. In accordance with existing practice, the maximum amount of such a loan is calculated based on the solvency of the potential borrower, but cannot exceed 70-90% of the total cost of the lent dwelling.

So a potential borrower must be ready to pay the first installment for an apartment or residential building in the amount of 10 to 30% of its total cost. In addition, it is necessary to document the fact of payment to the bank, and failure to comply with this condition will make it impossible to provide a loan.

One more distinctive feature a consumer loan for real estate is a longer term of granting compared to other types of loans. Currently, it can range from 15 to 27 years, depending on the size of the loan funds provided.

A loan for real estate is provided in any currency, but only in a lump sum and in a non-cash form. Moreover, when issuing credit, the borrower is usually charged a one-time fee of 3-5% of the loan amount. Loan funds are credited to the current account of the borrower and then transferred to the account of an organization or an individual - the seller of the dwelling.

Repayment of a real estate loan can be made by annuity monthly or quarterly payments, or according to an individual scheme. For example, an option is allowed, according to which the amount of the monthly repaid part of the loan remains unchanged throughout the entire repayment period, while the amount of interest payments for the use of the loan, which are calculated on the balance of the loan funds not returned to the bank, is gradually reduced.

At the request of the borrower and if there are good reasons, the bank can provide an installment plan to repay part of the loan for a period of up to two years, which nevertheless does not exempt the borrower from monthly interest payments. Early repayment of a part of a real estate loan is allowed upon agreement with the bank.

e) Commodity loan - (consumer loan for the purchase of goods with a deferred payment). A commodity loan is a targeted consumer loan for purchasing various goods on credit. Classic commodity credit is provided not in cash, but in commodity form.

As a rule, a loan agreement for the provision of this type of loan is concluded by citizens directly at a trade organization (store, shopping center, etc.) that sells certain consumer goods, which, in turn, has previously concluded an appropriate agreement with the bank.

It should be borne in mind that in the case of a targeted loan, the borrower will have to confirm at the request of the bank that the loan funds were used by him in accordance with the purpose of the loan. Although, in practice, this issue is resolved much easier: as a rule, after the conclusion of a loan agreement with an intermediary trade organization and the borrower (if required) makes the so-called "first installment", he is immediately issued exactly the goods for the purchase of which he (in deferred payment form) and loan funds were allocated.

A characteristic feature of a commodity loan is that its maximum size is determined not only taking into account the solvency of a potential borrower, but also based on the period for which it is planned to provide him with credit funds. At the same time, the deadline for granting a commodity loan usually does not exceed 5-7 years.

A commodity loan is provided to almost any capable citizen without collateral or with collateral for the borrower's obligations to repay the loan. Loan funds are issued non-cash in any currency by crediting to the borrower's current account or credit card.

Repayment of a loan for the purchase of consumer goods with a deferred payment is made according to an annuity scheme that provides for the monthly repayment of part of the loan together with payment of interest for using it. Early one-time (or partial) repayment of the loan is allowed, however, in this case, the bank charges an additional commission from the borrower. In addition, at the request of the borrower, if there are valid reasons, the bank can provide an installment plan to repay part of the loan for a period of 3 to 6 months, which, however, does not exempt the borrower from monthly interest payments.

f) Consumer loan for paid services. A consumer loan for paid services is a targeted consumer loan that is provided to borrowers who wish to use paid services. Services can be different: tourist, medical, educational, or even repair services such as window repair. What unites them is that the borrower receives them immediately, and pays them gradually, with a delay. This type of loan is called a loan for paid services with a deferred payment, and the range of such services is expanding every year.

A loan agreement for the provision of a loan for paid services is most often concluded by citizens through the mediation of an organization that implements certain consumer services, which, in turn, has previously concluded an appropriate agreement with the bank.

Since the loan is targeted, the borrower is obliged, at the request of the bank, to confirm that the loan funds were used by him in accordance with the purpose of the loan. This is a mandatory requirement when obtaining this targeted loan.

In some cases, a loan agreement may be concluded not only with the borrower, but also with co-borrowers. For example, if a loan is taken for the education of a minor child, his parents act as co-borrowers and conclude an agreement for crediting paid educational services.

The term for such a loan usually does not exceed 10 years, and the maximum loan amount is determined taking into account the solvency of the potential borrower, but, as a rule, it cannot exceed 90% of the total cost of the loaned service. Thus, a potential borrower must in any case be ready to pay an entry fee for a paid service in the amount of 10% of its total cost and, in addition, to documentary confirmation of the fact of payment to the bank. Moreover, failure to comply with this condition makes the provision of a loan impossible.

A loan for paid services is provided without collateral or with collateral for the borrower's obligations to repay the loan. Issuance of credit funds, as a rule, is made non-cash in any currency by crediting to the current account or credit card of the borrower - at a time or in parts.

The loan is usually repaid according to an annuity scheme, which provides for the monthly repayment of part of the loan together with the payment of interest for using it. Early one-time (or partial) loan repayment is allowed, however, in this case, the bank charges an additional commission from the borrower. In addition, at the request of the borrower, if there are valid reasons, the bank can provide an installment plan to repay part of the loan for a period of 3 to 6 months, which, however, does not exempt the borrower from monthly interest payments.

g) Consumer trust loan. Citizens who have previously applied to a particular bank for a consumer loan and have faithfully fulfilled all their obligations to repay it, it makes sense to apply for a second loan to the same bank. The fact is that many banks have special consumer lending programs for bona fide borrowers, who, after observing the minimum formalities, are provided with a so-called trust loan, or a loan for bona fide borrowers.

The benefits of participating in such a program are obvious for both parties: the bank minimizes the risk of non-repayment of the loaned funds, since it provides them to the borrower with an already known reliable reputation, and the borrower receives loan funds on the most favorable terms. First, a consumer loan is provided to a borrower at a lower rate compared to the rate for other types of loans from this bank. Secondly, when providing credit funds, the borrower is not charged a one-time fixed fee. In addition, the obvious advantage of this type of loan is that the decision to grant it in such cases is made by the bank much faster than usual (one or two working days instead of the standard one or two weeks).

A loan for bona fide borrowers is provided for a relatively short period (on average - from 12 to 18 months). The maximum loan amount is usually limited to a few thousand euros / USD (or its ruble equivalent). Loan funds are issued at a time. Finally, it is also important that this type of loan is almost always provided without collateral from the borrower.

Based on the foregoing, a fiduciary loan is, first of all, a loan for making relatively inexpensive purchases. Such a loan can be used when preparing for the next vacation or apartment renovation, as well as for a one-time update of a seasonal wardrobe or home interior.

Repayment of a loan for bona fide borrowers is usually carried out according to an annuity scheme, which provides for the monthly repayment of part of the loan together with the payment of interest for using it.

h) Loan for young families. Most banks offer special consumer loan programs. Such loans are called "Loans for a young family" and can be both targeted and universal.

To obtain such a loan, potential borrowers must meet the formal requirements of the bank. For example, they must be in a registered marriage and be no older than 28-30 years old. Some banks also provide similar loans to single-parent families - for example, mothers who are raising a child from one to six years on their own.

This type of consumer loan is attractive to potential borrowers primarily for its favorable terms. Firstly, the size of targeted loans to young families and intended for the purchase of real estate can be 90% or more of the total cost of the lent dwelling. That is, the first installment may be less than 10% of the total value of the acquired property.

Secondly, in comparison with the standard terms of ordinary loans, a lower level of interest rate for using the loan is established.

Third, by this kind a targeted loan may be deferred for its repayment for a period of up to five years with a simultaneous extension of the period of its provision.

The term for this type of loan can be from 3 to 20 years, depending on its intended purpose. Loan funds are provided in cash, as well as non-cash in any currency.

However, it should be borne in mind that it takes several weeks for banks to make a decision on granting this type of loan. This is due to the need to check a larger number of documents submitted by the borrower (co-borrowers).

When issuing a loan, the borrower is usually charged a one-time fee - in the amount of a fixed amount or in the amount of 3-5% of the loan amount.

The loan is repaid in installments, while the interest for the use of the loan is paid along with the repayment of the next part.

i) Lombard loan. A consumer loan secured by material assets, or otherwise a pawn loan is another option for a consumer loan.

Its main feature is that the decision on its provision is made by the bank without taking into account the solvency of the potential borrower, since in fact the borrower's solvency is confirmed by the documents submitted by him, indicating that he belongs to the material assets transferred as collateral. These can be securities (stocks, bonds), bullions of precious metals, precious jewelry.

The interest rate for this type of loan is usually lower compared to other types of consumer loans. In addition, one advantage of this type of loan is that the period for making a decision on its grant is usually less than usual and takes only a few days.

A consumer loan secured by tangible assets is universal, but, as a rule, credit funds are provided to the borrower for a period not exceeding 12 months. Loan funds are issued non-cash in any currency by crediting to the borrower's current account or credit card.

The maximum loan amount is determined depending on the value of the material assets transferred as collateral and in practice does not exceed 70-90% of their appraised value.

Loan repayment secured by tangible assets is made by the borrower at a time after the expiration of the term for the provision of loan funds.

j) Pension loan. A pension loan is a multi-purpose consumer loan that is provided only to citizens who have reached retirement age. A prerequisite is that the borrower continues to work.

This type of loan is provided for a relatively short period (usually up to three years). The provision of a pension loan is made in a lump sum or in parts, in cash or non-cash form. When issuing a loan, the borrower is usually charged a one-time fixed fee.

The interest rate on this type of loan, as a rule, does not exceed 20%.

The loan is repaid in installments, while the interest for using the loan is paid simultaneously with the repayment of the next part. Note that in some cases, banks may limit the deadline for loan repayment by the date the borrower reaches a certain age (for example, 70 years).

k) Apartment renovation on credit. In the modern world, you will not surprise anyone by buying a car or apartment on credit. When purchasing such expensive things, a loan is most often the only option, because it is possible to accumulate such an amount of money only after many years of strict savings.

A loan for apartment or house renovation is not yet so widespread. Although the cost of good, quality repairmade with the help of employees is often equated to the cost of a new car. Many people prefer to make repairs slowly, literally around the room a year, on their own, the rest of the time putting aside the missing funds. But what if the repair needs to be done right now, quickly?

Many banks provide services such as loans to individuals, namely consumer loans. This is inappropriate lending and after taking money from the bank, then you will not have to report on what exactly you spent it on. The term of such lending is usually limited to five years, and the maximum loan amount in different banks may be different: from 50 thousand rubles to 3 million (if there is a guarantor). Of course, you will need a standard set of documents, such as a passport, an income statement, a copy of a work book. After filling out the application, the bank will consider your application based on the amount of your income, calculate the loan amount, and literally in a week you can receive funds in cash or to your current account. Some banks even offer an option such as filling out a loan application online.

If the maximum amount of a non-target loan for consumer needs seems to you insufficient or you started not just repairs, but redevelopment of a cottage, for example, then you need to take a targeted loan, which is taken specifically for the repair of a house or apartment. In this case, you need additional documents and costs: you will have to insure your life, appraise real estate, pay notary fees and commission for providing a loan. But the interest rate on the targeted loan will be slightly lower: not 12-18%, but 10-17% per annum.

Conclusion: from this chapter we can say that consumer lending is becoming an ideal tool in the implementation of many tasks, such as renovating an apartment, going on vacation or buying household appliances and the car, and even the training of your beloved child.

Currently, there are the following three main forms of short-term bank lending, established in 1998 by the regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation:

on a one-off basis (targeted loans), in this case, the issue of granting a loan to the borrower is resolved each time on an individual basis;

One-time (targeted) loans

Most common in modern conditions Russia are short-term targeted loans. In terms of time, they do not exceed one year, are provided to borrowers from time to time and serve specific business transactions.

For the intended purpose, loans can be allocated for:

• production goals;
• trade and intermediary operations;
• temporary needs.

Borrowers of targeted loans can be enterprises (firms) that do not have a creditor bank. However, since the risks of the bank in this case increase significantly, banks may require opening a current account with the creditor bank.

Loans for production purposes

Loans for production purposes associated with the receipt of loans by borrowers to finance the procurement of raw materials, storage of finished products and the implementation of production costs. In the event that the loan is associated with the accumulation of inventories, the bank can provide the borrower with a loan in a certain amount from the amount of goods in stock.

To obtain a loan, a client-borrower must each time submit the necessary package of documents to the bank:

• credit application;
• financial statement including balance sheet and income statement;
• feasibility study, etc.

Moreover, each loan is drawn up with an individual loan agreement indicating the purpose and amount of the loan, the term for its repayment, interest rate and security. The issuance of targeted loans is made from a simple loan account at a time with the crediting of the loan amount to the current account of the borrower. The borrower may have several simple loan accounts in the bank, if he simultaneously uses a loan for several objects of credit issued at different times and for different periods.

Loans for intermediary operations

Loans for trade and intermediary operations are also short-term and most often associated with the emergence of a client. Wholesale and retail enterprises act as borrowers. The peculiarity of these transactions is that, in addition to the above documents, the borrower submits contracts for the supply of products to the bank.

Loans for temporary needs

Loans for temporary needs are provided to pay wages and make payments to the budget, i.e. also serve for meeting the client's short-term need for funds... The issuance of a loan for trade and intermediary operations and for temporary needs is carried out according to a scheme similar to lending for production purposes.

Targeted loans are repaid by debiting funds from the borrower's current account, either in a one-time payment at the end of the loan term, or periodically at the time agreed with the bank and in the corresponding agreed amount.

At the borrower's bank request, the loan repayment period may be postponed (prolonged). In this case, an additional agreement is drawn up to the loan agreement.

If, upon maturity, there are no funds (or not enough) on the borrower's current account to repay the loan, then the entire amount (or part of it) is transferred to the account of overdue loans.

In essence, "this is the sale of consumer goods by trade enterprises with deferred payment or the provision of loans by banks for the purchase of consumer goods, as well as for the payment of various kinds of personal expenses (tuition fees, medical care, etc.)."

Unlike other loans, consumer loans can be both goods and money. The goods sold on credit, as well as those paid for by bank loans, are durable consumer goods. The subjects of the loan, on the one hand, are lenders, in this case, these are commercial banks, special consumer credit institutions, shops, savings banks and other enterprises, and on the other hand, borrowers are people.

About 1/4 of all consumer loans are provided by banks and 3/4 - by specialized credit institutions. But since the latter receive the funds they need to a greater extent through bank loans, then in fact 9/10 of the total amount of consumer loans is provided by banks. A consumer loan is repaid on a one-time basis or from a settlement payment.

Loan with one-time repayment. This includes current accounts opened by the buyer for a period of 1-1.5 months in department stores and other retail outlets; within the limits of the loans provided, they buy goods and, after the expiration of the established period, they pay off their debt in a lump sum. The consumer loan with one-time repayment also includes loans in the form of deferred payment (for the services of utilities, doctors and medical institutions). 2. A loan with payment by installments, the bulk of consumer loans (in the Russian Federation - 3/4 of its total amount) are loans with installments. An increasing share of retail trade is serviced through various forms of consumer credit.

Sberik:

1. Loan for urgent needs Features of the loan

When calculating the maximum loan amount, the bank may take into account the income of the borrower's spouse or other additional income of the borrower.

The opportunity to get a loan up to 45,000 rubles, up to 1.5 years without collateral.

The interest rate varies depending on the term of the loan and the collateral provided for the loan. If collateral is provided, the rate is reduced.

For clients who have taken out a loan from Sberbank over the past 4 years - preferential rates for servicing a loan account.

Interest rate on secured loans:

up to 1.5 years - 15% in rubles, 15.5% in US dollars / euros from 1.5 to 3 years - 16% in rubles, 16.5% in US dollars / euros from 3 to 5 years - 17% in rubles, 17.5% in USD / EUR

Unsecured loans are provided for up to 1.5 years Interest rate 17% per annum in rubles, 17.5% per annum in USD / EUR

2. Trust loan

Features of the loan

Short term for consideration of the application and the issuance of a loan (maximum the next day after submission of documents).

The borrower has the right to send to the bank a preliminary application for obtaining a trust loan orally or in writing (by phone, fax, e-mail, etc.)

No report required intended use credit funds.

The loan does not require collateral.

Provided when 2 conditions are met simultaneously:

positive credit history with Sberbank,

the borrower has no debt to the Bank for this type of loan.

Credit term- up to 1 year

Interest rate- 15% per annum in rubles

Credit amount- up to USD 3000 in ruble equivalent

3. One-time loan

Features of the loan

A report on the intended use of credit funds is not required.

The loan is repaid in a lump sum at the end of the loan term. During the term of use, only interest is paid.

When calculating the maximum loan amount, the Bank may take into account the income of the borrower's spouse or other additional income of the borrower.

Credit term- for 1.5 years.

Percentagectavka:

15% per annum with collateral;

17% per annum without collateral;

4. Pension loan

Features of the loan

The ability to get a loan without collateral. If collateral is provided, the rate is reduced.

When calculating the maximum loan amount, the Bank may take into accountincome at the place of work and pension

A report on the intended use of credit funds is not required.

Interest rate and loan term

5. Revolving loan

Features of the loan

A report on the intended use of credit funds is not required.

The maximum loan amount is calculated based on a period of 3 years with the actual issuance of loans for a period of 1 year under the general agreement.

The ability to get a loan without collateral. If collateral is provided, the rate is reduced.

When calculating the client's solvency, the bank may take into account the income of the borrower's spouse or other additional income of the borrower.

Interest rate:

15% per annum subject to registration of collateral;

17% per annum for unsecured loans.

Mortgage

Mortgage lending is the provision of long-term loans to individuals for the purchase of housing against the security of the housing being purchased. In order for the mortgage to be carried out, at least three conditions must be met. There should be, first, long-term financial resources that can be provided to clients in the form of loans; secondly, potential clients who are able to confirm that their income is sufficient to repay the loan; and finally, the legal possibility of using housing as collateral. If at least one of these conditions is not met, mass mortgages are impossible: to give mortgage loans either from nothing, or no one, or not for anything. Today, in Russia, none of the above conditions is really fulfilled.

Let us first consider the situation with securing a mortgage loan. As already mentioned, this security should be the apartment being bought itself. If this is the case, then, if necessary, the bank should be able to evict the borrower from there, and sell the apartment. It is believed that the opportunity to evict the borrower in our country is guaranteed by the Law on Mortgages, which has been in force since July 1998. This law says that the borrower and his family members can be evicted provided that they “gave before the conclusion of the mortgage agreement, and if they were moved into a residential building or apartment later - before their arrival, a notarized obligation to release the mortgaged residential building or apartment in the event of foreclosure "

It is understood that this provision does not work. Forcing the borrower and his family members to sign such a commitment before disbursing a loan presents no particular problems, but how to get such a commitment from newly introduced people? And what if the borrower in court says that he was really forced to sign some piece of paper, but he has nowhere to live? Will the court in this case violate the constitutional right of a citizen to housing? Moreover, if we recall that eviction of minor family members is possible only with the consent of the guardianship authorities, which will never give consent to evict a child on the street.

This problem is supposed to be circumvented by creating a special reserve fund of housing for the resettlement of insolvent clients. However, if such housing does not meet housing standards, then no one will be able to move into it, and if it does, then citizens will take mortgage loans with the aim of declaring themselves insolvent and getting an apartment from the reserve fund for free.

The availability of solvent borrowers is also not easy. In developed countries with extensive experience in mortgage lending, a borrower is recognized as solvent if the monthly loan payments do not exceed 30% of his declared income. Today, the most common loans are at 15% per annum for a period of ten years. A simple calculation shows that people with an official income of about $ 2,000 per month can apply for such loans.

These are, to put it mildly, not the poorest people in our country. These are mainly qualified professionals - employees of foreign companies and top managers of large companies. But the latter, as a rule, do not need loans, and the former are not so many, especially in the provinces. At the same time, it is not clear whether it is necessary to show such concern at the state level about the formation of mortgage systems for these non-poor people.

Finally, the third problem is the availability of funds. Basically, all mortgage systems are divided into three large groups, depending on what funds are used to provide loans. One of them, let's conditionally call it a bank mortgage, assumes that the bank uses the same funds to issue mortgage loans as for all other loans, that is, mainly funds from deposits.

Another, the so-called system of the secondary mortgage market (aka the American one), is based on the use of funds from institutional investors for mortgage lending, primarily pension funds and life insurance companies.

Sberbank:

Required documents:

application form;

passport of the Borrower, his Guarantor and / or the Pledger (to be presented);

documents confirming the financial condition of the Borrower and his Guarantor (income statement)