The metal from which ancient people made jewelry. Ornaments of an ancient person. Belt and decorations

Every person is burdened with needs. Among other things, we need social recognition, material goods and life comforts. To have all this, one must "make a good living." And financial well-being depends entirely on right choice profession, the availability of the necessary knowledge and the successful implementation of skills.

What specialties are the most popular among university entrants in 2007 among those currently offered by universities? And what professions will be preferred, for example, by 2012 graduates? On the basis of a study by the Begin Group, the editors of O&K compiled a kind of rating directory of promising areas and provided them with comments by well-known and respected people in the professional community.

So, we present 12 specialties that (we are sure of this) will be in demand in five to seven years: political science; jurisprudence; organisation management; finance and credit; accounting, analysis and audit; world economy; economics and management at the enterprise; advertising; marketing; public relations, psychology; IT technologies.

Trial by power

Politics is a special sphere of human activity, directly related to power, the state, and managing the affairs of society. In his work, a politician has to solve all sorts of problems, skillfully maneuvering between the interests of various social groups in search of compromises. Psychologists believe that power corrupts. Therefore, a priori, a political leader must be accessible, open, honest, sensitive and humane, as well as conscientious and disinterested - deputies and many scientists of our country came to this conclusion when discussing the problems of morality and politics. In addition, such a person must be highly educated and competent, he must have a sharp mind and a broad outlook. The French emperor Napoleon said: "Big politics is just common sense applied to big things." Meanwhile, it is not easy to get into big politics, the foundation must be laid from youth. first step political career may be higher education. This profession promises power and money, and therefore attracts more and more young people. The competition for the faculties of political science reaches seven to ten people per place. Applicants take exams in Russian and foreign languages, history and social studies. It should be noted that education here is mostly paid. The high cost (80-150 thousand rubles per year) is justified by the prospect of successful employment in the institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, federal, executive and legislative authorities.

Ella Pamfilova, Chairman of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Promotion of the Development of Civil Society Institutions and Human Rights:

Politics, political science and everything connected with it, in my deep conviction, are secondary spheres of people's professional activity. You can't just learn to be a politician in an educational institution. It is impossible to become a politician, as well as a political scientist, without a certain life baggage, other professional experience. It is necessary that a person fill bumps, learn to understand people and interact with them, be able to lead and have a lot of other qualities that testify to his maturity and ability to change life for the better. Politics is a tool for achieving certain ideological goals. And political science is the science of publicly discussing, theorizing about what politics and the politicians who pursue it should be.

Probably, many young people are attracted by some publicity in this profession, the opportunity to express their opinion in the media, to be in the center of public attention. However, there is no need to deceive yourself. I think that we have a very meager discussion field of political science. The field of political science is still monopolized by a narrow layer of "elite" representatives who imagine themselves to be the great thinkers of our day. Only they broadcast in the media on these topics. Here you will not see a serious variety of opinions, there is not much competition here. This field is very dull and miserable. Those who have monopolized this site do not really let young ambitious forces come here. And the need for the arrival of new people and fresh ideas is simply overripe. Russia will make a breakthrough in the cultural, social, economic and political fields only if it provides a high level of competitive environment in all spheres of life, including politics and political science. We need a competition of ideas, actions, new proposals, as a result of which young talented people will be able to break through this ossified monopoly redoubt in politics, business, finance, information, etc.

Dmitry Slizovsky, Deputy Head of the Department of Political Sciences of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor:

Firstly, in the conventional, literary, artistic and fictional representation for mass consumption, a political scientist is "a successful fashionable political strategist, a virtuoso manipulator, a "social power engineer" and a successful player", who is invited to create a "victory strategy". It is possible that this, I repeat, fictional image will captivate and attract someone to the profession of a political scientist. And why not? Skills and abilities to capture the seething social energy that feeds the huge "politics machines" - is it not an equally attractive profession, comparable in delight and emotions with volcanologists, nuclear physicists, explorers of the ice ocean, athletes, financiers.

Secondly, political science education today is mainly humanitarian. By and large, at the undergraduate stage, the best option for education and self-education is philosophy, history, foreign languages, computer science and eight to ten general professional disciplines: political history, philosophy of politics, political theory, psychology and sociology of politics, etc. Do not ignore and to neglect just such a "trail" of the humanities and special disciplines. Here, the base of general fundamental training helps to develop the skills and abilities of intellectual thinking and the mental apparatus for complex mental work. I would consider political science as a profession for people with a pronounced gift for political activity or who consciously go into this profession and are ready to live with passion at the expense of and for the sake of politics and political science. And for this it is not enough to be humanitarianly savvy. It is necessary to acquire specific skills and abilities in certain related political science specialties. In the most advanced universities of the country, in particular the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, they solve this problem in the following way. In terms of the content of the educational process, RUDN University sees, in addition to the development of traditional university merits and successes, the possibility of concentrating efforts through the preparation and introduction of disciplines into curricula: 1) lawmaking (disciplines close to jurisprudence, but not replacing the latter); 2) on the state budget policy (conditionally close to the group of economic profile); 3) on the analysis of multifactorial political actions using computer simulations and the use of, for example, methods of analysis of system dynamics (Analysis of Dynamic System - ADS) and analysis of hierarchical processes (Analytical Hierarchy Process - ANR). Through these types of meaningful activities, the problem of filling professionally indefinite political science as an educational direction and a specific profession with about ten narrowly professional specialties, with a specific set of skills and abilities: strategic and local (industry) analyst, expert, consultant, public politician (deputies of various levels), deputy assistant, party organizer and leader, PR-political strategist, political journalist, political manager, administrator-manager, political science theorist, teacher, etc. Of fundamental importance is the consolidation of specific skills, abilities, and competencies in students during training . In turn, these same areas of educational work logically develop into the corresponding areas of scientific work both for masters and graduate students, and for the teachers themselves. The next task is to structure the entire composition of the teaching staff and students in specific research areas in the form of research groups (schools). Participation in such groups of students of all courses, masters, graduate students is obligatory. It is important that this form of work is institutionalized, publicity, a positive image is created and support (financial, moral, informational and advertising) from the departments and the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.

Thirdly, in real terms, a political scientist is a professional in the field of politics. And this phenomenon is filled with an extremely broad meaning and, according to the famous scientist M. Weber, "covers all types of activities for independent leadership." Naturally, the same Weber conveyed to us his understanding of politics as a vocation and a profession. Even today, nothing prevents us from accepting and understanding a professional political scientist in the most voluminous and true sense as a vocation and a profession.

What joys and pleasures can a career in political science offer, and what personal prerequisites does it provide for those who embark on this path?

Today it is still not clear what form politics as a profession will take. It is clear that politics has already become one of the factories, one of the large and permanent enterprises. These are intellectual industries. They are increasingly absorbing people as a kind of labor force. And therefore there are many chances for politically gifted people to pursue a satisfactory political career for them. Moreover, the profession of a political scientist and politician gives a sense of power even in formally modest positions. It would be reckless to believe that success awaits everyone here, especially human happiness. For both, it is not enough to study the profession of a political scientist. One must also have such qualities as an internal orientation to the essence of the matter, a sense of responsibility both for the cause and for oneself, a sharp eye or intuition.

Servant of the Law

As you know, ignorance of the law is no excuse. Legal illiteracy of the townsfolk provides lawyers with earnings for more than one century. The fabulous fees of lawyers haunt young minds. Almost everyone wants to be lawyers. Meanwhile, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens is not an easy task. "A thorough knowledge of the law, an analytical mindset, perseverance, attention to detail, responsibility - this is not a complete list of requirements for this specialist," explains Yevgeny Lapenkov, legal adviser of CJSC Investment Group Kapital. - It's no secret that no more than half of all graduates of law faculties work in their specialty. The rest, despite the received diploma, do not take root in the profession. Indeed, among other things, a lawyer must be able to artistically "juggle" words, master the art of persuasion, possess business charm and, most importantly, the ability to inspire confidence.

To enter the Faculty of Law, you must pass exams in Russian language and literature, as well as successfully pass an interview on the basics of law. Education in a paid department will cost 50-150 thousand rubles. in year. The price depends on the status of the institution and the chosen specialization. Doors are open for graduates everywhere: in authorities, tax services, customs, in other government and commercial structures. Salary from 25 thousand rubles. per month.

Pavel Krasheninnikov, Chairman of the RF State Duma Committee on Civil, Criminal, Arbitration and Procedural Legislation:

The specialty "jurisprudence" is considered one of the most prestigious in the world. The work of lawyers, as a rule, is well paid and is used in all areas of the economy, science, education, and culture. Good specialists in this area are needed everywhere, but, unfortunately, I must note that in our country for last years there was a clear devaluation in the training of this category of personnel. A huge number of people have appeared with diplomas from law schools and faculties, although in fact, qualified specialists, in my opinion, have decreased. Only in Moscow, hundreds of universities graduate representatives of this profile, while in Soviet time there were only five or six of them in the capital. Believe me I don't really like it Soviet period our history, but we need to face the truth. Then the best teaching and scientific forces were concentrated in educational legal centers. And if at that time there were not enough graduates of these universities to cover the needs for personnel various industries and enterprises, there is now a clear overproduction. But the problem is not only this. The quality of training of students in the field of jurisprudence has fallen sharply. In my opinion, the current procedure for licensing and accreditation of universities today is rather formal. Some measures should be taken to tighten the requirements for the level of education and the quality of training of young specialists. If the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is unable to perform its functions of strict licensing and accreditation of universities, these rights should be given to the Ministry of Justice. It will hopefully sort things out.

Of course, in order to improve the situation, you will have to take some additional measures, to raise the level of salaries of the teaching staff. Maybe establish qualifications for teachers in order to attract the most experienced to this work. I often give lectures in law schools and see the deplorable state of some of them. If you look at the notes of students - the impression is that the teachers themselves read only textbooks and make lectures on them.

Of course, in the preparation of a good specialist, much depends on the educational institution and teachers. But no less important are the will, the desire to learn and master the profession of young man. Opportunities for successful study are now almost ideal. It's not a problem to buy any book. It's easy to find anything on the Internet. And if you know foreign languages, you can become an extra-class specialist. Therefore, I will take the trouble to advise the guys to be active, not to wait for favors from nature and external circumstances. You need to "dig the ground", work hard. It is necessary to reasonably combine study and leisure, and some entertainment should be sacrificed so that the passion for leisure does not become an obstacle to mastering a profession. Remember: a lot depends on you too.

Smart manager

The need for qualified managers, top managers and executives who are able to quickly and adequately respond to all market changes and conduct business competently is growing every day. The need for special knowledge is also recognized by many careerists who dream of distinguishing themselves favorably from competitors. Learning and teaching others "management" is becoming the trend of the times. Therefore, the faculty of management appeared in almost all universities. Educational institutions introduce future managers to personnel technologies, teach effective organization of financial services of enterprises and institutions various forms property. Particular attention is paid to economic and legal disciplines, management psychology. Widely used in the learning process modern technologies business education: business games, online conferences using personal computers, etc. Applicants take entrance exams in mathematics, a foreign language, social studies and the Russian language. Tasks - tests in social science include questions on economics, which is explained by the profile of the faculty. Those who did not pass the competition for places provided with state funding have the opportunity to study on the basis of an agreement with tuition fees from 90 to 250 thousand rubles. in year. The doors of large Russian and foreign companies are open for graduates. Salary from 20 thousand rubles. per month.

Alexander Livshits, Deputy General Director of RusAl:

I think that without management specialists there is no business in principle. All over the world. Russia is no exception. Our economy has come a long way in 15 years. We had to adapt on the fly to the system of market relations and at the same time integrate into the world economy. Despite many difficulties and shortcomings in the social and economic fields, Russia has achieved colossal results in this work. And modern managers ensured such a leap. Almost all top managers in RusAl are young people. In any case, they are all much younger than me. The older generation probably has a bad idea that on average 35-year-old professionals today turn over billions of dollars. And not only in our company, but in big business in general. Russian entrepreneurship is actively entering the international arena, transnationalizing in terms of sales. Both oil and gas workers, and metallurgists sell their products all over the world.

And who does it? Who earns money not only for themselves, but also for the state as a whole? Modern managers and businessmen. But until recently, we practically did not have our own traditions and a well-established base in the field of education, training of managerial personnel, entrepreneurs of the highest class. In the 1990s, many of the now successful people could not get a great education anywhere but abroad. Today the situation has changed for the better. Russian universities have appeared that provide good knowledge and professional skills to young people. Personally, I am a supporter of developing this direction in Russia, which is rich not only in natural resources, but also in talented people. However, apparently, the process of formation and development of Russian business education is still in its initial phase. We do not have enough of our own high-class managers, we have to hire foreigners, especially at the level of top management. RusAl's board meetings are held half in Russian and half in English. We need talented, successful young managers. We accept the smartest. As a rule, graduates of Russian universities. We don't take "thieves" - it's too dangerous. Usually, young specialists start with positions of middle managers. And then it all depends on the person himself. Everyone has conditions for career growth. Those who work well and try to be ahead of others, we will definitely notice. And we will provide the best with worthy professional and career advancement.

financial ace

The profession of a financial director (manager) has now become a key one, vital for every organization and the country's economy as a whole. This is evidenced, in particular, by the fact that the general level of remuneration of financial workers is 15–35% higher than the average, and the gap is increasing with career growth. In the hope of getting a "bread" profession, applicants are storming financial universities. The competition reaches 15 people per seat. Applicants usually pass from three to five, including mathematics, Russian and English languages, geography (at international branches), as well as testing and interviews. If you fail in competitive tests, then education will require considerable expenses - from 40 to 180 thousand rubles. in year. But, as they say, the end justifies the means. Holders of a diploma in the specialty "Finance and Credit" receive the skills of managing the capital of an enterprise, in the future they are able to effectively form financial and investment policies. As part of the training, the guys master credit operations, operations with securities, currency operations, international settlements, accounting, reporting and taxation. They also study the analysis and planning of the production program of the enterprise, learn to coordinate their actions with other departments and services, evaluate any strategic, tactical and operational decisions in terms of their impact on the final results of economic activity. IN educational process widely use modern information technologies: popular packages of application programs for investment and financial analysis, multimedia and the global Internet.

Young professionals have every chance to find a prestigious and highly paid job. “Financial institutions are willing to accept initiative and result-oriented guys who want to earn money legally,” says banker Leonid Krasner. “The key to success is the constant improvement of knowledge and skills.”

Sergey Suverov, Vice President of Corporate Equity Trading at CITIGROUP Corporation:

Now even younger schoolchildren know that in the specialty "finance and credit" in economic and humanitarian universities, mostly young people who want to become bank employees study. There are a lot of people who want to be in this line. In times of market transformation, the work of a bank clerk has become a prestigious, well-paid and, I might add, exciting business. What does he have? The credit sphere is a kind of professional activity of specialists, as a rule, banking industries, engaged in the search for interesting projects and businesses that they could finance with debt. Everything seems to be quite simple. In fact, this is not only difficult, but also a very responsible multilateral work. It includes many components, including the ability and need to conduct broad analytical activities, in particular in the area of ​​credit risks. This is the ability to analyze and predict how solvent and conscientious the borrower is when repaying the loan issued to him. This is the settlement area, that is, the organization of bank settlements with firms and customers. This is accounting work related to the conduct of financial calculations within the enterprise. This is an audit work, which consists in analyzing the financial and economic condition of the enterprise and assessing its solvency. And much more.

Regarding Citibank, I can say that we use traditional forms of banking services related to issuing loans to legal entities and loans to individuals. I mean credit cards and all the work involved in servicing them. In addition, our young specialists are actively involved in work in the investment banking sector, in the financial markets.

I am often asked whether it is possible to make a quick career in a bank. I think that such a possibility exists objectively. Very capable young people sometimes need only five or seven years to successfully climb the corporate ladder from an ordinary employee to a middle and even top manager. Just do not think that this happens automatically or it is very easy. For a good career, you need to have and demonstrate great knowledge. Enormous capacity for work, the ability to work hard. Organizational skills. Computer knowledge. Business reaction, the ability to respond quickly to a rapidly changing environment. And of course, certain personal qualities that are conducive to this particular professional activity.

Difficult accountant

The times when the chief accountant was perceived as an ordinary accountant are long gone. Today it is a manager with legal and financial knowledge, an auditor and a competent leader all rolled into one. Every day he is fully armed waiting for a new catch from changeable legislation and makes sure that the company does not lose money. In order to avoid penalties and penalties, an accountant must navigate the legal field, be aware of industry events, and be well versed in financial matters. Exceptional importance in our country is given to vocational training accountants. Today there are many people wishing to study in the specialty "accounting, analysis and audit", the competition is stable - five to seven people per place. Applicants take exams in mathematics, Russian and foreign languages. Those who did not pass the exams very successfully get the opportunity to continue their education for 45 thousand rubles. and more per year.

In the process of learning, students comprehend the theory accounting, statistics, economic analysis, automated information processing for accounting and audit, management and financial accounting, audit and control, pricing, as well as the basics of management and jurisprudence. Usually there are no problems with employment. In the fifth year, the guys go to practice and look at their future jobs there. How successful a career is, depends entirely on the person. According to Ekaterina Tsybina, chief accountant of Intermedservice, people come to this profession in different ways, but only those who really understand and even love their job remain. Salary from 20 thousand rubles. per month.

Alexey Zabelin, Rector of the Moscow Academy of Finance and Law:

It was interesting to learn that the professional preferences of our youth and those of the West are drawing closer. The specialty "accounting, analysis and audit" is included in the list of the most popular in Russia. According to experts, the accounting profession also appears in the ranking of the best professions in the United States. I don’t know what parameters our attractiveness rating was based on, but the American top list, according to the press, was formed on the basis of an analysis of the level of salary achieved, stress received at the workplace and the nature of traveling work (that is, they took into account how many trips a person has to make in work time). It turned out that Americans - representatives of the field of accounting and finance receive up to 110 thousand dollars a year. This is even slightly higher than that of entrepreneurs.

The salaries of Russian accountants and auditors are, of course, more modest. Although in large companies, banks, they reach several thousand, or even tens of thousands of dollars a month. However, no one pays just like that. The chief accountant of any firm, enterprise or organization is the right hand of the head and is equally responsible for the state of financial and economic activity and the correct payment of taxes. This work is very responsible, and not only in a figurative sense, but also from the point of view of administrative and criminal law.

Many young people have a misconception about accounting work as something boring and monotonous. This is wrong. Yes, this is basically a "sedentary" profession, but only an intelligent person can do it. It's all about attitude to work. Behind the numbers and reporting forms, you need to be able to see people and a specific case. Here, if you wish, you can find so many elements of creativity, creativity, fiction in solving problems and issues of financial and production activities that another creative person will envy the nature of this work. A capable accountant, consultant-analyst, auditor will be able to give very important, useful business advice, recommendations to both a venerable entrepreneur and a high-ranking leader in order to correct faltering affairs or make the business even more successful.

Another significant advantage of this specialty is its versatility. Every business, big or small, has an accountant. Therefore, the demand for professionals is stable. Good specialists are required everywhere. But one cannot become one without the appropriate education and work experience. This profession must be learned. And having learned once, constantly improve qualifications, periodically update the acquired knowledge.

Choosing a profession is a responsible step. It is useful to listen to advice and recommendations, but you should not rely on them. There is a huge list of professions after grade 11. Whom to go to study? It is this question that is acute for young men and women, after graduation high school. Often parents make choices for children and this is wrong. If the profession is at odds with the dreams and desires of the child, then it is unlikely that he will benefit society in the future by working "under pressure", and you will have to completely forget about high earnings. This article is to help graduates how not to make a mistake and choose the right profession.

How to choose a future profession and not make a mistake

An unsuccessful choice of profession is getting a higher education only for the sake of a diploma. Employers are interested in real knowledge and skills, and if a specialty is chosen at random and does not bring satisfaction, it means that good work results will not work, and, accordingly, a quick career will be put to rest.

Quick success can only be achieved in your favorite field. You need to choose a profession based on your own interests and desires. Determine the area of ​​​​knowledge that you like the most. If you can’t choose the type of activity on your own, you need to try to pass different tests or seek advice from a psychologist.

It is important to consider whether the chosen profession is in demand. There are many specialties in all fields of activity. And if one profession does not fit, you can always find another, no less interesting. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account where you have to study - in your city or you have to leave. In this case, it is important to determine in advance the material side and place of residence.

When choosing a profession, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of study, its duration, the demand for this specialty and the level of future salary. However, these are all secondary factors. Initially, you need to focus on your own preferences. If algebra and geometry were always bad at school, then you shouldn’t go to physics and mathematics - study will be too difficult and the resulting hard-won profession can even cause rejection.

List of professions after grade 11 for guys

In modern times, there are a number of interesting and sought-after professions. You can choose less popular, but also more difficult to access. For example, not everyone who wants to go into medicine will be interested in the field of virology. Or take the field of astronautics. It would seem that this is an ideal choice for the younger generation. However, not everyone will be able to match the physical parameters, and then you will have to work in less interesting positions.

So, we present a list of the most popular and sought-after professions for a young man:

1. Marketers are gaining more and more popularity. Their services are needed not only in large enterprises, but also in small firms. Marketers are people with a higher economic education who promote goods and services through advertising. This profession requires creativity, strategic thinking and quick reaction to any changes in the business. This job is more suitable for young people, as they are more confident in their decisions than girls. It is also necessary to take into account the factor that marketers sometimes have to work overtime or in an emergency mode. Currently, such a relatively new specialty as an Internet marketer is also developing. Now many educational institutions offer educational programs for training specialists in the field of Internet marketing. For example, Synergy University.
2. An architect-engineer must not only have an excellent knowledge of geometry, but also other exact sciences. The profession is highly paid and prestigious, in demand in all countries. Architects with higher education It is easy to find a job even immediately after graduation.
3. Lawyers are also very popular. Jurisprudence is a fairly broad area, so any graduate can choose the most suitable direction for himself in this area. The profession of a lawyer requires from its owner not only deep knowledge, but also activity and attentiveness. Lawyers must know thousands of laws, be able to operate with them. There is a great demand for competent lawyers both in government agencies and in commercial organizations. Over time, you can open your own legal services company.
4. IT-specialist is a relatively new specialty, but rapidly developing and in great demand. The work will be interesting for all those who are fond of computer technology. The demand for IT specialists has not decreased over the years, and this profession is quite highly paid.
5. A loan officer is a popular profession today. The representative of this specialty must have a higher economic education. As banks now offer an increasing number of services for credit programs, then a lot of specialists are required. The main task of a loan officer is to assess the risks of issuing loans, properly execute transactions, etc. A person who decides to choose this profession must have responsibility, organization and be able to make independent decisions. This specialty is highly paid, but also very responsible.
6. Every large company needs a financial analyst. Analysts are required in the banking and financial sectors, educational, political and public organizations. The profession is highly paid and even a small organization will not refuse a competent specialist.
7. The profession of a web designer is connected with Internet technologies. The demand for specialists is increasing all the time. New approaches are required, the ability to work with modern graphic resources and styles. The profession requires not only knowledge of computer technology, but also creative and innovative ideas.
8. Specialist in website promotion on the Internet (SEO-specialist) is a very interesting and highly paid profession. An SEO specialist can work both in a company and as a freelancer, i.e. remotely. The level of salary depends on the professionalism of the specialist and his employment.
9. The profession of a programmer in our time is one of the most sought after and highly paid. But to become a good programmer and get a high salary, you need to study hard and for a long time. The main subjects that are needed for admission are mathematics, physics or computer science and the Russian language.

You can find out which universities train programmers and IT specialists from the article “Who should I study for in order to earn a lot?”

1. There was and still is a shortage of qualified doctors. The most demanded specialists are dentists, allergists, surgeons, gynecologists, cosmetologists and nutritionists. However, there is a shortage of doctors in all areas of medicine. In public clinics, there is a shortage of pediatricians, endocrinologists, orthopedists, otolaryngologists and gastroenterologists, etc.
2. The profession of a sales representative is also very popular. These are specialists who promote the goods or services of organizations. Sales representatives must be persuasive, communicative and well-delivered. A sales representative has a lot in common with a marketer.

List of professions after grade 11 for girls

The list of professions for girls is not inferior in size. So who can you go to study for a girl after grade 11?

Many of the areas listed above are available to both boys and girls. The same sales representatives, loan officers, doctors, etc. But there are other specialties that are preferred specifically for girls, and some of them are very attractive and in demand:

1. Traditionally, only women are employed as librarians, although there are no gender restrictions.
2. Beautician is currently a very popular and prestigious profession. Although there are no restrictions on gender, it is believed that work is more suitable for women who always strive for beauty and understand a lot about it.
3. A clerk is a job for those who like to "dig into papers" and work in the office.
4. Interior designers are mostly girls. It is women's intuition that helps to achieve great heights, although men also have a fantasy and a sense of beauty.
5. Methodist is a little-known but widespread profession. The work is considered predominantly female.
6. Girls can choose pharmaceuticals for themselves. This is not a doctor, but also a medical worker.
7. Speech therapist is a highly demanded specialty. You will not find good speech therapists during the day with fire. Since this work is mainly related to children, it is suitable for girls who love children.
8. Nursing is a sought after profession. After graduation, you can get a job in a hospital, clinic, help people at home.
9. The profession of a philologist is considered purely feminine. Despite the fact that there are no restrictions on gender, young people do not seek to acquire this specialty.
10. HR manager - a good option for girls with ambitions. Such work can quickly lead to career growth.
11. Sociology is a common profession. However, it is suitable only for humanitarian girls.

Girls can successfully go to study as lawyers, analysts, doctors (especially pediatricians).

The most demanded professions in Russia TOP-10

In recent years, some professions are kept in the TOP-10 in the labor market. Employers are constantly interested in narrowly focused specialists. Therefore, graduates can view the list of professions and choose which one to go to study further.

1. IT specialists are among the most in demand in the labor market. Many companies need professionals information technologies. The most valued are programmers, system administrators and web designers. The development of technologies should also be taken into account, respectively, the demand for IT specialists will increase in the future.
2. Design engineer is another profession in demand. The passing score for technical specialties is usually low, so almost any graduate can enter the university. Design engineers are a very promising profession. She is on the same level as architects and designers.
3. Teachers are needed at all times. Considering that in recent years the demand for vocational education has increased significantly, new school programs have changed and modernized, more and more teachers are needed. In addition, the state seeks to increase the salaries of teachers.
4. The profession of a lawyer has been in demand at all times. However, to become a high-profile specialist, you need to take training seriously, as this is work for the future. It requires deep knowledge and high professionalism. A competent lawyer will find a place in almost any organization, and their wages are quite high.
5. There are many specialties in the field of medicine. There is a shortage of specialists in some professions so much that their salary exceeds the salary of an ordinary therapist. For example, allergists, ophthalmologists, etc. The highest paid specialists are dentists. But keep in mind that we are talking about commercial dentistry.
6. The profession of a marketer appeared relatively recently and is currently in great demand. The advertisement is engine of the trade. Marketers monitor the market, predict the services provided and create new winning trading schemes for employers. Competent specialists are still lacking. Therefore, the profession will be in the TOP for decades to come.
7. Recruitment Specialist. Any organization is interested in the fact that employees not only come to work, but also bring the maximum benefit to the enterprise. Therefore, the selection of qualified personnel is an important direction. Good HR professionals are required in any company.
8. Production workers. Of course, these are not ordinary loaders. Workers with the highest qualifications include electricians, machinists, welders, etc. All these specialists are required at factories and enterprises. In recent years, organizations have been increasingly short of welders, electricians and locksmiths. Accordingly, these specialists receive a considerable salary.
9. Beauty industry workers are becoming more and more in demand. This area includes hairdressers, makeup artists, stylists, cosmetologists and nutritionists, etc. It will not be difficult to get a job later, since a lot of beauty salons and cosmetology centers are now open.
10. In recent years, not only Russia, but also other countries have been concerned about natural anomalies and pollution. To improve the environmental situation in the world, it is necessary qualified specialists- ecologists. The demand for environmentalists is growing every year.

According to experts, engineers, chemists, biologists and many others will also be in demand in the near future. In the process of scientific and technological progress and the development of nano- and biotechnologies, new professions constantly appear, but the former ones do not lose their relevance. The tourism and hotel business is developing, the service market is constantly growing and expanding, so more and more service professionals are required. The food industry is also developing - new factories and plants are emerging that require many different specialists.

Rating of the highest paid professions in the country

In Russia, the rating of the highest paid specialties differs from the world TOPs. For graduates who need to decide on future profession the question of wages is not in the last place. The TOP 10 highest paid specialties include:

1. Top managers who are engaged in PR of the company and the promotion of its products or services, marketers. The salary is approximately the same as the income of a successful entrepreneur.
2. Oil and gas workers receive high salaries. Drillers and engineers are especially valued. Moreover, there is currently an acute shortage of such personnel.
3. IT specialists are required almost everywhere. Their earnings are quite high. IT specialists create and protect information bases, control access to files, data leakage, and much more. The uninterrupted operation of the enterprise largely depends on IT specialists.
4. A business consultant not only informs his client in the financial sector, but also controls transactions with individuals and legal entities. Simultaneously conduct trainings and seminars.
5. Auditors are not only involved in audits, they give opinions on the work of organizations and enterprises, advise on accounting and all updates.
6. The programmer is engaged in the creation, implementation, adjustment and configuration software. Professionals are worth their weight in gold, and therefore their salaries are very high.
7. Profession chief accountant is very responsible. This is practically the right hand of the director, and the earnings of the chief accountants are corresponding.
8. Good doctors are always in demand, but the dentist, as a rule, receives more than other medical workers for his work.
9. Logisticians organize the transportation of products of an enterprise or organization. It is the duty of specialists to avoid stagnation of goods and establish markets. The profession of logistics is paid very well.
10. A chef can become as famous as an actor or a pop star. There is no limit to growth in this profession. Each new career step can become another springboard. Accordingly, the earnings of chefs are constantly growing.

The directors of enterprises and organizations always have a large salary. But without work experience it is very difficult to get a job in such a specialty. It is best to choose the initial specialty, and then gradually climb up the career ladder.
And I would like to finish the article with words from the poem of the great Vladimir Mayakovsky - “Having turned the book over, wind it around your mustache - all works are good, choose to your taste!”

A very harsh time. It was a real test for people, survival and further development directly related to their activity. Nevertheless, even in these conditions, people strove for diversity, albeit in a primitive form.

What role did jewelry play?

When trying to understand and comprehend life and aspirations, one must keep in mind that the level of knowledge of that era was at a very low level, all the actions of people were associated, according to their ideas, with numerous good and evil spirits. The second could harm people. And in order to protect themselves from their deceit, people used various magical rites. Even primitive adornments had exclusively utilitarian properties of protection from an unkind creature, the evil eye and other negative phenomena that abounded among people.

People did not immediately learn how to use metal for their needs, if you carry out periodization, then everything will become clear. conventionally divided into three stages: It is clear that the basis of all products was stone, the turning point was the Eneolithic, when people gradually mastered the skills of processing copper. And although it is softer than stone, it nevertheless lends itself to forging and makes it possible to give it almost any shape. Therefore, metal, from which primitive people made jewelry, is best suited for the manufacture of products. In addition, many traditions endowed copper with the magical properties of scaring away all sorts of evil spirits.

raw materials for jewelry

The decorations of primitive people do not claim to be exquisite aesthetics of form and decoration, although there are also highly artistic items. Of course, the priority was the place of residence, because it was it that determined appearance person. According to the legends of many peoples, one of the sacred metals is gold; from South America to Eastern Europe, it is considered a frozen embodiment of sunlight that can disperse the darkness in which evil spirits hide. Therefore, the metal from which primitive people made jewelry was also gold nuggets, in the absence of these, copper was widely used. Many burial mounds on the territory of our country are replete with such decorations.

The inability to use alloys of different metals in the late primitive period led to the use of native ones: copper, gold and silver. Accordingly, in different places there was more of this or that metal, which was used for jewelry. In general, the primitive inhabitants tried to use it very economically, but this did not apply to tribal leaders, they even used metal jewelry in their burials as a talisman in the other world.

Variety of primitive decorations

Jewelry was different in form and quality. However, in all parts of the Earth, hand and foot bracelets can be found in burials; they also played a magical role and protected people from wounds, to which these particular parts of the body are most susceptible. Whatever the metal from which primitive people made jewelry, it always had to bear traces of magical influence. It could be a variety of letters, images, geometric figures. It is noteworthy that the modern tribes of the Amazon have interchangeable sets of jewelry for different occasions, which differ both in shape and in the images applied to them. It is on these tribes that ethnographers and other researchers test their conjectures and assumptions, since among them that primordial attitude to nature and the world, characteristic of all people of the ancient era, has been preserved.

The metal from which primitive people made jewelry also showed their social status. A wide variety of metal jewelry spoke of the high position of the person who wore them.

Task number 13. Fill in contour map"Ancient area of ​​agriculture"

1. Color in the oldest farming area

2. Write the names of the rivers - Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganges

Task number 14. Fill in the missing words

Agriculture and animal husbandry originated in Western Asia more 11 thousand years ago.

The first pet is dog.

Then people domesticated and tamed other animals, for example: cow, sheep, goat, pig

Task number 15. Fill in the missing words

A new craft - metalworking - appeared in Western Asia near 9 thousand years ago.

The first metal from which people learned to make tools was called copper.

Jewelry was made from metals such as gold Silver.

Task number 16. Solve the crossword "Primitive farmers and pastoralists"

If you correctly solve the crossword puzzle, then in the selected cells diagonally, you will read the name of the occupation that arose from the gathering, providing people with plant foods

Horizontally: 1. The metal from which primitive people made jewelry. 2. A gift brought by primitive people to spirits and gods. 3. The first metal from which people learned to make tools. 4. The request with which people turned to the gods and spirits. 5. Making linen and wool fabric from threads. 6. An occupation that arose from hunting, reliably providing people with meat food. 7. Making threads from animal hair or plant fibers. 8. Tool for plowing, which replaced the hoe. 9. Image of a spirit or god (usually made of wood, clay or stone). 10. Several tribal communities living in the same area

Task number 17. Find the bugs

One student was a big inventor. He wrote an essay about the first farmers and pastoralists. Here it is:

“It's harvest time. Relatives with sickles came out to the grain field. With their rough faces with flattened noses and protruding heavy jaws, they resembled monkeys.
Three women arranged a competition - whose sheaf will be larger. The youngest won - her bundle of barley stalks with ears was the largest.
- Not fair! - noticed the head of the tribal community, a black-haired guy who followed the work. - You have an iron sickle, and they have copper sickles.
Sheep and goats bleated uneasily in the paddock next to the field. They broke the fence and ran into the forest. The wolves wouldn't eat them! How to return the fugitives? There were no dogs in the village - in those days they had not yet been tamed. But soon people became afraid. A herd of mammoths was moving right into the village. A little more and they will trample both the field and the huts. One of the relatives guessed to set fire to the injury and brushwood: the acrid smoke made the mammoths turn around, and they bypassed the village.”

There are at least five historical errors in this essay. Find and describe them

a) when agriculture arose, people already had the appearance of a modern person, b) the tribal community gave way to a neighboring one, c) only an elder could be the head of the community, d) the first farmers used sickles made of flint, they learned to process copper much later, e) iron was not known at that time, f) the dog was tamed by man long before the advent of agriculture, g) mammoths had become extinct by that time

CHECK YOURSELF

1. Conclude how people's lives have changed with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry

2. How do you understand the word "progress"? What changes in the life of primitive people were, in your opinion, progressive?

Progress is an improvement in the process of development.

There was a count of time

3. Why, in your opinion, has the inequality of people appeared?

Because everyone counted the year in their own way

13) Fill in the contour map "Ancient area of ​​agriculture."

a) Color in the oldest area of ​​agriculture

b) Write the names of the rivers - Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganges.

14) Fill in the missing words.

Answer: Agriculture and cattle breeding originated in Western Asia more than 10 thousand years ago. The first pet is a dog. Then people domesticated and tamed other animals, for example: pigs, sheep, goats and cows.

15) Fill in the missing words.

Answer: A new craft - metalworking - appeared in Western Asia about 9 thousand years ago. The first metal from which people learned to make tools is called copper. Jewelry was made from metals such as gold and silver.

16) Solve the crossword puzzle "Primitive farmers and pastoralists." If you correctly solve the crossword puzzle, then in the cells diagonally highlighted by the frame, you will read the name of the occupation that arose from the gathering, providing people with plant foods.

17) Look for mistakes.

Answer: “With their rude faces” - people at that time changed outwardly. "Black-haired guy" - the elder was gray-haired, because. he is the oldest. "Iron sickle" - at that time there was no iron. "Were not tamed" - the dogs were already at home. animals. "A herd of mammoths" - at that time, mammoths became extinct.

Test yourself.

1) Conclude how people's lives have changed with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry.

Answer: People have become more industrious

2) How do you understand the word "progress"? What changes in the life of primitive people were, in your opinion, progressive?

Answer: Cattle breeding and agriculture

3) Why do you think there is inequality between people?

Answer: Because envy appeared and everyone believed that everything was not fair.