What is a roadbed. Cross section of roadbed. Fields of application of the canvas
The invention relates to road construction. Roadbed, located on the ground, contains a base, drainage ditches made along the base, a reinforcing device located on the base and an embankment over the reinforcing device. What is new is that the reinforcing device contains drainage slots, inside which a compacted sand-gravel mixture is placed and which are made in the base of the soil across the roadway to a depth exceeding the height of the base and reaching the level of the soil, which has filtration properties and with a calculated step and width determined by achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period, and also contains a reinforcing layer over the drainage slots, which provides fluid filtration in all directions without changing the properties of the reinforcing layer with increasing loads on the roadway, and a sand-gravel mixture compacted by vibrating rollers is also placed on the reinforcing layer. A novelty in the method of constructing a roadway is that for a reinforcing device, drainage slots are made across the roadway with a calculated step and width determined by the achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period, and a depth to the level of the soil with filtration properties, drainage slots are filled with a sand-gravel mixture , compact it, place a reinforcing layer over the drainage slots, fill the reinforcing layer with a sand-gravel mixture, which is compacted, and then pour the embankment in layers and each poured layer is compacted with vibration compaction. The technical result of the invention is to increase the bearing capacity of the roadway and accelerate the consolidation of base soils. 2 n. and 6 z.p.f-ly, 4 ill.
The invention relates to road construction, and more specifically to the roadway and the method of its construction mainly on soft soils.
The invention can be used for the construction of railways and roads in difficult engineering and geological conditions, especially in areas where waterlogged clay soils are distributed, which constitute a weak base and are almost rarely used for the construction of a roadbed.
A roadbed is known that can be used in the construction of roads on soft soils, including a soil base, an embankment with a reinforcing element in the form of recycled tires cut in the middle of the tread, interconnected by ropes. At the base of the canvas, the tires are laid with a cutting plane upwards with a decreasing diameter to the sides from the center of the canvas to the edges, and in the slopes of the embankment - with a cutting plane down with an increasing diameter from the canvas to the base of the embankment (patent RU No. 2200785, MKI E 01 C 5/00, 19.07 .2001).
There is a known method for erecting this canvas, which consists in the fact that the strip allocated for the road is leveled, an embankment is erected, compacting in layers, tires are laid along the embankment and in the slopes of the embankment and the top layer of the embankment with the laid tires is compacted by pressing them into the top layer of the embankment ( there).
A known method of building a roadway, which can be used in the construction of roads in conditions of soft soils in swamps and peaty areas (patent RU No. 2043455, MKI E 01 C 5/00, 16.04.1992). SUBSTANCE: method for construction of a roadbed includes erection of an embankment, laying of utilized tires cut in half along the tread part and joined into mats in the base of the road over the beds laid with a calculated step, backfilling of the embankment with subsequent compaction, after which the embankment is erected. Backfilling of the embankment is carried out with weakly decomposed peat or sand, followed by the laying of a geotextile layer.
There is a known method for the construction of earthworks in the regions of the Far North with increased environmental requirements (patent RU No. 2221101, MKI E 01 C 1/00, 03/20/2002), in which the selection and creation of a geodetic marking base of roads is carried out through watered areas - lakes, sites for construction and bushes - within the boundaries of these lakes, and dumping or alluvium of earthworks is carried out on their thawed base. During construction, filling from frozen soils is used.
A known method of building a road on soft soils (SU No. 1174513 A, MKI E 01 C 9/08, 07/15/1983), which uses three-dimensional elements made of polyethylene material filled with a local silt mixture, which are laid out on a subgrade, an intermediate layer between sections made of double polyethylene material, and the upper one is additionally shielded with a layer of polyethylene panel, and then the entire structure is subjected to final bunding.
A known method for the construction of roads (patent RU No. 2040626, MKI E 01 C 9/00, 01/15/1993), in which artificial structures are performed: ditches and drainage devices, prepare the subgrade by forming the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the road with the construction of embankments and excavations , perform an underlying layer of sand and arrange a coating. At the same time, the underlying layer in flooded areas is made of sand 50-60 cm high from the maximum level of groundwater and flood waters. The coating is made of clay or loam, on top of which an additional layer of sand is laid, after which watering and rolling are carried out to form a coherent skeletal structure.
The basis of the proposed invention is the task of intensifying the construction of roads, reducing their cost and improving the performance of the roadway in conditions of soft soils.
The technical result is an increase in the bearing capacity and acceleration of the consolidation of foundation soils.
The problem is solved by the fact that the roadbed located on the ground and containing the base, drainage ditches made along the base, a reinforcing device located on the base and an embankment on top of the reinforcing device, has a reinforcing device that contains drainage slots, inside of which a compacted sand and gravel mixture and which are made in the base of the soil across the roadway to a depth exceeding the height of the base and reaching the level of the soil, which has filtration properties and sufficient bearing capacity, and with a design step and width determined by the achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period, and also contains on drainage slots a reinforcing layer that provides simultaneous filtration of liquid in all directions without changing the properties of the reinforcing layer with increasing loads on the roadway, and a sand-gravel mixture is also placed on the reinforcing layer.
It is advisable that the calculated step of the drainage slots be from 4 to 6 meters.
It is advisable that the width of the drainage slots be from 1 to 1.4 m.
It is also advisable that the depth of the drainage slots be up to 3.5 ... 4 m.
It is very advisable that the reinforcing layer be made of geotextile.
The problem is also solved by the fact that in the method of constructing a roadbed, mainly on soft soils, which consists in making a base in the ground, drainage ditches along the base and placing a reinforcing device and an embankment on top of the reinforcing device on the base, drainage slots are made for the reinforcing device across the roadway with a calculated step and width determined by the achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period, and depth to the level of soil with filtration properties and sufficient bearing capacity, drainage slots are covered with a sand-gravel mixture, a reinforcing layer is placed on the drainage slots, which ensures simultaneous filtration of the liquid in all directions without changing the properties of the reinforcing layer with increasing loads on the roadway, the reinforcing layer is covered with a sand-gravel mixture, which is compacted, and then the embankment is backfilled in layers and each backfilled layer is compacted with vibration compaction.
It is advisable that, during vibrocompaction, the technological load would be corrected to select the optimal mode of the compaction load and the calculated safety factor.
It is also advisable that the thickness of the backfill layer be from 0.4 to 0.6 m.
In the future, the invention is illustrated by drawings, in which: figure 1 shows a horizontal section of the roadway according to the invention, figure 2 - the same roadway, section A-A (cross profile), figure 3 - the same roadway , section B-B (transverse profile), figure 4 - graphs of the change in the fluidity index along the depth of the roadway in natural occurrence (1) and during the construction of the roadway (2), according to the invention.
The roadbed (figure 1) contains the base 1, drainage ditches 2, made along the base 1 of the roadway, located on the basis of the reinforcing device.
The reinforcing device, according to the invention, contains drainage slots 3, inside of which a compacted sand-gravel mixture is placed, a reinforcing layer 5 located on the drainage slots 3 and providing simultaneous fluid filtration in all directions without changing the properties of the reinforcing layer with increasing loads on the roadway. A sand-gravel mixture 6 is also placed on the reinforcing layer 5.
Drainage slots 3 are made in the base 1 across the roadway to a depth H (figure 2) exceeding the depth of the cut h of the base 1 (figure 3), and reach the level of the soil 4, which has filtration properties and sufficient bearing capacity. Drainage slots 3 are made in the base 1 with the calculated step t and width 1, determined by the achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period.
The roadbed also contains an embankment 7 on top of the reinforcing device. The embankment 7 and the sand-gravel mixture 6 of the reinforcing device are compacted.
Drainage slots 3, according to the invention, can be located in increments t - from 4 to 6 m, have a width 1 - from 1.0 to 1.4 m and a depth H - 3.5...4 m.
As a reinforcing layer 5, to reduce stress in the soil and increase its strength, a material is used that provides mobility and drainage (filtration in all directions without changing properties with increasing loads) properties in all directions, a synthetic material, for example, a well-known geotextile. For backfill 6, a sand-gravel mixture is used.
The system of compacted drainage slots and a reinforcing coating with compacted backfill, according to the invention, forms a single device in the base of the roadway with simultaneous reinforcing and filtration pressing, which increases the bearing capacity of the roadway on a weak base and accelerates the consolidation of base soils.
The roadbed is built as follows.
The soil-vegetative layer is cut to a depth of 0.5-1 m and to the width of the roadway and the resulting cut is covered with a sand-gravel mixture to obtain a base 1. The soil is cut out for drainage ditches 2 in the form of a recess in the soil on both sides along the roadway with a depth of up to 4 m, 1.5-2 m wide, depending on the filtration characteristics of the soil, and fill the resulting cut with a sand-gravel mixture.
Then, drainage slots 3 are cut out, according to the invention, across the roadway in increments of 4 to 6 m in the form of a recess in the ground to a depth to the level of the soil, which has filtration properties and sufficient bearing capacity, for example, 4 m deep, 1.0 up to 1.4 m. Drainage slots are cut out with an excavator while simultaneously filling them with a sand-gravel mixture, carried out by a front-end loader operating in a single link with the excavator, while the gap between them should not exceed 5-10 meters. At the level of the ground surface, a reinforcing layer 5 of geotextile is laid at the base of the embankment, while the width of the laying should ensure the overlap of the longitudinal drainage ditches. The rolls of geotextiles are rolled out manually with overlapping of the sheets by 22-24 cm and fixing every 1.5 m. Then they start filling the sand-gravel mixture over the geotextile. Backfilling of geotextiles is carried out by the "from the head" method, the layer thickness is 0.6 m (according to the safety condition of a weak base, for which the safety factor is greater than 1), leveling is carried out by a bulldozer or motor grader from the middle to the edges. The filled sand and gravel layer 6 is compacted by rollers without vibration. Then the embankment is poured in 7 layers 8 of the soil. Each poured layer 8 is compacted by vibration compaction. For vibrocompletion, rollers 9 are used, which move across the backfilled layer 8. The movement of the rollers is shown by a dotted line.
When vibration compaction is carried out to increase strength, the process load is corrected to select the optimal compacting load mode and the calculated safety factor.
Filling of embankment 7 is carried out with the thickness of the filled layer of 0.4 m...0.6 m. Vibrocompaction is carried out under control (monitoring) by sampling the soils of embankment 7 and base 1 from a pre-drilled well, determining the characteristics of the samples taken and calculating the parameters: deformation modulus, settlement, pore pressure, calculate the safety and stability coefficient, compare with the calculated values and according to them adjust the intensity of the technological load on the roadbed under construction, affecting the vibrocompaction, vibration frequency, vibration amplitude and duration of vibrocompaction. In practice, this can be done, for example, by changing the operating mode of the rink, the speed of its movement, as well as the thickness and number of layers of backfill, the type and thickness of the synthetic material. In the course of intensive vibrocompaction, the pore pressure increases. The reinforcing layer, according to the invention, allows, under vibration load, to additionally squeeze out and drain water from the soil layers under the roadway under construction, reducing the water saturation of weak soils. This, in turn, makes it possible to increase the compaction load, increase the construction settlement and the strength of the roadway. In general, the calculation of control parameters is directly related to the assessment of the safety of the roadway under construction under ever-increasing load.
The roadbed and method of building a roadbed according to the invention were applied on an experimental section of the roadbed on trips to the bridge crossing over the river. The weight of the rollers used was from 12 to 20 tons, the speed was 4.5-5 km/h. In the first layer of backfill, vibrocompaction was carried out with rollers across the drainage slots for 4–5 days. The monitoring showed that the foundation soil consolidation was achieved during the construction period. The acceleration of soil consolidation was 75-80% compared to temporary surcharge with the same embankment design. The deformation modulus increased by 3.7-4.5 MPa, strength characteristics increased: adhesion - by 25-35%, internal friction angle - by 30-40%. The density of the base soils increased by 4-6%, the moisture content of the base soils decreased by 4-6%.
Figure 4 shows the results of the change in the fluidity index by depth of the roadway in natural occurrence (1) and during the construction of the roadway (2), according to the invention, which were obtained based on the analysis of two groups of soil samples in depth taken from drilled wells in the experimental area . As can be seen from the graphs, during the construction of the roadway, the fluidity index was improved and, consequently, increased load bearing capacity and accelerated consolidation of base soil layers.
1. A roadbed located on the ground and containing a base, drainage ditches made along the base, a reinforcing device located on the base and an embankment on top of the reinforcing device, characterized in that the reinforcing device contains drainage slots, inside which a compacted sand-gravel mixture is placed and which are made in the base of the soil across the roadway to a depth exceeding the height of the base and reaching the level of the soil with filtration properties, and with a calculated step and width determined by the achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period, and also contains a reinforcing layer over the drainage slots, which provides liquid filtration during in all directions without changing the properties of the reinforcing layer with increasing loads on the roadway, and a sand-gravel mixture compacted by vibratory rollers is also placed on the reinforcing layer.
2. The roadbed according to claim 1, characterized in that the calculated step of the drainage slots is from 4 to 6 m.
3. The roadbed according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the drainage slots is from 1 to 1.4 m.
4. The roadbed according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcing layer is made of geotextile.
5. The roadbed according to claim 1, characterized in that the depth of the drainage slots is up to 3.5 ... 4 m.
6. The method of erecting the roadbed according to claim 1, characterized in that in the reinforcing device, drainage slots are made across the roadway with a calculated step and width determined by the achievement of soil consolidation during the construction period, and drainage slots with a sand-gravel mixture, compact it, place a reinforcing layer over the drainage slots, which ensures fluid filtration in all directions without changing the properties of the reinforcing layer with increasing loads on the roadway, fill the reinforcing layer with a sand-gravel mixture, which is compacted, and then fill the embankment in layers and each poured layer is compacted by vibrocompaction.
A strip of land intended for travel.
(Terms of the Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995)
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Road construction includes the design, construction, as well as the repair and maintenance of roads, access roads, streets. Road construction works are carried out with the use of special technologies and the involvement of equipment and road machinery.
Types of highways
A highway is a long, high-quality road with a high throughput. Among the roads, depending on the traffic conditions, they are distinguished:
- Motorways with divided traffic lanes, interchanges, providing a direct transport connection between settlements.
- express roads with controlled access and separated traffic lanes, as well as interchanges.
- regular roads- they may not have a dividing line.
Roadbed device
The road is a complex engineering structure. In the organization of the roadway, the following structural elements are distinguished:
- roadway- the main element of the road on which vehicles move.
- dividing line– restricts movement in each direction.
- roadside- supports the canvas, is also designed to stop cars, the movement of pedestrians.
- Ditch- is a reinforced trench and is designed to drain water.
The strength of the roadway must correspond to the loads that it experiences. In addition, it is necessary to ensure convenient and safe movement of vehicles.
The construction of the road takes place taking into account the terrain. Excavation, carried out at the very beginning, ensure the stable position of the bulk part of the road - pavement. Drainage open and open structures in the form of ditches, trenches serve to drain water.
Construction stages
Road construction can be divided into stages:
- Preparatory stage.
- The construction of the earthen bed. At this stage, the fertile layer is removed from the ground and the road base is prepared, arranging an embankment, compacting the soil and strengthening the slopes.
- The introduction of special layers in the subgrade. These measures are based on the features of the relief and soil, improve frost resistance, drainage properties and other parameters of the embankment.
- Pavement construction: pavement, base and intermediate layers.
- Asphalting.
road clothes
Pavement consists of several layers and is designed to take on the load of moving vehicles. Types of pavement are combined based on combinations of road construction materials, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents.
Road clothes consist of:
- the lower part - the layers of the base and
- upper part - coating layers.
The main load is on the upper layers of the coating. For this reason, they are subject to destruction - such as:
- cracks,
- cracks and holes,
- rutting,
- undulating deformations.
At the base of the pavement, the stress is extinguished. If necessary, construct additional layers of it using sand, soil, binders and various additives. They can increase the frost-resisting and hydraulic characteristics of the road, give it special strength.
