French writers of the 19th century. Literary trends and French writers of the 19th century. Jules Verne, science fiction writer
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Orenburg State University,
FEATURES OF THE STYLE OF THE FRENCH WRITERS OF THE XIX CENTURY
Ilyina L.E. K. ped. n.,
annotation
The article examines the peculiarities of the style of French writers of the 19th century, it is indicated that in the 19th century a number of socio-economic transformations took place, the attitude towards the novel as a literary genre changed.
Keywords: French literature, realism, novel
The article discusses the characteristics of the style of the French writers of the XIX century, it states that in the XIX century, there were a number of socio-economic transformation, changed their attitude to the novel as a literary genre.
Key words: French literature, realism, romance
french literature novel worldview
The 19th century was in many ways a turning point in the development of French literature. First, the level of literacy of the population as a whole has increased, and literary works have become available to the broad masses. Secondly, there was a series of socio-economic upheavals in the life of the country, which influenced the writers' worldview and character literature XIX century in general.
The works of the 19th century are not instructive in nature, but appeal to the consciousness of a person, stimulate him to personal and spiritual growth.
After the events of the French Revolution, writers began to appeal to the broad masses, art became more democratic, heroes and the brightest types came from the people, works became more vital, but at the same time they glorified high values \u200b\u200band spirituality, which should be inherent in everyone.
The works of R. Chateaubriand had a great influence on French literature of the 19th century; who in his works attached equal importance to both the content and the form of the narrative, determining the further literary movement in its various manifestations.
All these tendencies were widely introduced by representatives of romanticism, headed by V. Hugo, he was the first to glorify folk heroes (Quasimodo from Notre Dame Cathedral, former convict Jean Valjean from Les Miserables, etc.). Hugo's innovation also lies in the fact that for a more complete disclosure of the character of the heroes, he introduced into the literary work colloquial expressions like: "trotter sur sa mule" - "to coward on a mule"; "Nous battrons ton laquais" - "we will blow your servant";
"La caduque figure" - "crumpled face"; "Jette-le-lui par la figure" - "throw him in the face"; "Tu m" as fait un passe-droit! " - "You cheated me!";
"Au diable la chanoinerie!" - "To hell with the chernetsov!"; "Peste de la petite fille sotte et bouchée!" - "Damn this fool!" Thanks to Hugo, literature ceased to be focused exclusively on the aristocracy.
In the 19th century, the attitude towards such a genre of literature as the novel was changing. The historical novel becomes especially popular when the life and character of the hero are revealed against the background of the most important historical events. And if the characters and their story are often fictional, then the historical background is always reliable. The novel becomes more serious, it encourages reflection on the development of mankind, on those socio-political events that took place in French society.
The social and everyday novel served as the basis for the development of another literary trend - realism. Realist writers sought to show life as it is, not idealizing their heroes, but, on the contrary, exposing their shortcomings, in order to eradicate social vices. In some cases, representatives of French realism were even reproached with a somewhat prejudiced attitude towards the common man and his weaknesses, urging them to rid their works of excessive gloom.
In his works M.-A. Stendhal contrasted two human types: "French" and "Italian", the writer associated them with his own origin. Stendhal lacks French grace in contrast to his distinguished contemporaries.
Stendhal's style is less picturesque than that of Balzac or Hugo, but every detail serves a general idea. Stendhal possessed a businesslike and precise vocabulary, a distinct syntactic structure, disclosure of contradictions within a phrase, in the reflections of heroes, in the movement of a plot, in the accuracy of chiaroscuro.
P. Mérimée is one of the great French realists of the 19th century. He ridiculed the romantics' tendency to highlight historical figures, describe in detail their behavior, make guesses about the profound sayings expressed by them at decisive historical moments. He believed that this leads to falsehood and heap of conjectures. Mérimée in the Chronicle of the Times of Charles IX created a prosaic style, to some extent similar to Pushkin's. Merimee traces the conciseness of the narrative, the articulation of the phrase with subtle humor of comparisons: The value of Mérimée's style is not in spectacular comparisons or metaphors, but in the effective use of everyday vocabulary: "Les bouteilles, déja vigoureusement attaquées" - "bottles that have already undergone a powerful attack", "si cette bouteille l "avait attrapé" - "if this bottle caught him."
In the 19th century, special attention was paid to literary works intended for the youngest readers. At this time, wonderful adventure novels for children appear, devoid of excessive didacticism, but in an interesting form telling about life in general, about unusual phenomena, distant countries, dangerous travel, etc. They touched upon serious ideological issues, and often such works were of interest even to adults.
Such were the novels of J. Verne, some works of Victor Hugo.
J. Verne is a famous author of adventure books about travel, unknown islands, the search for new lands and new technologies. The heroes of J. Verne are always on the road, they create high-speed cars, submarines and air ships. Relying on the search for scientific thought, he portrayed the desired as already existing. The writer used fictional devices such as the bet of Jacques Paganel and Major McNabbos in Captain Grant's Children when he needed to introduce digressions on a scientific or historical theme.
O. de Balzac researched human nature, the psychology of society, everyday life and culture. Balzac's favorite theme is the fierce struggle of gifted people making their way in high society. A pure young man who has ended up in a big city and makes a career at the cost of his moral death, this is Balzac's favorite image. Such is Rastignac ("Father Goriot"), such is Lucien Chardon ("Lost Illusions").
Balzac's realism introduces the reader to real life. Balzac captures and recreates the shades of speech of people of his time, reproducing in their use of words their attitude and collective personality.
The intonation in Balzac's novel is of particular importance, he likes to depict light making its way into the thick of darkness: this enhances the expressiveness of the world of things. Every scene in Balzac is filled with shades of intonation, gestures that contradict words, easy and artificial at the same time. Laughter from the next room is more meaningful than conversation. In the language of Balzac's heroes, in addition to individual character, live, figuratively juxtaposed author's formulas are constantly heard - the laws of his contemporary life.
Innovative sentiments also existed in poetry. A "new poetry" appeared, which preferred free verse to the familiar Alexandrian. A new school was born - symbolist, characterized by complex storylines, multifaceted, somewhat veiled images. At the same time, the works of the Symbolists are completely inseparable from real life, and only strive to express it with the help of the subconscious.
In this way, distinctive feature French literature of the 19th century is its linguistic originality. The language of realist writers is close to the spoken language, uses dialectisms and jargon, and simplifies syntax. Speaking about the linguistic originality of a literary work, it should be noted that they are based on the normative and non-normative coloring of the language. Emotional and socio-genre coloring are independent components of the stylistic meaning of the word.
Used sources
1. Vipper Yu. B. Prosper Mérimée - novelist and short story writer // About Western European literatures of the 16th - first half of the 19th century. - M., 1990 .-- S. 262-284.
2. Kovaleva, T.V. French literature of the late 19th - early 20th century / T.V. Kovaleva et al. // History of foreign literature (second half of the 19th - early 20th century) Minsk: Zavigar, 1997. - 114 p.
3. Chicherin, A.V. Ideas and style: on the nature of the poetic word.- M: Soviet writer, 1968. - 299 p.
4. Pichois C. Histoire de la littérature française / C. Pichois. - Paris: Flammarion, 2000 .-- 250 p /
Posted on Allbest.ru
Similar documents
Humanism as the main source of the artistic power of Russian classical literature. The main features of literary trends and stages of development of Russian literature. The life and career of writers and poets, the world significance of Russian literature of the 19th century.
abstract, added 06/12/2011
The basis of philosophical teaching. Existentialism in literature. The main features of existentialism as a philosophical and literary trend. Biography and works of French writers Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. The mutual influence of literature and philosophy.
term paper, added 12/11/2014
Honore de Balzac's path to fiction as the greatest realist. Analysis of the works of French writers, made by the novelist in the study "On Bail". Classification of French literature on the basis of ideological, imaginative and eclectic perception.
test, added 09/29/2011
Russian literature of the 18th century. Liberation of Russian literature from religious ideology. Feofan Prokopovich, Antioch Cantemir. Classicism in Russian literature. VC. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, A. Sumarokov. Moral research of writers of the 18th century.
abstract, added 12/19/2008
A brief biography of the most prominent poets and writers of the 19th century - N.V. Gogol, A.S. Griboyedov, V.A. Zhukovsky, I.A. Krylova, M. Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov, A.S. Pushkin, F.I. Tyutchev. High achievements of Russian culture and literature of the 19th century.
presentation added on 04/09/2013
The true flowering of 19th century European literature; stages of romanticism, realism and symbolism in its development, the influence of industrial society. New literary tendencies of the twentieth century. Characteristics of French, English, German and Russian literature.
abstract, added 01/25/2010
General analysis the current state of the literature of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika, written in Russian. Comparative analysis creativity of Pridnestrovian writers and poets. Fantastic prose by Vitaly Pishchenko on the example of the story "The Castle of Horror".
thesis, added 02/04/2013
Cultural contacts between England and Russia in the 19th – 20th centuries. The image of Russia in the works of W. Shakespeare, C. Marlowe, J. Horsey. Subject, genre and artistic originality of writers' travel notes. Analysis of L. Carroll's creativity, the essence of S. Maugham's creativity.
thesis, added 03/11/2012
Specificity of Russian criticism, its place in the development of 20th century literature. The legacy of I.A. Ilyin as a criticism: systematization, the range of problems under consideration. Interpretation of Hegelian philosophy. Evaluation of the creativity of poets and writers - contemporaries of the critic.
thesis, added 09/08/2016
Styles and genres of Russian literature of the 17th century, its specific features that differ from modern literature. Development and transformation of traditional historical and hagiographic genres of literature in the first half of the 17th century. The process of democratizing literature.
XIX century - "golden", classical. One century, but not a single artistic direction: romanticism and realism. Started with the French Revolution. It ended with the Paris Commune in 1871 (its heroism and tragedy is already the heroism and tragedy of the 20th century). Realism takes shape in the 30s-40s. By this time, society had already consigned to oblivion the heroic era of Jacobinism, the bloody epic of the Napoleonic wars. Carmagnola was replaced by the cancan, the Phrygian cap was the merchant's bowler hat, the uniform embroidered with braids was the sturdy frock coat of the new conqueror of the world - the knight of debit and credit. Open rejection of reality is the pathos of 19th century literature.
A synthesis of romantic and realistic trends in French culture. A special relationship to the "art of the syllable" as a French national tradition "Only that which is well written reaches the descendants" (Buffon, 1707-1788) The novel form - a prosaically organized society (Hegel) Two main styles of French literature: Balzac's Stendalevsky
Honore de Balzac (1799 -1850) One of the greatest writers. “The great novelist who writes poorly” (P. Lato) “Doctor of Social Sciences” (Balzac). Very different - a monarchist, a legitimist and an artist. The same age as Pushkin (Karolina Sabanskaya - beloved A.S. Pushik - a brilliant adventurer of the world scale - the sister of Evelina Ganskaya, whom Balzac married 3 months before his death. Wedding in 1850 in the city of Berdichev, in the Church of St. Barbara. In 1847 -1850 he lived in the possession of his beloved in Verkhovna - a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhitomir region in Ukraine) Becomes a writer at the age of 30 (the novel "Shuany"). Louis_August Bisson. Portrait of Honore de Balzac, 1842 Formulates the idea to devote his whole life to one grandiose work. He's going to cover EVERYTHING. Balzac's realism is not active towards life, he does not teach life, he analyzes life, examines it. Balzac says he is writing the history of the human heart. His story is socially and biologically beautiful.
Balzac is “a force of nature ... an elemental force that does not reflect. ... ... this is an unconscious genius ... an artist, not a thinker (Boris Grigorievich Reizov). Perceived the main idea of \u200b\u200bromantics - historicism. I saw in human history not only the diversity of eras, but also the general unity of mankind. In his novels, not only life and environment, but also the rise of characters over history. Money is the religion of modern times. The conflict of the century is man versus necessity. Necessity appears in the form of a housewife, rent, washerwoman, lack of money. ... But money is not the main thing. The hero is more likely to struggle with money than to become their servant. “Only base actions can be explained by the benefit” (Balzac) The hero is carried away by the idea: noble / crazy, mania, ambition, creative ardor. The novels are the troops that he throws into battle at the right time. Creativity is a struggle with plots, designs, technical difficulties.
The Human Comedy I. Studies of Morals 1) Scenes of Private Life Foreword by Gobsek Father Goriot 2) Scenes of the provincial life of Eugene Grande Museum of Antiquities Lost Illusions 3) Scenes of Parisian life Glitter and poverty of courtesans 4) Scenes of political life 5) Scenes of military life in Chuana, or Brittany in 1799 6) Scenes of rural life Country doctor Country priest II. Philosophical studies III. Analytical studies (I name only some of the novels that are desirable to read)
"The Human Comedy" 97 novels There is no sequence, no chronological unity. Conventional center - "Father Goriot" (1834) Balzac's style: - imitation of the classifications of animals in the works of naturalists - "scientific character" of the concept - the grandiose nature of generalizations - the realistic principle of typification (a typical hero in typical circumstances; compare - the romantic principle of typification: an exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances) - genre and thematic classification systems - "crosscutting" heroes - "total determinism" - class as a unity - any space as an atmosphere - first the material world - then a person who corresponds to this world - the struggle for "alien" consciousness ("author's aggression ")" There is something more interesting than the Egyptian pyramids - the great Parisian house "(Jules Jeanin, 1804-1874)
STENDAL (Henri Marie Beyle) 1783 -1842 an outstanding French writer (Stendal is a German city, where Winckelmann came from, who "opened" the artistic treasures of Italy for the European reading public). Difficult and long creative biography - 30 years of apprenticeship. A participant in Napoleon's Italian campaign, a military quartermaster, saw the Battle of Borodino, the fire of Moscow. After the fall of Napoleon, he left for Italy, familiar with the leaders of the Carbonarii, with Byron. 1830 - French consul in Italy. The story of a man raised on the cult of Napoleon and found himself at the crossroads of the post-revolutionary period Feels like a provincial (poor spelling, poor handwriting, negligence and inattention to detail) Stendhal is buried in Paris at the Montmartre cemetery
Style and maturity is a habit that comes naturally. The task of our whole life is to be like ourselves in our best moments "We distort the most tender feelings when we try to talk about them" (Stendhal) The concept of sincerity in literature includes not only confession, but also silence "A novel is a mirror walking along the road" (Stendhal) Stendhal style: - "analytical romanticism" - mercilessness of psychological analysis - "eternal youth" of heroes - inviolability of "purity" of heroes - desire for fame is one of the most powerful stimuli of behavior -positive traits modern man - developed intellect and sensitivity - fierce natures - "beilism" "Egotism" is Stendhal's favorite word, with which he defines his style of Stendhal - "conscious confusion" (E. Zola) Novels "Red and Black" 1830 "Parma Cloister" 1846
Gustave Flaubert (1821 -1880) an outstanding French writer, one of the greatest European writers of the 19th century. The "exact word" theory. He studied at the Faculty of Law in Paris, led a bohemian life. In 1844 he settled on the banks of the Seine, not far from Rouen. Leads a secluded life, strives for self-isolation. He returned to Paris in 1848 to participate in the Revolution. From 1848 to 1852 travels a lot (Egypt, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Italy). Met with I. S. Turgenev. Novels: Madame Bovary (1856). Flaubert and the editor of the Revue de Paris were prosecuted for "defaming morality." Salammbô (1862). To create it, he visited the East and North Africa. Historical novel about the uprising in Carthage in the 3rd century. BC e. "Education of the Senses" (1869). About European events in 1848. The novel describes Flaubert's first love ("silent passion" for Elise Schlesinger, which he carried through all his life) Flaubert's poetics: - the principle of impersonal depiction (naturalism) - the theme of "education of feelings" - "writing in gray on gray ”(G. Flaubert) -“ dying ”of the author; - "bovarism". A. Fly. Salammbô
Emile Zola (1840 -1902) - an outstanding French writer, theorist of naturalism Twenty-volume series “Rougon. Maccars "- the grandiose" Natural and social history of one family in the era of the Second Empire. " Striving to raise literary "production" to the level of scientific knowledge of its time. E. Zola's style: - "biological" and "public" - grandeur of details - poetics of mass scenes - magic of trifles - synaestheticism of E. Manet's images. Portrait of E. Zola. Gravestone (cenotaph) at the site of the original tomb of Zola in the Montmartre cemetery, moved in 1908 to the Pantheon Romanes: Lady's happiness Belly of Paris
Charles Baudelaire (1821 -1867) French poet and critic, classic of French and world literature, the last European romantic, “a man who feels like an abyss” (J. P. Sarthe) “king of poets, a real God” (A. Rimbaud). His father was an artist, from early childhood he instilled in his son a love of art, but when Baudelaire was 6 years old, his father died, and his mother got married. As punishment for disobedience - a trip to India to "get rid of the bad influence" of the bohemian circle of the Latin Quarter, but Baudelaire returned. He participated in the barricade battles in February, collaborated in the republican press, fought on the barricades in June 1848. Attended the "Hashish Club" and described the effect of hashish on the human body, which for many years became the standard for all who wrote about psychotropic hemp products. He considered Edgar Poe as his "spiritual brother" and translated his works. Baudelaire is buried in the Montparnasse cemetery in the same grave with his mother and stepfather. Later, a cenotaph was erected on the cemetery's transverse avenue: a full-length figure of the poet wrapped in a shroud was laid on a simple slab right on the ground, and a huge stele rises from the side of the head, on top of which it is erected. ... ... Satan. Poetics: -dendism -bohemianism. -aestheticization of evil. -the luxury of decay and death. Collected Poems: Flowers of Evil Parisian Spleen
S. BODLER. Padal (Translated by Wilhelm Veniaminovich Levik, 1907 -1982) Do you remember what we saw in the summer? My angel, do you remember That dead horse under the bright white light, Among the red grass? Half-rotted, she spread her legs, Like a street girl, Shamelessly, belly up, lay by the road, Fetid secreting pus. And the sun scorched this rot from the firmament, To burn the remains to the ground, So that the great Nature merged into one Accepted Divided. And pieces of the skeleton were already grinning into the sky, Big like flowers. From the stench in the meadow, in the fragrant heat of summer, You hardly felt sick. Hurrying to the feast, a buzzing cloud of flies hovered over the disgusting heap, And worms crawled and swarmed in their belly, Like thick black mucus. All this moved, heaving and shining, As if, suddenly revived, A monstrous body grew and multiplied, A vague breath is full. And this world streamed mysterious sounds, Like the wind, like a running shaft, As if a sower, lifting his hands smoothly, Waving grain over the cornfield. That shaky chaos was, devoid of forms and lines, Like the first sketch, like a spot, Where the artist's gaze foresees the camp of the goddess, Ready to lie on the canvas. From behind a bush on us, thin, all in scab, The bitch mowed an evil pupil, And waited a moment to snatch off the bone And eat a tasty piece. But remember: and you, exuding the infection, you will lie rotten with a corpse, you, the sun of my eyes, my living star, you, radiant seraphim. And you, beauty, and the decay will touch you, And you will rot to the bones, Dressed in flowers to mournful prayers, Prey of the grave guests. Tell the worms, when they begin, kissing, to devour you in the damp darkness, That perishable beauty - I will forever preserve And the form and the immortal system.
Photo of 1855. Prosper Mérimée (1803-1870) French writer, translator, one of the first masters of short stories in France, chief inspector of historical monuments, member of the French Academy, senator of the Second Empire, popularizer and translator of Russian literature. Hoaxes: -several dramatic plays under the title "Theater of Clara Gasul" (allegedly the author is an unknown Spanish actress of a wandering theater; - "Gusli" (Guzla), a collection of (supposedly) folk songs. Poetics: - "Museum of human passions" -dramatic passions - dry and restrained language - as a rule, the narrator is a rational observer-foreigner - the emotions of primitive peoples are opposed to the anemia of civilized Europe ("Energy, even in bad passions, always surprises us and some involuntary admiration") Novels by Carmen Mateo Falcone Lokis Etruscan vase Letters to a stranger (but preferably all ...)
Romain Rolland (1866 -1944) - French writer, public figure, musicologist, foreign honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), Nobel Prize laureate in literature (1915) "For the high idealism of literary works, for sympathy and love of truth" Active participant in European pacifist organizations. Corresponded with L. N. Tolstoy, welcomed the February Revolution, approved of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. Communicated with Maxim Gorky, came by invitation to Moscow, met with Stalin (1935). Books about great figures: The Life of Beethoven (1903) The Life of Michelangelo (1907) The Life of Tolstoy (1911). Novels "Jean-Christophe" (1904 -1912) "Cola Bruignon" (1914 -1918) "Enchanted Soul" (1923)
SYMBOLISM is one of the largest cultural phenomena of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Symbolism is formed in Western European culture of the 60s-70s of the 19th century. France: Rimbaud, Verlaine Belgium: Maeterlinck Austria: Rilke England: Wilde Norway: Ibsen. A conscious renunciation of concrete historicism, of modernity. “Transcoding” of ideas, images, plots into universal “mythologemes”. The tendency of symbolism to build on the culture of the past, and not feel like its successor. The significance for the aesthetic system of symbolism of what it opposes in the past culture: naturalism (France), everyday life (England), realistic lifelike (Russia). French symbolism: - an appeal to the intellectual and philosophical discourse of the world; -interpretation of any phenomenon as eternal: in the spirit of "emblematic", "keys of secrets", "verbal magic" inner peace -personal origin and the cult of "I"
POETRY Paul Verlaine (1844 -1896) French poet, one of the founders of literary impressionism and symbolism. - lyrical “self-crucifixion” “sliding non-intrusiveness” of writing (SI Velikovsky); - sad thoughtfulness and agonizing gloom of style - erasing the line between the unstable, as if flowing, external world and internal experience. Damned Poets ”(1883) is the title of a series of articles dedicated to his outcast and unrecognized friends Tristan Corbier, Arthur Rimbaud and Stephen Mallarmé. ANNOUNCEMENT I am not amused by anything in you, Nature: Neither the grain fields, nor the echo of the golden Shepherd's horns, nor the morning dawn, nor the beauty of the sad sunset. The art is funny to me, and the Man, and the ode, And the song, and the temple, and the centuries-old towers Proud aspiration to the empty heavenly vault. What good and evil to me, and slavery, and freedom! I do not believe in God, I am not deceived again by Science, but an ancient irony. Love, For a long time I run her silently into contempt.
Jean Ipustegi. Commissioned by President François Mitterrand, the sculptural composition “A traveler in shoes flying upwards”. Installed in 1985 in front of the old building of the National Library of France in Paris. The name paraphrases the nickname that Paul Verlaine gave to Arthur Rimbaud - "The traveler in shoes blown by the wind." Arthur Rimbaud (1854 -1891) - the great French poet Poet who held together two centuries of poetry. Participates in the uprising of the Paris Commune. Travels around the world a lot. In Africa (mainly in Egypt and Ethiopia), in Yemen, it is engaged in the trade in coffee, spices, skins, weapons and people. In February 1891 he returned to France, where his leg was amputated due to a cancerous tumor. Buried in Charleville. Poetics: poetics of destruction; lyrical intensity; ... “Frightening” fragmentary metaphor; pushing back the beautiful to the periphery of the creative system, the dominant of the ugly; the boldness and ruthlessness of the paintings of "rough life" Film by Agnieszka Holland "Total Eclipse" (1995), based on the play of the same name by Christopher Hampton (1967), Leonardo DiCaprio's Rambo
Vowels A - black, white - E, I - red, Y green, O - blue. ... ... Vowels, your dates of birth I will also open. ... ... A - a black and furry Corset of buzzing flies over a stinking heap. E - the whiteness of the tents and in the flakes of snow wool Summit, the trembling of the flower, the sparkling of the crown; And - purple, blood spitting, laughter, illumined with anger, Ile intoxicated with repentance in the hour of reckoning. U - cycle, the sea surf with its green juice, The world of pastures, the world of wrinkles that on the forehead is imprinted by Alchemy in the stillness of nights. Oh - the primordial Horn, shrill and strange. Silence, where the worlds, and angels, and countries - Omega, the blue ray and light of Her Eyes. Premonition By deaf paths, among thick grass, I will leave to wander on blue evenings; The wind will touch the bare head, And I will feel the freshness under my feet. Endless love will fill my chest. But I will be silent and forget all the words. I, like a gypsy, will go - farther, farther on the road! And as if with a woman, with Nature I will be happy.
Stéphane Mallarmé (1842 -1898) - French poet, was in the Parnassus group (a group of French poets who united around Théophile Gaultier and opposed their creativity to poetry and poetics of outdated, from their point of view, romanticism), the head of the Symbolist school. Referred by Paul Verlaine to the "damned poets". Poetics: the task is to “draw not a thing, but the effect it produces” and write poems that will consist “not of words, but of intentions” (S. Mallarmé); musicality and mystery; "Prophetic" nature of experiments
Stream of Consciousness Literature The term belongs to the American philosopher William James: “Consciousness is a stream, a river in which thoughts, sensations, memories, sudden associations constantly interrupt each other and intertwine in a bizarre, illogical manner (Foundations of Psychology, 1890). The "stream of consciousness" creates the impression that the reader, as it were, "overhears" his experience in the consciousness of the characters. Marcel Proust (1871 -1922) - the great French writer, short story writer and critic, the "father" of European modernism. In Search of Lost Time is a seven-part novel, one of the most significant works of world literature of the 20th century. 1913 Towards Swann 1919 In the shade of girls in bloom 1920 -1921 At the Germans 1921 -1922 Sodom and Gomorrah 1923 The Prisoner 1927 The Runaway 1927 Time Acquired In 1999 a poll to identify the 50 best works of the 20th century. : 1st place Outsider "A. Camus 2nd place" In Search of Lost Time "Poetics: the novel as a" cinema of memories "(A. V. Lunacharsky).
French surrealism is a trend in art that took shape by the early 1920s in France. The term was born: in 1917, Guillaume Apollinaire first used the term “surrealism” in the manifesto “New Spirit” written for the ballet “Parade” (a joint work of the composer Eric Satie, artist Pablo Picasso, screenwriter Jean Cocteau, and ballet master Leonid Massine) Ideologist of surrealism - writer and poet André Breton (1896 -1966). Manifesto by Henri Breton (1924) The basic concept of "surreality" is the combination of dream and reality. the principle of "pure mental automatism" "unselfish play of thought." Poetics: The use of allusions, paradoxical combinations of pathos of total protest "love - beauty - rebellion" "poetical and therapeutic method" - the principle of collage - "new mythology" - the concept of "black humor" playful beginning. The genre of the manifesto is characteristic of the avant-garde culture. phenomenon
Guillaume Apollinaire (Pole Wilhelm Albert Vladimir Alexander - French poet, one of the founders of French poetry of the 20th century, creator of the term “surrealism.” Poetics: -the influence of F. Villon; -connection of the urban theme with intimate-lyrical motives; -aphorism of poetic statements; -intense rhythm; -associative thinking; -lack of punctuation; -the rapprochement of poetry and graphics Apollinaris Vong-Kostrovitsky; 1880 -1918) Henri Rousseau "Muse inspiring a poet" (1909) in a caricatured spirit depicts G. Apollinaire and his beloved M. Laurencin
Paul Eluard (1895 -1952) is one of the most significant French poets of the 20th century. , one of the leaders of the group of French surrealists. S. Dali "Portrait of Paul Eluard": "I felt that it was my duty to capture the face of the poet, from whose Olympus I kidnapped one of the muses" (S. Dali's words in connection with the fact that Eluard's wife Gala left for Dali). Poetics: suggestiveness of poetic language; an abundance of repetitions; a wide range of feelings, ideas, images. Heart on a tree, if you want - pick it from a branch, Smile and laughter, laughter and immense tenderness. Defeated, you are the winner, clear-faced and pure, like an angel, Together with the trees you rush into the sky. The beauty is crying in the distance, she would like to fight, But, stretched out near the hill, she is unable to rise, And whatever the sky above her is - transparent, gloomy, Seeing her, it is impossible not to fall in love with her. Days, like fingers, lazily bent phalanges, Flowers fade, with rains ears in separation. Rime awaits the red-hot body of July. Look through the eyes of the deceased. To paint the whiteness of porcelain. Music, bare white hands. Winds merge with birds - the sky will change soon.
Existentialism is one of the most viable philosophies. The origins of existentialism - the philosophy of S. Kierkegaard Proclamation of the absolute uniqueness of human existence; The idea of \u200b\u200bthe inapplicability of the scientific method in self-knowledge. The categorical apparatus of existentialism: life, death, fear, pain, love, "choice", "otherworldly being" "existence in the world" "abandonment".
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 -1980) is one of the most significant Antanas Sutkus (Lithuania). Sartre of representatives of culture of the 20th century , "Master of doom", Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 (refused) member of the World Peace Council (1953). In 1945, he renounced the Legion of Honor. Participant and symbol of the revolution in France in 1968 (the rebellious students, having captured the Sorbonne, allowed only one Sartre inside). Charles de Gaulle: “Voltaires are not imprisoned in France” 50 thousand people followed the coffin Poetics: deepening of heroes' introspection; The “disappearance” of the narrator; "Theater of situations". Nausea 1938 Words 1964 Albert Camus (1913 -1960) - the literary idol of the European intelligentsia, one of the most charming figures in the culture of the 20th century. 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature, Western Conscience. Poetics: ideas of the absurdity of the world; an appeal to the works of F.M.Dostoevsky; the parable character of creativity; "Hypnotism" "Essays on the absurd." Plague 1947 Outsider 1942 The Myth of Sisyphus 1942 Rebel Man 1951
The highest flourishing reached in the XIX century. French literature. Her golden age began with the works of the great romantics - Chateaubriand and de Maistre. The romantic tradition was continued by a poet, playwright and writer Victor Hugo... He gained particular fame as a novelist and political publicist. Already his first novel "Notre Dame Cathedral" (1831) attracted the attention of a wide public with a picturesque picture of medieval Paris. In the novel "Les Miserables" (1862) the writer raised the most pressing social problems of his time. Hugo's last novel, "The Deceptive Third Year" (1874), was devoted to the history of the Great French Revolution.
One of the most vital works of French literature is the novel Stendhal "Red and black. Chronicle of the XIX century "(1831), which shows the society of the period of the Restoration. Stendhal laid the foundations of the psychological direction in realism. Among the founders of the French novel are also P. Mérimée, whose pen belongs to such a masterpiece of psychological analysis as the short story "Carmen" (1845). Musical works and films have been staged on this subject up to the present day. A. Dumas, the author of fascinating historical and adventure novels, possessed an extraordinary fantasy. Until now, his novels "The Three Musketeers", "The Count of Monte Cristo", "Koroleva Margot" and many others attract the interest of readers.
By the middle of the XIX century. realism practically ousted romanticism from literature. From the very beginning, French critical realism combined the acuteness of posing social problems and the breadth of historical coverage.
The transition to realism personified Honore de Balzac, whose style combined romantic imagery and vivid picturesqueness with sober analysis. Balzac is the author of the monumental Human Comedy, an artistic exploration of French society during the Restoration and the July Monarchy. Under this general title, he published in 1829-1848. about 90 works, in which he tried to reflect "the entire social reality, not bypassing any position of human life." Like no other writer of that time, Balzac was aware of the dependence of the individual on society and history; he was among the first to speak out against the omnipotence of money.
Gustave Flaubertmanaged to create works, incomparable "in their breadth, brilliance and grace", in which he criticized the morals of the Second Empire. His novel Madame Bovary. Provincial customs ”(1857) is recognized as a masterpiece of world literature. Roman "Education of the Senses" (1869), in terms of the depth of thought and the variety of everyday types derived in it, became an even more significant literary work. Flaubert's work opened a new stage in the development of realism.
In the works of brothers J. and E. Goncourt realism took the extreme form of naturalism. In 1865, they put forward the principle of "documentary accurate reproduction of life," in whatever forms it manifests itself. According to the behest of E. Goncourt, the Goncourt Prize was established, which is still one of the most honorable literary awards in France.
The "naturalistic method" used Emile Zola, whose creativity marks the onset of the next stage in the development of French realism. Rejection of the regime of Napoleon III inspired him to create the epic cycle “Rougon-Maccara. Biological and social history of one family in the era of the Second Empire ”(1871-1893), which united twenty novels. Zola demonstrated "a rare sense of the dynamics of history" and authentically conveyed the historical movement of the era he described, which he called the era of "madness and shame."
In the collection "Experimental Novel" (1880), Zola outlined the "theory of a scientific novel", arguing: we "must experiment on the characters, passions, facts of a person's personal and social life, just as a physicist and chemist experiment on inanimate objects, like a physiologist experiments on living people. "
The influence of naturalism also affected creativity Guy de Meaux-passant, who in an effort to reveal the entire "ruthless truth of life" became the greatest master of the psychological novel. Maupassant's short stories paint a broad panorama of the life and customs of the Third Republic. Material from the site
A realistic analysis of reality was accompanied by an increase in pessimistic sentiments, which gave rise to such a phenomenon of artistic life as decadence("Decline"). His approach was announced in 1886 by the manifesto of the "damned poets" - the symbolists, who proclaimed: "We are the poets of decline, decline, destruction." French decadence reflected the feeling, common for many figures of European culture, that some kind of historical catastrophe was approaching, which was supposed to destroy the philistine civilization, which had proved its imperfection and inability to solve major social problems.
The rapid development of science and technology gave rise to illusions about their all-power and gave rise to a new literary genre - the science fiction novel. The most prominent representative of this genre is the French writer J. Verne, author of more than 65 fantastic works, as well as works on history geographical discoveries... His books "Journey to the Center of the Earth", "Children of Captain Grant", "Around the World in 80 Days", "The Mysterious Island", "The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain" gained immense popularity.
Renowned French writers have made an invaluable contribution to world literature. From Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism to commentaries on Flaubert's society, France is well known for bringing examples of literary geniuses to the world. Thanks to the many famous sayings that cite literary masters from France, there is a good chance that you are very familiar with, or at least have heard of, French literature.
Over the centuries, many great literary works have appeared in France. While this list is hardly comprehensive, it contains some of the greatest literary masters who ever lived. Most likely you have read or at least heard about these famous French writers.
Honore de Balzac, 1799-1850
Balzac is a French writer and playwright. One of his most famous works, The Human Comedy, became his first real taste of success in the literary world. In fact, his personal life has become more of an attempt and failure than a real success. He is considered by many literary critics to be one of the "founding fathers" of realism, because The Human Comedy was a commentary on all aspects of life. This is a collection of all the works that he wrote under his own name. Father Goriot is often quoted in French literature courses as classic example realism. The story of King Lear, set in 1820s Paris, Father Goriot is Balzac's reflection of a money-loving society.
Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989
Samuel Beckett is actually Irish, however, he mostly wrote in French because he lived in Paris, moving there in 1937. He is considered the last great modernist and some argue that he is the first postmodernist. Especially outstanding in his personal life had an apprenticeship with the French Resistance during World War II when he was under German occupation. Although Beckett has been published extensively, he is most of all his theater of the absurd, depicted in the play En attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot).
Cyrano de Bergerac, 1619-1655
Cyrano de Bergerac is best known for the play that Rostand wrote about him called Cyrano de Bergerac. The play has been staged and filmed many times. The plot is well known: Cyrano loves Roxanne, but stops courting her in order to read her poetry on behalf of his not so eloquent friend. Rostand most likely embellishes the real characteristics of de Bergerac's life, although he was indeed a phenomenal swordsman and delightful poet.
We can say that his poetry is better known than Rostand's play. He was described as having an extremely large nose of which he was very proud.
Albert Camus, 1913-1960
Albert Camus is an Algerian-born author who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957. He was the first African to achieve this and the second youngest writer in literary history. Despite the fact that he is associated with existentialism, Camus rejects any labels. His two most famous novels are absurd: L "Étranger (The Stranger) and Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus). He was perhaps best known as a philosopher and his works reflect the life of that time. In fact, he wanted to become football player, but contracted tuberculosis at the age of 17 and was bedridden for a long period of time.
Victor Hugo, 1802-1885
Victor Hugo would call himself primarily a humanist who used literature to describe the words of human life and the injustice of society. Both of these themes are easily seen in two of his most famous works: Les misèrables (Les Miserables), and Notre-Dame de Paris (Notre Dame is also known by its popular name - The Hunchback of Notre Dame).
Alexandre Dumas, father 1802-1870
Alexandre Dumas is considered the most widely read author in French history. He is known for his historical novels, which describe the dangerous adventures of heroes. Dumas was prolific in writing and many of his stories are retold today:
Three Musketeers
Count of Montecristo
The man in the iron mask
1821-1880
His first published novel, Madame Bovary, became perhaps his most famous work. It was originally published as a series of novels, and the French authorities filed legal action against Flaubert for immorality.
Jules Verne, 1828-1905
Jules Verne is especially famous because he was one of the first authors to write science fiction. Many literary critics even consider him one of the founding fathers of the genre. He has written many novels, some of the most famous are:
Twenty thousand leagues under the sea
Journey to the center of the earth
Around the world in 80 Days
Other French writers
Moliere
Emile Zola
Stendhal
Georges Sand
Musset
Marcel Proust
Rostan
Jean-Paul Sartre
Madame de Scudery
Stendhal
Sully-Prudhomme
Anatole France
Simone de Beauvoir
Charles Baudelaire
Voltaire
In France, literature has been, and continues to be, the driving force behind philosophy. Paris is fertile ground for new ideas, philosophies and movements that the world has ever seen.
Famous French writers
Famous French writers have made an invaluable contribution to the world
literature. From Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism to commentaries on
flaubert society, France is well known for the phenomenon of the world of examples
literary geniuses. Thanks to the many famous sayings that
citing literary masters from France, there is a high probability
something that you are very familiar with, or at least heard about
works of French literature.
Over the centuries, many great literary works have appeared
in France. While this list is hardly comprehensive, it contains some
of the greatest literary masters who ever lived. Rather
everything you have read or at least heard about these famous French
writers.
Honore de Balzac, 1799-1850
Balzac is a French writer and playwright. One of his most famous
works "The Human Comedy", became his first real taste of success in
the literary world. In fact, his love life has become more of an attempt
trying something and failing rather than real success. He, by
opinion of many literary critics, is considered one of
The founding fathers of realism, because The Human Comedy was
commentary on all aspects of life. This is a collection of all the works that he
wrote under his own name. Father Goriot is often quoted in courses
french literature as a classic example of realism. King's story
Lear, which took place in Paris in the 1820s, the book "Father Goriot" is
Balzac's reflection of a society that loves money.
Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989
Samuel Beckett is actually Irish, however, he mostly wrote
in French because he lived in Paris, having moved there in 1937. is he
considered the last great modernist and some argue that he -
first postmodernist. Particularly outstanding in his personal life was
training in the French Resistance during World War II,
when he was under German occupation. Although Beckett was published a lot,
he most of all with his theater of the absurd, depicted in the play En attendant
Godot (Waiting for Godot).
Cyrano de Bergerac, 1619-1655
Cyrano de Bergerac is best known for a play that was
written about him by Rostand under the title "Cyrano de Bergerac". Play
staged and filmed films many times. The plot is familiar: Cyrano
loves Roxanne, but stops courting her so as not to
such an eloquent friend read her poetry to her. Rostan most likely
embellishes the real characteristics of de Bergerac's life, although he
really was a phenomenal swordsman and a delightful poet.
We can say that his poetry is better known than Rostand's play. By
descriptions he had an extremely large nose of which he was very proud.
Albert Camus, 1913-1960
Albert Camus is an Algerian-born author who received
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957. He was the first African
who achieved this, and the second youngest writer in history
literature. Despite being associated with existentialism, Camus
rejects any labels. His most famous two novels of the absurd:
L "Étranger (The Stranger) and Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus). He was,
perhaps best known as a philosopher and his work - displaying
life of that time. In fact, he wanted to become a football player, but
fell ill with tuberculosis at the age of 17 and was bedridden in
for a long period of time.
Victor Hugo, 1802-1885
Victor Hugo would call himself primarily a humanist who used
literature to describe the words of human life and injustice
society. Both of these themes are easily seen in two of his most famous
works: Les misèrables (Les Miserables), and Notre-Dame de Paris (Cathedral
Notre Dame is also known by its popular name - The Hunchback of
Notre Dame).
Alexandre Dumas, father 1802-1870
Alexandre Dumas is considered the most widely read author in French history.
He is known for his historical novels that describe dangerous
adventures of heroes. Dumas was prolific in writing and many of his
the stories are retelling today:
Three Musketeers
Count of Montecristo
The man in the iron mask
Nutcracker (made famous through the ballet version of Tchaikovsky)
Gustave Flaubert 1821-1880
His first published novel, Madame Bovary, became perhaps the most
famous for his work. It was originally published as a series
novels, and the French authorities sued Flaubert for
immorality.
Jules Verne 1828-1905
Jules Verne is especially famous because he was one of the first authors,
writing science fiction. Many literary critics even consider
his one of the founding fathers of the genre. He wrote many novels, here
some of the more famous:
Twenty thousand leagues under the sea
Journey to the center of the earth
Around the world in 80 Days
Other French writers
There are many other great French writers:
Moliere
Emile Zola
Stendhal
Georges Sand
Musset
Marcel Proust
Rostan
Jean-Paul Sartre
Madame de Scudery
Stendhal
Sully-Prudhomme
Anatole France
Simone de Beauvoir
Charles Baudelaire
Voltaire
In France, literature has been, and continues to be, the driving force behind philosophy.
Paris is a fertile ground for new ideas, philosophies and movements that
the world has ever seen.
France in the 19th century was a kind of standard for the socio-political development of Europe. All the processes inherent in this stage took in France especially dramatic and extremely contradictory forms. The richest colonial power with high industrial and commercial potential was suffocating from internal contradictions. The flashy facts of fantastic wealth and depressing poverty shocked the imagination and became the leading theme of the greatest writers of this period A. France, Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Romain Rolland, Alphonse Daudet and many others. In the works of these writers, stereotypically stable metaphors and images appear, taken from the living world and used to denote the essence of the "new" masters and "heroes" of France. "We are disgusting barbarians living the life of animals," Maupassant wrote bitterly. It is extraordinarily significant that even Maupassant, a person extremely far from active politics, comes up with the idea of \u200b\u200brevolution. Naturally, the atmosphere of spiritual confusion gave rise to an infinite number of literary movements and trends in France. Among them there were also distinctly bourgeois ones, who openly defended a completely prosperous bourgeois, but such are still an undoubted minority. Even writers close in certain traits to decadence - Symbolists, Cubists, Impressionists and others - for the most part proceeded from hostility to the bourgeois world, but they all sought a way out of the framework of bourgeois life, sought to capture the novelty of fast-paced events, to get closer to the knowledge of incredibly expanded ideas about person.
The realism of this period also underwent tremendous changes - not so much external as internal order. In their conquests of this period, realist writers relied on the vast experience of classical realism of the 19th century, but they could no longer take into account the new horizons of human and society life, new discoveries of science and philosophy, new searches of contemporary trends and trends. Rejecting the moral indifference of naturalists who tried to turn the writer into a registrar of facts, into an emotionless "objective" photographer, devoid of imagination, ideal, dream, the end of the century realists take scientific conscientiousness and a deep study of the subject of the image into their arsenal. The genre of popular science literature born by them plays a huge role in the formation of literature of this time. Not accepting the extremes of other directions, the realists did not remain indifferent to the discoveries of the Symbolist, Impressionist and other writers. A profound internal restructuring of realism was associated with experiment, bold testing of new means, but still retained the character of typification. The main achievements of realism of the middle of the century - psychologism, social analysis - are qualitatively deepening, the sphere of realistic reflection is expanding, genres are rising to new artistic heights.
Ãè äå Ìîïàññàí
Maupassant (1850-1993), like his teacher Flaubert, was a stern realist who never changed his views. He passionately, to the point of soreness, hated the bourgeois world and everything connected with it. If the hero of his book, a representative of a different class, compromised at least something, joining the bourgeois, Maupassant did not spare him - and here all the means for the writer were good. He painfully searched for an antithesis to this world, and found it in the democratic strata of society, in the French people.
works: short stories - "Pyshka", "The Old Woman Sauvage", "The Crazy", "Prisoners", "The Weaver of Chairs", "Pope Simon".
Alphonse Daudet
Daudet (1840-1897) is a somewhat unexpected phenomenon against the background of the literature of this period, and at the same time a phenomenon closely related to the development of the creativity of fellow writers, outwardly distant from him, like Maupassant, Roland, France. A gentle and kind man, Daudet was stubborn in many issues. He went his own way, having managed not to get sick with any of the newfangled literary diseases of the end of the century, and only in the last years of his life - a life full of eternal labor and need - paid tribute to fashionable naturalism.
works: the novel "Tartarin of Tarascon", several short stories.
Romain Rolland
The work of Romain Rolland (1866-1944) occupies a very special place in this period of history. If Maupassant, Daudet, and many other great writers each in their own way painfully searched for positive principles in a poorly arranged world, then for Rolland the meaning of being and creativity initially consisted in faith in the beautiful, kind, light, which never left the world - his you just need to be able to see, feel and convey to people.
works: the novel "Jean Kristoff", the story "Pierre and Luce".
Gustave Flaubert
His work indirectly reflected the contradictions of the French Revolution of the middle of the nineteenth century. Striving for truth and hatred of the bourgeoisie were combined in him with social pessimism and lack of faith in the people. This contradiction and duality can be found in the philosophical quest and political views of the writer, in his attitude to art.
works: novels - "Madame Bovary", "Salammbo", "Education of the senses", "Bouvard and Pécuchet" (not finished), stories - "The Legend of Julian the Stranger", "Simple Soul", "Herodias", also created several plays and extravaganza.
Stendhal
The work of this writer opens the period of classical realism. It was Stendhal who took the lead in substantiating the main principles and programs for the formation of realism, theoretically declared in the first half of the 19th century, when romanticism still reigned, and soon brilliantly embodied in the artistic masterpieces of the outstanding novelist of that time.
works: novels - "Cloister of Parma", "Armance", "Lucien Leuven", stories - "Vittoria Accoramboni", "Duchess of Palliano", "Cenchi", "Abbess of Castro".
