Problematics and poetics of ode to freedom. Andrey Myasnikov A. Radishchev's philosophy of freedom: a modern commentary on the ode "Liberty
The war of 1812 changed the views of the advanced part of the nobles in relation to serfdom and the autocratic power of Russia. The moral development of Pushkin was influenced by the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, which was conceived as educational institution for children of the nobility and which was supposed to train future officials, loyal subjects of the royal power. But, it turned out the opposite. The lyceum became a stronghold of freethinking.
Lyceum professor Alexander Petrovich Kunitsyn, who taught logic, ethics, psychology and legal sciences, had a huge influence on the freedom-loving ideas of the lyceum students, and believed that power should be limited, and not only public, but also parental power, otherwise it turns into tyranny.
Under the influence of the philosophy of Rousseau and Kant, Kunitsyn's lectures, communication with lyceum students, against the backdrop of hovering after Patriotic War sentiments, an ode was born that forever spoiled Pushkin's relationship with the emperor, and served as the reason for his expulsion from the capital. This - .
It was created immediately after graduating from the Lyceum, in 1917, when Pushkin was visiting the Turgenev brothers' apartment on the Fontanka, whose windows overlooked the Mikhailovsky Castle. The same castle where Tsar Pavel Petrovich was killed. Perhaps this view from the window inspired the young, but already famous poet for such a free-thinking work.
When on the gloomy Neva
The star of midnight sparkles
And a carefree head
Restful sleep burdens,
The pensive singer looks
On menacingly sleeping in the mist
Desert monument of a tyrant,
Abandoned Palace
Before Pushkin, odes were written glorifying and praising those in power. Pushkin's ode serves the opposite purpose. She condemns absolute monarchy. The main idea of this work is a protest against autocracy.
Only there above the royal head
The peoples did not lay down suffering,
Where is strong with Liberty saint
Powerful combination laws;
In this work, the poet openly and emotionally expresses his feelings, attitude towards autocracy. It is not surprising, therefore, that during the life of Pushkin the ode was not published, but it very quickly dispersed in the lists, and still ended up on the emperor's table.
Tyrants of the world! tremble!
And you, be of good cheer and listen,
Arise, fallen slaves!
Analyzing the ode "Liberty", we see that it is divided into 3 parts. In the first part, the poet outlines the purpose of the work:
I want to sing freedom to the world,
On thrones to strike vice.
In the second part, the poet expresses his opinion about the law, which is "higher than the crown and the throne." The poet develops his thought on the significant examples of the Russian Tsar Paul and the French kings.
The third part of the ode is a conclusion with an appeal to those in power:
Bow down first head
Under the safe shadow of the Law,
And become the eternal guardian of the throne
Peoples freedom and peace.
The poem is a lyrical monologue written in iambic tetrameter. The rhyme is unstressed, with mixed stanzas. All this gives the work dynamism and clarity of rhythm.
In the ode “Liberty”, despite the severity of the composition, there are many expressive epithets: “weak queen”, “coddled lyre”, weak tears”, “noble trace”. These and other epithets help the poet convey his main idea The law is above everything.
Oda A.S. Pushkin echoes Radishchev's ode of the same name, but he puts the people above autocracy. Although both works affirm the ideals of freedom and humanity. This work was rated by A.I. Herzen, who wrote that "Pushkin's Song continued the past era, filled the present with courageous sounds and sent its voice to the distant future."
ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH RADISHCHEV
(1749-1802)
Liberty (1783?)
Do you want to know who am I? what am I? where am I going?.. (1791)
The ode "Liberty" by the great Russian revolutionary enlightener is one of the works most often found in the lists of free poetry from the end of the 18th century to the 1830s.
The ode was persecuted with particular fury by the censorship: its discovery by the authorities, even under random circumstances, promised serious reprisals.
“The plot of “Liberty” is based on general educational theories of natural law and social contract, rethought by Radishchev in a revolutionary spirit.” (Zapadov V.A. Poetry A.N. Radishchev // Radishchev A.N. 26 (B-ka poet, BS).
The ode summed up the evolution of Russian advanced political thought on the eve of the French bourgeois revolution. In the future, she had a huge impact on the formation of the ideology of the noble revolutionaries. Assessing the influence of Radishchev, Herzen in 1858 noted that no matter what Radishchev wrote about, you still hear the familiar string that we are accustomed to hearing in Pushkin's first poems, and in Ryleev's "Thoughts", and in our own heart" (Herzen A.I.<Предисловие к книге «О повреждении нравов в России» князя М. Щербатова и «Путешествие» А. Радищева>// Collection. op. M., 1958. T. 13. S. 273.) The ode "Liberty" did not lose its significance for the revolutionary democrats of the 1860s, but could only be mentioned in oblique terms. The tyrannical pathos and the call for revolution, which should sweep away the power of the kings, determined the constant, deep influence of the ode.
The word "freedom" in the lexicon of the XVIII century meant independence, political freedom and had some semantic difference from the word "freedom": it was "Liberty" - the title of Pushkin's ode of 1817. Later, this shade was erased, and Nekrasov in 1877, referring to this ode by Pushkin, called it "Freedom". (Nekrasov N.A.<Автобиографические записи, Из дневника>// Full. coll. op. and letters. M., 1953. T. 12. S. 21.
Seven lines “Do you want to know: who am I? what am I? where am I going...” is also often found in lists that have been circulating since the 1820s.
Liberty
ABOUT! blessed gift from heaven
The source of all great deeds,
O liberty, liberty, priceless gift,
Let the slave sing of you.
Fill your heart with your warmth
In it strong muscles of your blow
Turn the darkness into the light of slavery,
Yes, Brutus and Tell will still wake up,
Sit in power and be confused
From your voice, king.
I came into the light, and you are with me;
There are no your rivets on the muscles;
I can use my free hand
Take the bread given to you.
I carry my feet where it pleases me;
To that I heed that it is clear;
I broadcast what I think;
I can love and be loved;
I do good, I can be honored;
My law is my will.
But what is wrong with my freedom?
Desires I see the limit everywhere;
There was a common power among the people,
Cathedral of all authorities destiny.
Society is obedient to her in everything,
Everywhere with her unanimously;
There are no obstacles for the common good;
In the power of all I see the share,
I create my own, creating the will of all, -
That's what the law is in society.
In the middle of the green valley,
Among the harvested fields,
Where the krins flourish tenderly,
Among the peaceful under the shade of the olives,
Parian marmora is whiter,
The clearest day of the rays is brighter,
There is a transparent temple everywhere;
There the victim is false does not smoke,
There is a fiery inscription:
"The end of innocence troubles."
Olive branch crowned
Sit on a hard stone
Ruthless and cold-hearted
Deaf deity judge.
Whiter than snow in mantle
And always unchanged
Mirror, sword, scales before him.
Here the truth cuts the gum,
Here justice oshyu, -
Behold the temple of the Law is clearly visible.
Raises strict apples,
Pours joy, trembling around you,
Equally looks at everything faces,
Neither hating nor loving.
He is alien to flattery, personalities,
Breeds, nobility, wealth,
Disdaining sacrificial aphids;
Kinship does not know, nor affection;
Equally divides both bribes and executions;
He is the image of God on earth.
And this monster is terrible,
Like a hydra with a hundred heads
Tenderly and in tears all the time,
But the jaws are full of poisons,
Earthly authorities are trampled,
He reaches the head of the sky,
His homeland is there, - says;
Ghosts, sowing darkness everywhere,
Knows how to deceive and flatter
And blindly believe all orders.
Covering the mind with darkness
And everywhere weaving creeping poison,
Threefold surrounded by a wall
The sensitivity of the nature of children,
Dragged into the yoke of enslavement,
Dress them up in O nude delusions,
He ordered to be afraid of the truth.
“The law is God's,” the king says;
“Holy deceit,” the wise man cries out,
People to press what you have found.
This was, and is, and will be eternal
The source of the fierce bondage of fetters:
From the evils of all fleeting life
Death will be one cover.
Almighty God, good giver,
You are the creator of natural blessings,
He founded his law in his heart;
Is it possible for you to change
So that you, the god of forces, become so mean,
With a stranger's voice to tell us?
We will look in the vast area,
Where a dim throne stands slavery.
The city authorities there are all peaceful,
The image of a deity is in vain in the king.
The power of the royal faith protects,
Faith affirms royal authority;
Allied society is oppressed:
One fetter the mind tries,
Another will to erase seeks
For the common good, they say.
Rest of the slave under the canopy
Golden fruits will not grow;
Where everything sickens the mind with aspiration,
Greatness will not live there.
There the fields will be empty, fat,
A scythe and a sickle are not handy there,
A lazy ox will fall asleep in the plow,
The shining sword will fade from glory,
Minervin temple became dilapidated,
The network of deceit stretched into the valley.
Lift up an arrogant forehead,
Grabbing the iron scepter, the king,
Seated imperiously on a huge throne,
The people sees only a vile creature.
)Kivot and death in hand having:
“By will, - rivers, - I spare the villain;
I can give power;
Where I laugh, everything laughs;
I frown menacingly - everything will be confused;
You live then, I command if you live.
And we listen in cold blood
Like the blood of our greedy reptile,
Swearing always undeniably
On merry days poison is sown to us.
Around the throne everything is arrogant
They are on bended knee.
But the avenger, tremble, is coming.
He says, prophesying liberty, -
And this is rumor from end to end,
Saying freedom, it will leak.
An army will arise everywhere bran,
Hope will arm everyone;
Married in the blood of the tormentor
Everyone is in a hurry to wash away their shame.
The sword is sharp, I see, it sparkles everywhere,
IN various types death flies,
Above the proud head of the steam.
Rejoice, riveted nations;
Behold the right of vengeful nature
On the chopping block erected the king!
And the night is a false veil
With a crash, powerfully tearing,
Puffy power and obstinacy
Huge idol corrected,
Having forged a handful giant,
Attracts him like a citizen
To the throne where the people sat.
“Criminal of the power I have given!
Tell, villain, married to me,
How dare you rebel against me?
I clothed you in purple
Maintain equality in society
Despise the widow and the siru,
To save innocence from troubles,
She should be a loving father,
But an implacable avenger
Vice, lies and slander;
Honor merit to award,
Device to warn evil,
Keep morals pure.
I covered the sea with ships,
He built a pier on the shores,
To bid treasures
Flowed in abundance in the cities;
Golden harvest so that it is tearless
She was helpful;
He could broadcast over the plow:
“I am not a mercenary with my reins,
Not a prisoner in his pastures,
I bless you."
I have no mercy for my blood
He raised a thundering army;
I sculpted copper masses,
Villains external to punish;
I told you to obey
With you to strive for glory;
For the benefit of all, I can do everything;
I tear the bowels of the earth,
I extract shiny metal
For your decoration.
But you, forgetting my oath given,
Forgetting that I chose you
For your own pleasure, to be married,
I thought you were the Lord, not me.
With a sword I dissolved my statutes,
Silently cast down all rights,
He commanded to be ashamed of the truth;
Cleared the way for wickedness
He began to cry not to me, but to God,
And he wanted to hate me.
Delivering bloody sweat
The fruit that I have planted for food
Sharing crumbs with you
He did not spare his effort.
All treasures are not enough for you!
Well, tell me, they were not enough,
What rags tore off me?
Give a pet, full of flattery
A wife who shuns honor!
Or did you recognize gold as a god?
In excellent sign invented
You began to give impudence;
In the villain my sophisticated sword
You began to promise innocence.
Loaded shelves in defense
Are you famous for scolding
Punish for humanity?
In the bloody valleys you fight
So that, drunk, in Athens:
"Iroy!!" - yawning, they could say.
The villain, the fiercest villains of all,
Surpass evil on your head,
The criminal, of all the first,
Stand up, I call you to judgment!
Atrocities all accumulated in one,
Yes, not a single one will pass by
You from executions, adversary.
You dared to sharpen me with a sting.
One death is not enough
Die! die a hundred times!”
Great husband, full of deceit,
Hypnotism, and flatterer, and sacrilege,
You are one in the light so beneficent
He could set a great example.
I honor Kromv e eh, you have a villain in you,
That, having power in his hand,
You crushed the firmament of freedom;
But you taught in childbirth and childbirth,
How can nations avenge themselves:
You executed Karl at the trial.
Nispal Prizr A to, and the darkness is thick
The lamp of truth has trampled;
The face that is called the saint,
Mind has been torn from ruin.
God is not seen in an alien form,
He does not take revenge on his offense,
But in action it is spread out;
Who did not save us from imaginary troubles -
Eternal Father of all visible
We sing the song of victory.
Suddenly the whirlwinds roared
Breaking the calm of quiet waters -
Freedom's voices thundered so
At the veche all the people flow,
The iron throne destroys,
Samson, as of old, shakes
A hall filled with deceit;
Law builds the firmament of nature;
Great, great are you, the spirit of freedom,
It is constructive, as God himself is!
Breaking the pillars of spiritual power
And a firm hand of vengeance
Dominion was torn apart,
That the saint was erected with lies;
Three-lip eclipsing crown
And breaking the sacred rod,
Curses of lightning extinguished;
Laughing imaginary forgiveness,
Raised the beam of Luther of enlightenment,
He made peace with the earth.
As always at the beginning of the century
He showed his full might,
You are like a person
Create with peace laid,
Spaces from the gloomy desert
Istorg - both solid and transparent
The foremost seeds of all bodies;
Destroying, the ancient mixture calmed;
He arranged everything with verses
And ordered the sun to give life.
I. gave a loftily aspiration
To the twisted mind of lies;
Suddenly a powerful shock
Above the earth is already seen all;
In unknown countries bravely
Columbus flies through the wet field;
But Galileo works a miracle:
I could, flowing through the void,
With your uplifting hand
Luminary day to approve.
29
So the spirit of freedom, busting
Ascended bondage oppression,
In towns and villages flying"
To greatness he calls everyone,
Lives, gives birth and creates,
Obstacles on the way does not know
We lead with courage in the paths;
The mind thinks unrepentantly with him
And the word refers to property,
Ignorance that will scatter the dust.
Under the tree, intoxicated by the heat,
Shepherd the Lord's flock;
Suddenly illuminated by a new light,
buckled up at c, freedom hears the voice;
The herd is a beast, he sees, rushes,
Zealously strives to fight with him;
The alien leader shaves his own, -
The heart did not care about the herd,
How alien it was, did not regret;
But now, now you are mine.
Doing the Lord's will
Until the sun rises in the fields
Tear apart a mean field,
The oxen languished on the reins;
Like a stepmother to the alien
Comes with a look always angry,
So the field gives bribes to slaves.
But the spirit of freedom warms the field,
Tearlessly the field instantly grows fat:
Everyone sows for himself, he reaps for himself.
Having completed the circle of daily work,
A free husband hurries home;
Innocent heart, without care,
In the arms of the spouses sleeps;
Not the gentlemen with an arrogant hand
Given to him for execution
To multiply innocent victims, -
We lead tender love,
A reliable marriage has been erected on the heart,
I chose my assistant.
He loves, and he is loved by her;
Labor is fun, sweat is dew,
That with its vitality
Produces meadows, fields, forests;
The peaks of bliss are reached;
Their fervor is aggravated by the fruit
Gods are generous to simplicity.
The poor will reach death,
Not knowing the greedy tithe,
Chicks that squirm in nakedness.
Look at the boundless field
Where the stersha atrocities stand:
It’s not the cattle that are driven involuntarily here,
Not a lot gives courage,
The pile is not striving correctly, -
Everyone sees a warrior here as a leader,
He is looking for a glorious end.
O unshakable warrior,
You are and were invincible,
Freedom is your leader, Washington.
The two-faced god the temple was closed,
Everyone has laid down ferocity from himself,
Behold, the god of celebrations has appeared between us
And he sounded the horn of joy.
Loud faces flock here,
They do not see the formidable lord,
The law gives joy,
Freedom is seen here power -
The reward here is one glory,
Which leads to the temple of immortality.
Intertwined in a cheerful round dance,
Having removed the differences of arrogance,
Se paki under the azure vault
The charter rises naturally;
Foulness is mired in mud,
One personal excellence
The crown can delight;
But not the predilection of the sovereign,
I only glorify the old man with experience
It is enough to give him.
The crown conferred on Pindar,
The art is woven by hand;
A crown woven by science,
We wear the Newtonian head.
Such, always dreaming to myself,
Flying on the wings of the mind
The spirit is cheerful and firm, everything is possible,
Worlds will rise to the edge
And clothed with new glory:
Its subject matter is we, not me.
But passions, inventing malice,
The hostile flame is shaken,
Dagger plunge into your womb
Peoples are harmfully attracted;
They raise the father upon the son,
Marriage unions are torn apart,
Fear pours into the hearts of citizens;
Is born insatiable power
Alchba, building misfortune,
That society will be satisfied with the execution.
Spinning like a thunderous whirlwind,
wrapped in thick clouds,
Illuminated with a diabolical luminary,
The radiance of the poison is covered by the saints.
Smashing, seducing, threatening,
Or execution, or sending bribes -
Behold the sword, behold the gold: choose -
And sitting on the stones of the viper,
Flattery clothed in a pretty look,
Send lightning from end to end.
So Marius, Sulla, indignant
The shaky calm of the Romans,
Reviving the vices in the hearts,
In mercenary, the army accommodated citizens,
Swearing at all that is holy,
And what was not taken away
I could buy from the Romans;
Scales of golden bribes shameful,
Betrayal, akin to murder,
Raised wickedness among the chambers.
And lo, having finished civil wars
And seducing the world with deceit,
Stretching out your hands to the sky,
Anxious liberty lulled,
Cast iron scepter entwined with flowers
The peoples imagined - they rule themselves,
But August crushed them;
He covered at least atrocity with kindness,
We lead with a soft soul, -
But when the king was impassive!
This was and is the law of nature
Unchanging never
All nations are subject to him,
Invisibly he rules always;
Torment, shaking the limits,
Poisons are full of their arrows
In himself, not knowing, thrust;
He will restore equality to punishment;
One power, lying down, will crush;
Resentment will renew the right.
You will reach the meta of perfection
Having jumped obstacles in the paths,
In cohabitation you will find bliss,
The unfortunate lot is lightened,
And shine brighter than the sun
Oh freedom, freedom, yes you die
With eternity you are your flight:
But your root of goodness will be exhausted,
Freedom will turn into arrogance
And the power under the yoke will fall.
Let's not marvel at the transformation
which we see in the light
To the universal after aspiration
Indefinitely we run headlong
Fire argues in connection with moisture,
The element in us fights the element,
The beginning of decay tries to give;
The most beautiful creation in the world
Birth will begin in joy
To just die.
ABOUT! you happy peoples,
Where chance has granted liberties!
Observe the gift of good nature,
In the hearts that the eternal inscribed.
This abyss is open, flowers
strewn, underfoot
You are ready to swallow you.
Don't forget for a minute
That the strength of strength into weakness is fierce,
That light can be turned into darkness.
My soul is burning for you,
To you, slovak country,
Strives, oppression where she is bent
Liberty lay trampled;
You rejoice! and we are suffering here!
Well, this is what we all crave;
Your example has exposed the meta;
I am not involved in your glory -
Let me, if my spirit is not subject,
So that your ashes, although my ashes, are hidden.
But no! where fate judged to be born,
Let there be a limit to the days;
Yes, my cold ashes will fall
Majesty that today I sang;
Yes, a young man, hungry for glory,
Coming to my dilapidated coffin,
To speak with feeling:
“Under the yoke of power, this one, born,
Wearing gilded shackles,
We were the first to prophesy liberty.
And it will be, after thundering glory
Directing awake flight,
To the west, south and east of the power
Its widen the limit, but no
There is no limit to you
In a happy you rejoicing share,
Where are you? And go, there is your throne;
My fatherland, dear fatherland,
On the loins is a belt of strength, at rest,
In the neighborhood you give the law.
But farther than the source of power,
Weaker members of the union,
All parts are alien to each other,
Every heaviness feels a bond.
Beam, expire from the luminary,
Accompanies both brilliance and strength;
In space it loses its power,
In the key, although it does not fade away,
But his run is weakening,
The crawler is swallowed by the night.
In you, when the union is broken,
Moaning opinions strong power;
When the law is shaken,
Everyone will watch his part;
Then, torn to pieces instantly,
Then your constitution is mortal,
Trembling internally, fall,
But the whirlwinds will not touch the dust,
Animal seeds will wake up
The sun has dimmed and will give light again.
From the depths of a huge ruin,
Among the fires, bloody rivers,
In the midst of gladness, atrocities, languid ulcers,
That the fierce spirit of the authorities kindled, -
Small luminaries will arise;
Unshakable their helm
Decorate friendship with a crown,
For the benefit of all, the rook will be sent
And the ravenous wolf will be crushed,
That the blind man honors his father.
But do not hurry another year,
Destinies did not happen;
Far away, far away is death
When all troubles run out!
The rivets of a heavy night will meet;
Elastic power, having collected all the urine,
Rolling up the mountain, the mouth will rush,
Yes, with a heavy stroke, it will crush the whole
And put a guard on the word,
Yes, there will be a bitter attack.
Dragging shackles an unbearable burden,
In the den, crying will roar.
The time will come,
Mortality will call to heaven;
Guided on the path of freedom
Desnuyu militia nature,
It will swing into the valley - and fear of it;
Then all the forces of the authorities add up
Dissolves in an instant.
O day! the most chosen of all days!
I hear the voice of nature
The initial voice, the voice of the deity;
The vaults of darkness are shaking forever,
This moment is the birth of matter.
Se slowly and in order
The builder is coming alone -
Ad... a bright light cast its beam
And, correcting the false captivity of the scepter,
Having dispersed the condensed darkness,
A brilliant day gave birth from the clouds.
Radishchev A. N. Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. M., 1790 (stanzas 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14-16, 18-21, 23 - completely and stanzas 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 22, 25, 38 , 40, 53, 54 - in extracts). Shcherbatov M. M. On the damage to morals in Russia; Radishchev A. N. Journey<из С.Петербурга в Москву>/ From the preface. Iskander (A. I. Herzen). London, 1858 (with an edit of unknown origin modernizing the text); Radishchev A. N. Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow / (Foreword by A. I. Herzen). Leipzig, 1876; Same. 2nd ed.<1876?>. Pech. by Radishchev A. N. Poems. L., 1975 (B-ka of the poet, BS) (according to the list of TsGALI with the introduction of a variant according to the edition of 1790).
***
Do you want to know who am I? what am I? where am i going?
I am the same as I was and will be all my life:
Not cattle, not a tree, not a slave, but a man!
To pave the way, where there was no trace
For greyhound daredevils both in prose and in verse,
Sensitive hearts and truth I fear
I'm going to the Ilim prison.
January - July 1791
"Painter: Weekly satirical op. N. I. Novikov. SPb., 1864, without art. 6 (according to the handwritten collection of 1792 from the collection of P. A. Efremov). Pech. according to Radishchev A. N. Full. coll. op. M.; L., 1938. V. 1 (according to the ed.: Radishchev A. N. Soch. / Under the editorship of P. A. Efremov. SPb., 1872. V. 2, but without editorial title).
Free Russian poetry of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Enter. article, comp., entry. notes, preparation text and notes. S. A. Reiser. L., Sov. writer, 1988 (Poet's library. Large series)
NOTES
Liberty. Numerous copies have been preserved. lists of odes - PD; TsGALI, GBL, GPB, GIM. To date, the texts of nine lists have been described. The most authoritative of them is the list of M. N. Longinov (Pushkin House) - it is this, or very close to it, text that is most often found in the lists of the late 18th - mid-19th centuries. Nevertheless, the problem of choosing the main text of the ode cannot be considered finally resolved, for more details see note. V. A. Zapadova (Poetry of A. N. Radishchev // Radishchev A. N. Poems. L., 1975. (Poet's library, BS), pp. 230 - 240).
<Строфа> 1. brutus Mark Junius (85 - 42 BC) - Roman statesman, one of the leaders of the republicans who organized the assassination of the dictator Caius Julius Caesar; the name Brutus was considered synonymous with a staunch republican. tell V. (d. 1354) - a peasant of the canton of Urn, who became the head of a conspiracy against the Austrian yoke, for the independence of Switzerland; his name has become synonymous with tyranny. gray-haired(arch.) - seated.
<Строфу>2 odes Radishchev in "Journey ..." explained as follows: "... a person is free in everything from birth."
<Строфа> 3. Cathedral- general. In the power of all I see the share, i.e. I see in my power the share of everyone, like everyone else, I take part in the government of the country.
<Строфа> 4.Crean- lily. Parian marmora is whiter. Marble, mined on the island of Paros in Greece, was distinguished by its unusual whiteness.
<Строфа> 5. Olive The olive branch has long been considered a symbol of peace. Judge- judging, making judgment. mantle- clothing of the ancient Greeks and Romans: a short cape over the shoulder. Mirror- a trihedral column with the state emblem on top and three decrees of Peter I on the sides; stood in all offices. Sword- a symbol of power and strength. Scales- a symbol of justice. Desnaya- on right. Oshuyu- on the left. Stanza 5 Radishchev in "Journey.:." explained as follows: "... the law is depicted in the form of a deity in the temple, whose guards are truth and justice."
<Строфа> 6. Aphid- ashes.
<Строфа> 7. And this monster is terrible. It's about religious fanaticism. Radishchev's explanation of the stanza is as follows: "... the image of sacred superstition, which robs a person of sensitivity, drags him into the yoke of enslavement and delusion, clothed him in armor."
<Строфа>8. Art. ordered to be afraid of the truth Radishchev commented: “The authorities call it the sign of a deity .; reason is deceit."
<Строфа> 10. Union together, together. Art. The power of the royal faith protects and further to the end of the stanza are explained by Radishchev as follows: "... and all the evil consequences of slavery, such as carelessness, laziness, deceit, hunger, etc."
<Строфа> 11. minervine temple- the temple of Minerva (Roman myth.), the goddess of wisdom, the patroness of sciences, arts and crafts.
<Строфа>13. After Art. 1 Radishchev wrote in Journey...: “... like a greedy serpent, swearing at everyone, poisons the days of fun and comfort. But, although everyone around your throne is on bended knee, tremble, the avenger is coming, predicting liberty ... "
<Строфа>17. After Art. 1 Radishchev wrote: “... gave a way to acquire wealth and prosperity. I wished that the farmer would not be a prisoner in his field and would bless you ... "
<Строфа> 18. Medny sculpted the bulk- cast the guns.
<Строфа> 19. Lord- here and in stanzas 30 - 32 in the meaning: lord.
<Строфа> 21. In excellent sign invented- order.
<Строфа> 23. Cromwell O. (1599-1658) - the leader of the English bourgeois revolution. You executed Karl at the trial. Cromwell achieved in 1649 the conviction and execution of the English king Charles I Stuart.
<Строфа> 25. Samson- the hero of the biblical legend, the hero, endowed with supernatural power.
<Строфа> 26. Three-lip crown- tiara, crown of the pope. Wand sacred- a staff, symbolizing the power of the clergy of the highest ranks. Luther M. (1483-1546) - German religious leader of the Reformation era, founder of Lutheranism - a religion that opposed itself to Catholicism. Luther opposed the basic tenets of the Catholic Church ( Breaking the pillars of spiritual power), in particular, rejected the dogma that the church and the clergy are necessary intermediaries between man and God ( Heaven reconciled with the earth).
<Строфа> 27. Syi- existing.
<Строфа> 33. tithe- a special tax, a tenth of the income levied in favor of the church.
<Строфа> 34. The pile is not striving correctly. As explained by V. A. Zapadov (see note to the decree published by A. N. Radishchev in 1975), we are talking about the rules of feudal military drill, which turned soldiers into “dolls”. Washington D. (1732-1799) - North American statesman who fought for the granting of political independence to the former English colony; first president in his country (1787-1797).
<Строфа> 35. Two-faced god the temple closed. The temple in honor of the Roman god Janus (depicted with two faces) was opened only during the war.
<Строфа> 36. delight- kidnap. Dominates- should, must.
<Строфа> 37. Pindar(522-448 BC) - ancient Greek lyric poet. Newton - I. Newton.
<Строфа> 38. But passions, inventing malice. According to Radishchev's explanation: "...they turn the peace of citizens into ruin..." Father is erected on son, Marriage unions are torn apart. Radishchev continued these verses like this: "... and all the consequences of an immense desire to rule."
<Строфы>39-41 Radishchev put it this way: “Description of the detrimental consequences of luxury. Civil strife. Civil abuse. Marius, Sulla, August...
Anxious liberty lulled.
Cast iron scepter wrapped in flowers...
The consequence of this is enslavement ... ".
<Строфа> 40. Mariy Guy (157-86 BC) - Roman general who tried to become the dictator of Rome. Sulla Lucius Cornelius (138-78 BC) - Roman commander, politician, representative of the slave-owning aristocracy; in 82 BC e. Maria defeated and established a military dictatorship.
<Строфы>42-43 in the text "Traveling ..." are absent, and their content is conveyed in the following words: "... such is the law of nature; freedom is born from torment, slavery is born from freedom ... "
<Строфа> 44. Unconditionally(arch.) - strictly.
<Строфы>44-52 are also missing from the "Journey ..." and are replaced by the following text: "There is nothing to marvel at, and a person will be born to die ...
The next 8 stanzas contain predictions about the future lot of the fatherland, which will be divided into parts, and the sooner, the more extensive it will be. But the time has not yet come. When it comes, then
The rivets of a hard night will meet.
The resilient power, when breathing out, will put the guard to the word and gather all its strength in order to crush the emerging liberty with the last stroke ... "
<Строфы>45-46 odes refer to the North American United States, which gained political independence in 1787.
<Строфа> 46. Slovutaya- famous. Line 46, as established by the researchers, is a free transcription of the message of the prominent French enlightener, the ideologist of the revolutionary bourgeoisie G.-T. Reynal (1713-1796) to the American people in Révolution de l'Amérique (1781); the next stanza is, as it were, a polemical continuation of Radishchev himself.
<Строфа> 47. greedy- desiring, desiring.
<Строфа> 48. loins- hips.
<Строфа> 52. demise- here in the meaning: the end. He will put a guard to the word. It's about censorship.
Do you want to know who am I? what am I? where am I going?.. It dates back to the time of Radishchev's stay in Tobolsk, on the way to the place of exile in Ilimsk. P. N. Berkov suggests that the article is addressed to a specific person (writer), perhaps to the poet Pankraty Sumarokov who lived in Tobolsk (see: Berkov P. N. History of Russian journalism of the 18th century. M .; L ., 1952, p. 539).
In France, it led to the collapse of Western European feudalism, the struggle of the oppressed peoples for freedom and the growth of their national self-consciousness. In Russia at that time, the best representatives of the nobility realized that the abolition of serfdom was politically necessary, since it served as an obstacle to the economic and social development of the state. But the task of the leaders of progress was even wider - they set themselves the goal of emancipating the individual, his spiritual freedom. Russia's victory over Napoleon, who encroached on world domination, gave rise to hopes that social reforms would finally take place in the country. Many figures of that time urged the king to take quick, decisive action.
The theme of liberty in the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
The idea of a free Russia runs through all the work of Alexander Sergeevich. Already in early works he opposed the despotism and injustice of modern social order, denounced tyranny, destructive for the people. So, at the age of 16 he wrote the poem "Licinius", and in 1818 - one of the most ardent songs dedicated to freedom - "To Chaadaev", in which one can hear the belief that the country "will wake up from sleep". The theme of liberty is also heard in the poems "Arion", "In the depths of Siberian ores", "Anchar" and others.
Creation of the ode "Liberty"
However, Pushkin's views were most clearly and fully expressed in his famous ode "Liberty", written in 1817, shortly after his graduation from the Lyceum. It was created in the apartment of the Turgenev brothers. Its windows overlooked the place where Paul I was killed - Mikhailovsky Castle.
The influence of Radishchev's ode on Pushkin's
The name itself suggests that Alexander Sergeevich took as a model a poem by another Russian poet with the same name. Ode "Liberty" (Radishchev), summary which is similar to the work of the same name by Alexander Sergeevich, yet slightly different from Pushkin's. Let's try to answer what exactly.
Pushkin emphasizes that his work is connected with Radishchevsky and a variant of one line from the poem "Monument". Like his predecessor, Alexander Sergeevich glorifies political freedom, liberty. Both poets point to examples of the triumph of liberty in history (Radischev - to what happened in the 17th century, and Pushkin - to the revolution in France in 1789). Alexander Sergeevich, following Alexander Nikolayevich, believes that the law, which is the same for everyone, is the key to the existence of political freedom in the country.
Radishchev's ode "Liberty" is the people's call for revolution, for the overthrow of the tsar's power in general, while Alexander Sergeyevich's ode is directed only against "tyrants" who put themselves above any law. It is about this that he writes that he can say that in his work he expressed the views of the early Decembrists, whom he sympathized with and under whose influence he was.
Features of Pushkin's ode
The power of Alexander Sergeevich's verse, his artistic skill, gave a more revolutionary significance to this work. The ode "Liberty" was perceived by progressive youth as a call for open speech, the analysis of which is proposed in this article. For example, Pirogov, a famous Russian surgeon of that time, recalling his young years, tells the following fact. Talking about the political views of Alexander Sergeevich, reflected in the work "Liberty", one of his comrades, at that time still a student, said that the revolution in our opinion is a revolution, "with a guillotine", like the French one.
In particular, the lines that ended the second stanza sounded revolutionary: "Tyrants of the world! Tremble!..."
Ode "Liberty": a summary
Pushkin wrote his poem, following the example of Radishchev, in the form of an ode. It begins with an appeal to the muse - a formidable singer of freedom for kings. A theme is also outlined here - the author writes that he wants to "sing of freedom to the world" and to defeat vice on the thrones. After this comes the exposition of the main proposition: for the good of the people it is necessary to combine powerful laws with the freedom of the saint. It is illustrated by examples from history (Paul I, Depicting historical events (the execution of Louis during the French Revolution, the assassination of Paul I in the Mikhailovsky Palace by the hands of mercenaries), the poet is hostile not only to tyranny, but also to those who destroy the enslavers, since the blows these people are inglorious: they are illegal and treacherous.
Calling for an uprising of self-consciousness, spirit, Alexander Sergeevich understands the importance of resolving conflicts legally - this is precisely what Pushkin's historical analysis indicates. Liberty should be tried to get, while avoiding bloodshed. Another method is fatal both for tyrants and for the Russian people themselves.
The ode "Liberty", the analysis of which is offered to your attention, ends, as usual, with an appeal to the sovereign himself with an appeal to draw a lesson from the foregoing.
Compositional harmony helps us to observe the movement of the poet's feelings and thoughts. The verbal means of expressing the content are in accordance with it. The ode "Liberty", a summary of which is presented above, is an example of high artistic perfection.
Features of poetics
Poetic speech (excited, upbeat) reflects the various feelings that owned the author: a passionate desire for freedom (in the first stanza), indignation against oppressors and tyrants (second stanza), the grief of a citizen of the state at the sight of lawlessness (third stanza), etc. To the poet managed to find accurate and at the same time figurative words in order to convey the feelings and thoughts that owned him. For example, Pushkin calls the muse of political ode "Pushkin" a "proud singer of freedom", "a thunderstorm of tsars". "Liberty", the analysis of which is offered to you in this article, is a work inspired from above. It is the muse that inspires the poet with "bold hymns."
The revolutionary meaning of the ode
Ode "Liberty" (analysis see above) had a significant revolutionary impact on the contemporaries of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, was used in revolutionary agitation by the Decembrists.
Soon the poet is disappointed in his former idealistic ideas that the monarch seeks to do everything he can to improve the life of his people, because Alexander the First could not decide on radical reforms that would put an end to serfdom. Russia was still a feudal state. Progressive-minded nobles, including friends of Alexander Sergeevich, created with the aim of forcibly overthrowing the autocracy and thus liquidating various revolutionary societies.
Pushkin did not formally belong to any of them, but the way of thinking akin to the revolutionaries led him to realize the impossibility of liberal reforms in Russia "from above". He reflected this idea in his subsequent works. The ode "Liberty", the analysis of which makes it better understood, also called for the overthrow of tyrannical power "from below" through revolution.
The ode "Liberty" by the Russian writer and philosopher Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev (1749 - 1802) is a vivid hymn to freedom and a call to defend it and fight tyranny, including with the help of revolution. History is portrayed by Radishchev as a process of struggle between freedom and lack of freedom, which, however, can end both in the triumph of liberty and its suppression.
Freedom, in the terminology of the 18th century - liberty, is the basis of historical progress. However, this natural right of a person, given to him from birth, is often destroyed by the authorities, seeking to enslave society and subordinate it to their will. The task of society (“the people” in Radishchev’s ode) is to defend their natural rights. Freedom is the highest, but very fragile value. You always have to fight for it. Otherwise, tyranny will destroy freedom - the light will turn into "darkness".
Freedom is given to man from birth. This is his autonomous will, his right to freely think and express his thoughts, to realize himself as he wishes. Here is what Radishchev writes, referring to liberty:
I went out into the world, and you are with me;
There are no your rivets on the muscles;
I can use my free hand
Take the bread given to you.
I carry my feet where it pleases me;
To that I heed that it is clear;
I broadcast what I think;
I can love and be loved;
I do good, I can be honored;
My law is my will.
Radishchev depicts freedom as a source of progress, a vector of history that gives people enlightenment and destroys the oppression that exists in society.
So the spirit of freedom, busting
Ascended bondage oppression,
Flying through towns and villages,
To greatness he calls everyone,
Lives, gives birth and creates,
Obstacles on the way does not know
We lead with courage in the paths;
The mind thinks unrepentantly with him
And the word refers to property,
Ignorance that will scatter the dust.
But here Radishchev points to the threat to freedom, which is embodied in the supreme power. Rulers through their laws suppress freedom and enslave society. Tsar
... Dragged into the yoke of enslavement,
Clothed them in the armor of delusion,
He ordered to be afraid of the truth.
"The law is God's," - the king broadcasts;
"Holy deceit," the wise man cries,
People to crush what you have gained.
Power in the person of kings and rulers usurps freedom. Relying on the priests, they dictate their own will to society.
We will look in the vast area,
Where a dim throne stands slavery.
The city authorities there are all peaceful,
The image of the Deity is in vain in the king.
The power of the royal faith protects,
Faith affirms royal authority;
Allied society is oppressed:
One fetter the mind tries,
Another will to erase seeks;
For the common good, they say.
However, the logic of history inevitably leads to the overthrow of tyranny. The law of nature and society is the pursuit of freedom. Tyranny destroys itself. According to Radishchev, the greater the oppression, the greater the likelihood of an uprising and revolution, a vivid description of which he gives in his ode.
This was and is the law of nature,
Never changeable
All nations are subject to him,
Invisibly he rules always;
Torment, shaking the limits,
Poisons are full of their arrows
In himself, not knowing, thrust;
He will restore equality to punishment;
One power, lying down, will crush;
Resentment will renew the right.
Freedom is the logic of history. She aims for infinity. But at the same time, Radishchev warns of the dangers that can threaten freedom and that come from the authorities.
You reach the point of perfection
Having jumped obstacles in the paths,
In cohabitation you will find bliss,
The unfortunate lot is lightened,
And shine brighter than the sun
Oh freedom, freedom, yes you die
With eternity you are your flight;
But your root of goodness will be exhausted,
Freedom will turn into arrogance
And the power under the yoke will fall.
Freedom needs protection, otherwise it is reversible into tyranny. The genius of Radishchev is that he pointed out not only the progressive development of history, but also the danger of the reverse process - social regression, which is associated with tyranny. Therefore, Radishchev calls to protect freedom and fight for it.
ABOUT! you happy peoples,
Where chance has granted liberties!
Observe the gift of good nature,
In the hearts that the Eternal wrote.
This abyss is open, flowers
strewn, underfoot
You are ready to swallow you.
Don't forget for a minute
That the strength of strength into weakness is fierce,
That light can be turned into darkness.
In his ode, Radishchev also cites examples of political and spiritual progress in history that led to the gains of greater freedom. This is the English Revolution led by Cromwell. This is Luther's religious reformation, geographical discoveries Columbus, scientific achievements Galileo and Newton. Finally, Radishchev writes about the contemporary American Revolution and its hero, Washington.
Nikolai Baev, libertarian movement "Free Radicals"
Serfdom is inextricably linked with autocracy in Russia - the second face of the “monster”. Radishchev exposes the inhuman essence, the irreplaceable, nationwide harm of serfdom in an indissoluble unity both as an artist-publicist and as a political sociologist.
The question of the peasant revolution includes two problems in Radishchev: the justice of popular indignation and its inevitability. Radishchev brings the reader to the idea of the justice of the revolution also gradually. It relies on the enlightenment theory of the “natural” human right to self-defense, without which no living creature can do. In a normally organized society, all its members should be protected by the law, but if the law is inactive, then the right of self-defense inevitably comes into force. One of the first chapters ("Lyubani") speaks of this right, but so far only briefly.
Ode "Liberty" was written in the period from 1781 to 1783, but work on it continued until 1790, when it was published with abbreviations in "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", in the chapter "Tver". Its full text appeared only in 1906. The ode was created at a time when the American Revolution had just ended and the French Revolution was beginning. Its civic pathos reflects the inexorable desire of peoples to throw off the feudal-absolutist oppression.
Radishchev begins his ode with the glorification of freedom, which he considers a priceless gift of nature, the "source" of "all great deeds." In a country where the vast majority of the population was in serfdom, this very thought was a challenge to the existing order. Liberty is given to every person by nature itself, the author believes, and therefore in the “natural state” people did not know any constraint and were absolutely free: “I came into the light, and you are with me; // There are no my rivets on the muscles ... ”(T. 1. P. 1). But in the name of the common good, people united in society, limited their “will” to laws that are beneficial to everyone, and elected a government that should monitor their strict implementation. Radishchev draws the beneficent consequences of such a device: equality, abundance, justice. Religion surrounded the power of the ruler with a divine halo and thereby freed him from responsibility to the people. The monarch turns into a despot:
The loss of freedom has a detrimental effect in all areas of society: fields are emptying, military prowess is fading, justice is being violated. But history does not stand still, and despotism is not eternal. The discontent grows among the people. The herald of freedom appears. Outrage erupts. Here Radishchev sharply differs from European enlighteners. Rousseau, in The Social Contract, confines himself to a brief observation that if a monarch elected by society violates the laws, the people have the right to terminate the social contract previously concluded with him. In what form this will happen, Rousseau does not disclose. Radishchev finishes everything. In his ode, the people overthrow the monarch, judge him and execute him:
Not content with speculative proofs of the inevitability of the revolution, Radishchev seeks to rely on the experience of history. It recalls the English Revolution of 1649, the execution of the English king. Attitude towards Cromwell is contradictory. Radishchev praises him for "executing Karl at the trial" and at the same time severely reproaches him for the usurpation of power. The ideal of the poet is the American Revolution and its leader Washington.
Humanity, according to Radishchev, goes through a cyclic path in its development. Freedom turns into tyranny, tyranny into freedom. Radishchev himself, retelling the contents of the 38th and 39th stanzas in the chapter “Tver”, explains his thought as follows: “Such is the law of nature; freedom is born from torment, slavery is born from freedom ... ”(T. 1. S. 361). Addressing the peoples who have thrown off the yoke of the despot, Radishchev calls on them to protect the freedom they have won as the apple of their eye:
Despotism still triumphs in Russia. The poet and his contemporaries "drag" "the shackles of an unbearable burden." Radishchev himself does not hope to live to see the day, but he firmly believes in her coming victory, and he would like his compatriot to come to his grave and say.
In its style, the ode "Liberty" is a direct successor to the laudable odes of Lomonosov. It is written in iambic tetrameter, ten-line stanzas with the same rhyme. But its content is strikingly different from Lomonosov's odes. Radishchev does not believe in enlightened monarchs, and therefore the objects of his praise are the freedom and indignation of the people against the tsar.
Before us is a variety of the odic genre of the 18th century. - revolutionary-enlightenment ode as one of the phenomena of enlightenment classicism.
The task of the ode is to comprehend the lessons of history. The ode "Liberty" was created during the rise of the revolutionary movement in America and France. It is full of firm faith in the triumph of liberation ideas.
TICKET 13
1. The solemn ode of M.V. Lomonosov: problems and poetics.
By its nature and mode of existence in the cultural context of our time, Lomonosov's solemn ode is .
oratory as much as literary. Solemn odes were created with the intention of reading aloud in front of the addressee; the poetic text of the solemn ode is designed to be a sounding speech, perceived by ear. The typological features of the oratorical genres in the solemn ode are the same as in the sermon and the secular oratorical Word. First of all, this is the attachment of the thematic material of the solemn ode to a certain “occasion” - a historical incident or an event of a national scale.
The composition of the solemn ode is also determined by the laws of rhetoric: each odic text invariably opens and ends with appeals to the addressee. The text of the solemn ode is built as a system rhetorical questions and answers, the alternation of which is due to two parallel operating installations: each individual fragment of the ode is designed to have the maximum aesthetic impact on the listener - and hence the language of the ode is oversaturated with tropes and rhetorical figures. As for the sequence of the development of the odic plot (the order of the individual fragments and the principles of their correlation and sequence), it is determined by the laws of formal logic, which facilitates the perception of the odic text by ear: the formulation of the thesis, the proof in the system of successively changing arguments, the conclusion repeating the initial formulation. Thus, the composition of the ode obeys the same mirror-cumulative principle as the composition of satire, and their common proto-genre - sermons. Lomonosov managed to determine the relationship between the addressee and the addressee. * In the classic ode lyric. the hero is weakly expressed according to the laws of the genre. The addresser is expressed only nationally (i.e. I am Lomonosov, a Russian poet), one of the subjects of the monarch. Such a static lyre. the hero is not satisfied with the author, because there is no movement here. Lomonosov, in order to evaluate all the act of the monarch, the addressee must be the embodiment of reason, i.e. instead of static lyric. "I", Lomonosov suggests duality; a subject mind that can soar above all and evaluate the deeds of the monarch. Lomonosov structures the composition by changing the position of the addresser's point of view. A change in the point of view of the lyric. the hero allows at the same time to combine concreteness and delight. The description of deeds is connected with the sphere of the floating mind, hence the presence of strong metaphors, hyperboles, and other images, the interweaving of paths, the conjugation of the past, present and future. The monarch almost arrives in heaven, but the mind is lyrical. the hero can also be the monarch's vertically structured space. Lomonosov's triumphal ode, from the point of view of content, has classic features, and the lines of rhenium form are a baroque heritage. The movement of the "soaring mind" suggests a complex relationship of stanzas in which the movement of thought is observed. The odic stanza has a trace. view: AbAbCCdede- (part 1 - quatrain, part 2 - couplet, part 3 - quatrain). The sizes of each of these parts do not always coincide, but often predetermine the division into 2 main thoughts and one additional one. The connections between stanzas are not always immediately visible, sometimes they are images or parallels, but often you can catch the author's movement of thought from stanza to stanza.
As odic characters, Russia, Peter I and the divine sciences are equalized by their one and only common property: they are the characters of the ode insofar as they are ideas expressing general concept. Not a concrete historical person and monarch Peter I, but the idea of an Ideal monarch; not the state of Russia, but the idea of the Fatherland; not a specific industry scientific knowledge, but the idea of the Enlightenment - these are the true heroes of the solemn ode.
