Simple and easy about the Tatar language

Now let's get down to grammar.

We divided all words in the Tatar language into six groups: 1) words-names; 2) words replacing them; 3) words-actions, words-processes; 4) words-numbers; 5) words-signs; 6) official words.
Names are nouns. Those. then a huge number of words that denote objects, phenomena, abstract and concrete concepts of reality. But we only use them so that they don’t reproach me for twisting traditional academic grammar, and leaving one of the parts of speech at the same time.
But there is one important detail here. The fact is that a whole class of verbs (word-processes) are translated into Russian by nouns. These are the so-called action names. In the Tatar language, they are the initial form of the verb, from which it is easy to isolate the basis, which is so necessary when learning the language. Consider examples and their translation:
Baru - walking; base bar
Uilau - reflection; uil base
Chygu - exit, exit process; base chyk(g)

In order to master the target language, knowledge of words alone is, of course, not enough. It is necessary to master the rules of combining words, forming word forms, or, in other words, the grammar of a new language. The introductory course of this tutorial pursues precisely this goal: to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the basic rules of Tatar grammar in the simplest and most understandable way. I constantly relied on the reader's knowledge of Russian grammar and paid more attention to the contrasting elements of the Tatar and Russian languages.
§1. PHONETICS

1.1. Graphic arts Tatar language based on Cyrillic. This gives some advantage to the Russian reader, but on the other hand, it contributes to the appearance of errors due to the inconsistency of some letters.

The graphics of the Tatar language for 1000 years were based on Arabic writing, until 1927. From 1927 to 1939, the Latin alphabet was used, on the basis of which spelling rules were carefully developed. The basic principles of spelling were also used in the transition to Russian graphics. In modern Tatar writing, all letters of the Russian alphabet are used with the addition of special characters for specific Tatar phonemes: ә, ө, ү, җ, ң, һ.
Changes of two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. Phonetic system Tatar language was replenished with Russian phonemes, -,. And in the spelling of the Tatar language, the principle of graphic design of Russians and borrowings that came through the Russian language, i.e. new Russian and European words in the Tatar language are written similarly to their Russian version.

Tatar alphabet

A a F f N n U y y y
Ә ә Җ җ ң Y ү ъ
B b Z z O o F s
B in I and Ө ө X x b
G g Y y P p I һ E e
D d K k R r ts y u
E e L l S s h h i i
Yo yo M m T t Sh w

The pronunciation of the six specific letters of the Tatar alphabet, of course, is best practiced under the guidance of an experienced teacher. But if you learn their approximate pronunciation with the help of these tips and the following exercises, this will not be an obstacle to learning the language.

[ә] = [æ] - this sound can otherwise be denoted as [''a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of the tongue to the lower teeth, and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, he is in English language: black, hat - , .

[ү] = [ü] - soft and more rounded ['y]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words "bale", "ditch", "lute". Say these words, giving ['u] even more rounding (curl your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the sound you are looking for.

[ө] = [ә:°] - this vowel is the most difficult for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest variant of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words "maple", "honey", "Peter". But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’o] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as shortly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It looks like a frequent sound in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks roundness.

[җ] - this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is transmitted by the letter combination j: "jumper", "Jack". Tatar borrowings are also drawn up: dzhilyan - җilәn, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always solid, but to form from it soft version for the Russian-speaking reader is usually not difficult. It should be noted that the hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as ['zh] is for Russian. Therefore, mixing of these sounds, as a rule, does not occur.

[ң] - a nasal sound formed with the help of a small tongue. The closest in Russian can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word "gong" when pronouncing it through the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [tjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a consultant teacher is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

[h] = [h] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and pronounced with a breath. There is a sound close to it in English: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if you pronounce it without a guttural overtone. It must be remembered that the Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

EXERCISES
a) Say several times each row:
ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;
ak-әk-uk-үk, az-az-uz-үz, uky-үke;
he-өn, om-öm, ok-ök, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;
zhi-җi, zhe-җe, zhu-җu;
un-un, an-an, in-yin;
ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-һava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):
mәk, rәt, shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә, chәynek, tәlinkҙ, eshlәpә, kәbestә;
mүk, kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre, kүrәgә, kusәk, bүrәnә;
kөn, tөn, köl, tölke, örpäk, köräk, ästäl;
kәҗә, җen, җil, җir, җәй, җyyu, җyly, җyr, rәnҗү;
son, in, an, un, tan, tanre, barange;
һava, һich, һәr, һөнәр.

When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

1.2. The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy between common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.
a - in the Tatar language, this letter denotes a more rear, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronouncing it in the word pencil, try to create as much space in your mouth as possible, and you will approximately get Tatar [a].
o, e, s - for these vowels of the Tatar alphabet, in comparison with Russian, brevity is characteristic. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful opposition of vowels in longitude, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem insignificant. But getting used to this phenomenon is not difficult. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training, until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.
v - this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [v] and [w]. The second sound is in English, and in borrowings it is transmitted in two ways: William - William. The same is with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be denoted by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - soravy [sorawy].
g - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to the Russian-speaking reader: it is obtained when a person burrs and does not pronounce [r].
k - similarly to the letter g, it denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a deaf pair [g].
h - Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh '] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. The letter h in the Tatar language approximately denotes the sound [sh ’], or what in Russian is denoted by the letter u.

Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are a few more peculiar moments of the Tatar sound system, but they are on initial stage are of no importance). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They are in any language, and they must be constantly remembered during the first classes. In the Tatar language, the three main rules of practical phonetics are:
- the law of synharmonism;
- the desire for an open syllable;
- clear pronunciation of the last syllable;
- phonetic alternation.
The law of harmony. In the Tatar language, all words are divided by pronunciation into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which non-front vowels are used: [a], [o], [y], [s]. And soft are words in which front vowels are used: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [i].
Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].
Solid sounds: [a], [o], [y], [s].
Pay attention to the paired opposition of hardness-softness.
This law has great importance, since not only all words, but also all suffixes obey this law of synharmonism. Accordingly, almost all suffixes, particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn how to determine the softness or hardness of Tatar words by ear.

Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:

Soft words Hard words
өstәl (table) arysh (rye)
bүrәnә (log) balyk (fish)
eshlәpә (hat) san (number)
kharef (letter) bash (head)
suz (word) avyl (village)
rәsem (drawing) altyn (gold)
ber (one) alty (six)
ike (two) tugyz (nine)
өch (three) syynif (class)
kon (day) shoe (shoe)
tәrҗemә (translation) kaida (where)
nәrsә (what) kaychan (when)
Nichek (like) bara (goes)
whom (who) katyk (katyk, a national drink resembling kefir)
eskämiya (bench) torba (pipe)

For the Tatar language, the neighborhood of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course. they are found, but compared with the Russian language, they are very few in number. Most often, consonants coexist with sonants (sonants: [p], [l], [m], [n], [th], [w]) or at the junction of the root and the suffix.
To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to mastered borrowings from Russian: table - өstәl, furrow - brown, stack - eskert, cage - kelәt, pipe - bag, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of training, you should make a weak accent on the last syllable, so you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian speakers who study foreign languages: "swallow the endings of words."

Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. “As we hear, so we write.” There are quite a few exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian. But, despite this, the rule “as it is heard, so it is written” must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from Russian spelling.
Compare:

Russian language Tatar language
kolobok [kalapok] kolobok [kalapka] milk [malako] drill [swirl'] kitap [kitap] kitabyn [kitabyn] kolagym [kolagym] colactan [kolaktan]

EXERCISE
a) Write these words in two columns and read them aloud several times:

soft words hard words
ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kөl (ash), stake (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrәңge (potato) , һөnәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәk (flower), eskәmiya, esketer (tablecloth), bashlyk (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).

When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in deaf sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:
kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., cockroach (comb) - ... .
kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ....

Why do we need Latin?
(suzlek.ru, shortened and edited by KhayR)

Many Turkic peoples have switched or are in the process of switching to the Latin alphabet. The Tatar language also belongs to the latter. The transition to the Latin alphabet, at least partial, is inevitable. I will try to explain why the Latin script is ideal for the Tatar language.

Firstly, the Latin alphabet adequately reflects the pronunciation of the language. In such words as “sәgat” [sәғәt], “dikkat” [diққәt], “tankyit” [tәnқit], people who are accustomed to the Russian pronunciation of words, of which the vast majority, will pronounce these words with a soft “t”. Although, as people who know the language know, there is no “t” sound in the Tatar language, as in most European languages! The soft sign in the word "sәgat" softens the previous "a", which in turn conveys the hard sound "ғ" (гъ). This sound does not exist in Russian.

In a strange way, the letters denoting the sounds “қ” and “ғ” were not introduced into the Tatar language, as was done in other Turkic languages: Bashkir, Kazakh, Uzbek, etc. The non-introduction of these sounds and, consequently, confusion in the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet was carried out consciously in the late 30s of the XX century. The decision to switch the Tatar language to Cyrillic was not thought out and approved by the Tatar intelligentsia. Ardent supporters of the Cyrillic alphabet explain the absence of these letters as a clever use of consonants without the introduction of additional diacritics. However, this explanation is at least stupid. Also, a separate letter was not introduced, reflecting the labial sound "v" (w). Therefore, in the words "kotlau" and "kotlavy" the letter "y" alternates with "v". This, in turn, contradicts the rather strict rule of agglutination of the Tatar and Turkic languages ​​in general. Here, the desire of the Cyrillicists (who initiated the Cyrillic alphabet and continue to use it) is manifested not to introduce another letter and thus “pull” the Tatar language to Russian, to dissolve Tatar in Russian. Let's list a few more blunders of the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet. In the words “yash” [yәsh], “yam” [yәm], the letter “b” says that “I” in this word is read as “yә”, and not “ya”. In the word “yashe”, a soft sign is not put, since with it it will be read in the Russian manner as yashye [yashye], which is generally not true! Here again, the strict rules of agglutination are not followed. This “addition” of the word with a soft sign is explained by the fact that the letter “ya” at the beginning of a word or after a soft or hard sign or vowel denotes two sounds “ya” or “ya”, depending on whether the word is soft or hard, according to the rule harmony, which is strictly observed. In the words "yaulyk" [yawlyk], "yabalak" [yabalak] and others, the letters "a", "y", "y", "o" speak of the hardness of the word. In the words “yaki” [yәki], “yaisә” [yәisә], the letters “ә”, “ү”, “i”, “ө”, “e”, “e” speak about the softness of the word. In the word “yash”, the letter “b” speaks of softness, because there are no other soft letters in the word, unlike the single-root word “yash”. Similarly, the letter “u” can sound like “yu” or “yu”. The letter "ё" occurs only in Russian loanwords. In the words “yort”, “yok”, “yomran”, the letter combination is not transmitted by the letter “yo” like the letters “ya” and “yu”, for example, as “yort”, “yok”, “emran”, which is to transfer transcription more logical. This phenomenon can also be explained: in Russian words, the stress is always placed on the letter “ё” and this can confuse the Russian-speaking reader, because in the vast majority of words in the Tatar language, the stress is on the last syllable.

The letter "e" at the beginning of the word, after the letters "b", "b" and vowels, conveys two sounds "yy" or "ye" as in the words "avyraerga" [awyrayyrga], "buencha" [buyyncha], "eget" [ Yeget] according to the basic rules of agglutinativity and synharmonism. Unlike the letters "u" and "ya", the letter "e" is found between consonants in Tatar words (non-borrowings): "sәlәt", and not "salat", "suz", and not "suz", but "eget", not "eget". In order to convey the neutral letter “e”, the soft letter “e” is used at the beginning of words, as in the words “esh”, “et”, “ez”. In the word "ate" [yyl], the softness or hardness of the word is not clear (you just need to know the pronunciation).

Another blunder is associated with the use of "ь" and "ъ". In Russian, as you know, "b" is used to convey the sound "y" between the prefix and the root: "congress", "conjuncture", "adjutant". In the Tatar language, there is no such thing as a prefix! But still, “b” is used: in words to separate two-root words with a solid first root and an ioted second: “ashyaulyk” [ashyaulyk], “yanyozar” [yanyozәr]. "b" is used similarly, but in the case of the first soft root: "bishyallyk" [bishyyllyk]. "b" is also used to convey the sound "y" such as "donya" [donya]. "Ъ" is also used to emphasize the sounds "қ" and "ғ": "dikkat", "әg'za" [әғza], "ig'lan" [iglan]. "b" is also used to emphasize the soft sound "k" in the word "pak" [pak].

In the words “avyraerga” [awyrayyrga], “avyraya” [awyraya], “buencha” [buyyncha], the use of the letters “e” and “ya” illogically reflect the strict agglutination of the language: “avyr-ay-yrga”, “avyr-ay- a", "bui-eun-cha"

It was this Cyrillic alphabet that was imposed on us by the communist regime in the late 1930s. Ardent Cyrillicists (with a sufficient level of knowledge of the Tatar language), of course, recognize all these mistakes, but they continue to persistently reject the Latinization of the Tatar language, seeing in something new, more logical, but unusual, claims to isolation, separatism.

Is it possible to use Cyrillic for the Tatar language? Of course you can. Generally speaking, any language can use any graphics. For the Tatar language, it is also possible to use the Cyrillic alphabet, but without “pulling by the ears” the rules for pronouncing Tatar words to the rules for pronouncing Russian words, using the same alphabet, that is, without similar blunders that are given above. Namely, the introduction of the letters (possibly with additional diacritics) “қ”, “ғ”, “w”, the non-use of the iotized letters “u”, “ya”, “ё”, the use of one of the letters “e” or “e”. Thus, we get rid of the letters "b", "b". The use of excluded letters is possible only in Russian borrowings: “brush”, “cement”, “wax” (it is better, of course, to replace these words with others altogether).

In some mystical way, there are no iotized letters in the Latin alphabet, there are 2 letters that can be denoted as "k" - "k" and "қ" - "q", there are 2 letters for designating two different sounds "v" - "v" , "w". To designate the sounds "ғ", "ә", "ө", "h", "sh", "ү", "ң", "җ" we can use diacritics. The result is an alphabet with 26 Latin letters and 8 letters with diacritics. In total, we get 34 letters with the correct display of all Tatar sounds and a one-to-one correspondence between the spelling and transcription of the word instead of 39 Cyrillic letters with a very "cunning" use of letter combinations. Ardent Cyrillicists, of course, will object: in English, French, there is no unambiguous correspondence between pronunciation and spelling, as evidenced by transcription in dictionaries. The answer to this question is this: English, French and ideographic writing has a centuries-old tradition and, according to linguists, is not an advantage of the language, but rather a disadvantage.

Why not return to Arabic script or even deeper - to runic writing? Well, firstly, the runic is not formalized - there is no single runic alphabet. Secondly, the Arabic graphics also do not reflect the transcription of the Tatar word. It is known that in the Arabic language there is no concept of synharmonicity and there is no difference in the softness and hardness of the vowels "a" - "ә", "o" - "ө", "y" - "ү". Also, the sounds "v", "w", "y", "ү" are written the same way. In order to distinguish them, various additional elements were used, such as “hamza”, “fatha”, “damma”, “kasra”. Moreover, different writers in different ways. The reader had to determine the softness or hardness of the word by context.

The Latin alphabet is, first of all, a window into the global information space in the era of globalization, in the era of the Internet. The Tatar language in it becomes more attractive for study, development, distribution. Our language does not need to be in the shadow of the intricate and complex Russian language. A few more advantages of using the Latin alphabet, which are silent. The alphabet makes the language more modern, the words become 20-30% shorter, which becomes essential for printed publications, and most importantly, reflects the spirit of the language, the mentality of native speakers.

Latin alphabets
(I took some parts from the site suzlek.ru - KhayR)

There are many variants of alphabets for the Tatar language. However, many of them differ only in the spelling of some letters. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about each of them.

The first Tatar Latin alphabet was Yanalif, created on the basis of the Turkish alphabet (one of the first versions of the common Turkic alphabet).

Yanalif-2 was adopted on September 15, 1999 and was based on the Yanalif alphabet. However, already on November 16, 2004, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation banned its use (Nonsense! How can you tell a foreign people which alphabet to use?!). In 2000, several brochures and books with titles such as "Tatar telenén spelling" were published, which describe the principles and rules of spelling of the Tatar Latin alphabet. Despite the fact that Yanalif-2 has been officially approved, unfortunately, it is not included in the standard Windows layout, unlike Tatar Cyrillic. Moreover, the letter "n with tails" was added to Unicode only from version 6.0, i.e. in 2010 year! And until now, this letter is present in a very small number of fonts.

Zamanalif was recommended for use in IT. To the advantages of this alphabet, I would single out the guaranteed display of this graphics in browsers, smartphones and a one-to-one correspondence between Zamanalif and Yanalif-2. However, the excessive presence of additional diacritics in the words is not very convenient for reading. Also, not all characters are present in standard keyboard layouts, which is a significant drawback of this alphabet created for IT.

The idea is to use the correct Latin alphabet without installation additional programs, keyboards or layouts using only 26 letters of the Latin alphabet is not new. This idea is used in various European languages, as well as in Turkic ones. For the Tatar language, it was first proposed in the alphabet Inalif. In this alphabet, in order to designate the letter “ı”, “y” is used, as in the Latin spelling of Russian surnames, where “y” is present, “j” is used to designate “y”, as in the pre-war Yanalif, further, to designate “ j" is used "zh" in the English manner. "j" is rarely used, as it is a loanword from Russian, so "zh" does not lengthen the word much. In order to denote such letters as “ә”, “ө”, “ь”, their morphologically similar letters are used with an apostrophe after them: “a’”, “o’”, “u’”, respectively. Here the apostrophe seems to soften the letters "a", "o", "u". In order to designate the letters "z", "ş", "x", the letter combinations "ch", "sh", "kh" are used, respectively, in the English manner. Similarly, in order to denote the letter "ğ", the letter combination "gh" is used. The use of "h" for such letter combinations does not cause ambiguity, since in the Tatar language "h" is rarely used (borrowed from Farsi) and at the beginning or end of words or between vowels. In order to denote "ŋ", the letter combination "ng" is used. However, this letter combination can be misunderstood by people who do not know the language well: "to'nge" means the word "tөnge", not "tөŋe", "singa" means the word "siŋa", not "singa". This shortcoming is corrected by the modified alphabet Inalif2(suzlek.ru): it uses the letter combination “n’” to denote the letter “ŋ”, which cannot be ambiguously interpreted. Also in this alphabet, in order to designate the letter “x”, the usual “x” is used instead of “kh”, to designate the letter “y”, the usual “y” is used instead of “j”, to designate the letter “ı”, the close spelling “i' is used. ”, instead of “y”, to denote the letter “j”, the usual “j” is used instead of “zh”. That is, the Inalif2 alphabet is as close as possible to the official Yanalif-2, so that the user does not get confused in writing the letters “x”, “y”, “j” out of habit. Inalif2, likeinalif,primarily intended for printing on a computer, andnot for reading. Inalif2 also has disadvantages. For example, "һәmзә" is not defined at all. The creator of suzlek.ru told me that this sound should be written as "'". However, I noticed that there may be confusion. For example, "maemai" - "ma" may". According to the above rules, people who do not know the language can read this word as "may" / " a""="ә "/.

There is also an alphabet Diphthong imlәse or dialif. It is also an analogue of Inalif and is not worthy of separate consideration, unlike Inalif2. And I mention it only because it is included in the article on Tatar writing on the Wikipedia website.

On December 24, 2012, a new law on the status of the Tatar language in the Republic of Tajikistan was approved, which adopted new alphabets based on Latin and Arabic scripts. They will be used in conjunction with Cyrillic. In fact, the new Latin alphabet is a complete copy Common Turkic alphabet. It contains all the best features of the previously used official Yanalif-2 and the popular Zamanalif.

Common Turkic alphabet

The common Turkic alphabet with minor changes is used by Azerbaijani (1991, with a change of one letter in 1992), Gagauz (1996), Crimean Tatar (1992, officially since 1997) and Tatar (since 2012) languages.

Memo to the learner of the Tatar language

Memo to the learner of the Tatar languageTo

REMEMBER 10 rules:

1. In the Tatar language, all words are either only SOFT or only HARD. Words containing vowels Ә, Ө, Y, E (E), I - will be SOFT (for example: kabesta) Words containing vowels A, O, U, Y - will be HARD (eg: uryndyk).

2. In the Tatar language, the word consists of ROOT and AFFIX. There can be many affixes. Each affix stands for something.

For example: kul - hand

cool+ lar - hands

cool + lar + ybyz - our hands

cool+ lar + ybyz + yes - in our hands

cool+ lar + ybyz + yes + gee - in our hands

3. SOFT AFFIXES join SOFT words, HARD AFFIXES join HARD words. For example: cool + lar + ybyz + yes

kүl + lar + ebez + dә

4. Education new words are added to the root of various affixes:

shoo- winter shoo + ky - winter; yana- new yana + lyk - news.

5. The basis (root) for the formation of all forms of verbs are verbs orders (!) - imperative verbs:

bar! - go! bar+ dy - walked

cat!- wait! kot + үche - waiting (who is waiting)

asha! - eat! asha + sa - if he eats.

6. conjugated base verbs is the form 3 persons singular (3l singular.), i.e. form "ul" - "he, she": st I am for - he's writing

st yazgan- he wrote, etc.

When conjugating verbs to a verb in the form 3l. unit conjugation affixes are added. For example, conjugate present tense verbs:

Unity number of sets. number

1l. min(i) I am for+ m without (we) I am for+byz

2l. sin (you) I am for+ son sez (you) I am for+syz

3l. st (he, she) I am for alar (they) I am for+lar

7. Question in the Tatar language can be set in 2 ways:

1) using question words(interrogative pronouns): by whom?-Who?; nәrsә?-What?; nindi?- what, what?; nig?- why, why? etc.

Boo nindi Kitap?-It which book?

2) With the help of question affixes -we/me, which are attached to the last word in the sentence. Bu kitap maturmy? - Is this book beautiful?

8. Word order in the Tatar sentence differs from the Russian sentence. Usually predicate-verb in a Tatar sentence standing last in a sentence, but in Russian in the middle of a sentence.

Min bugen dәftәrdә yazam.- Today I am writing in a notebook.

words meaning The time and place are placed at the beginning of the sentence.

9. In the Tatar language there islaw of adaptabilityconsonants to a series of vowels, i.e. in soft words and consonants are pronounced softly. TV in harsh words, consonants are pronounced firmly. Compare: cool-hard, cool-soft;

feces - hard, köl - soft.

In soft words, “b” is heard, but not written. In the Tatar language, "b" is written only in words borrowed from other languages.

10. The Tatar language has chameleon vowels, which are pronounced differently in soft and hard words:

[ya] - in hard words yarata [yarat]

[yә] - in soft words yashel [yәshel]

[yy] - in strong words ate [yyl]

[ye] - in soft words eget [yeget]

[yu] - in hard words yul [yul]

[yu] - in soft words yuka [yuka].

Reseda SAFINA,
teacher primary school I qualification category Kubyanskaya high school Atninsky district

Target: create conditions for the formation of spelling skills of words with b, form the plural form, distinguish between: b - an indicator of softness and a separating sign.

Tasks
Personal: to promote the manifestation of interest in the topic being studied, the awareness of one's own achievements in the development of educational material.

Metasubject
Communicative: to promote the ability to formulate one's own opinion and position; the ability to take an active part in the work of groups, to allow the existence of different points of view.
Regulatory: to promote the development of skills to accept and maintain learning task, correlate the educational action with the rule; be able to evaluate the correctness of the action.
Cognitive: to promote the formation of skills to distinguish between two functions b, the ability to analyze objects with the selection of essential and non-essential features, to build sign-symbolic schemes.

Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge using the structures of the Singapore system of education.
Material and equipment: textbook (Churakova N.A. Russian language. Part 3. - Academbook, 2012. (PNSh), workbook, task cards, MANAGE MET, computer, projector.
I. Organizational moment.(2 min.) (Formation of personal UDD)
II. Knowledge update.(5 min.) (Individual and frontal work. Formation of cognitive and communicative UDD)
- Guys, now we will work on the structure SI FINK WANDE(Look - Think - Ask)
1. What do you see?
2. What do you think about it?
3. What would you like to know?
(Drawings on the screen: coat, salt, carrot, dress. Students report what they see, what they think about it and what they want to know.)
- But I want to know if these words can be divided into groups? If so, we divide the words into groups:
b - index of softness separating b
(salt, coat, carrot) (dress)
III. Definition of the topic and goal setting.(3 min.) (Front work. Formation of regulatory UDD)
Determining the topic of the lesson. ("Dividing soft sign")
- What are we going to learn today? What do we want to know?
− Find out when the separating ь is written.
- Learn how to write words with a separating ь.
- Be able to use words with a separating ь, etc. in speech.

Calligraphy (3 min.)
ye ya ye yu
The bird is red with feathers, and the man with skill.

IV. Primary learning of the material.
(6 min.) (Front work. Formation of personal and cognitive UDD)
- Guys, look at the blackboard and compare the pronunciation of letter combinations. Is there a difference? Write a transcript.
le [l'o] le [l'y'o]
sya [s'a] sya [s'y'a]
pe [p'e] pie [p'y'e]
− Is there a difference? (Yes, the sound [th '] appeared in the second group)
- What will we conclude? (If in a word after a consonant we hear the sound [y ’], then a soft sign is written before i, e, yu, ё.)
Ye Ye Yu Ya
play pour salt family
[y'e] [y'o] [y'y] [y'a]

- In what part of the word is the separating b written? (Fundamentally.)
− Let's build a diagram:

e i (e, e, u)
Fizkultminutka. (4 min.) (Formation of personal UDD)
- Guys, we have worked a lot, now you can relax and dance. (Application of MICS-PEA-SEA structure)
Questions:
− How many vowels are there in Russian?
How many syllables are in the word ants?
How many letters represent two sounds?
- How many paired consonants are there in Russian?
- How many letters in the Russian language that do not represent a sound?

V. Awareness and comprehension of educational information. (6 min.) (Work according to the textbook. Formation of cognitive and communicative UDD)
- We have concluded that the separating e is written ...
− Did we draw the right conclusion?
And how can you check it? (Read the rule in the textbook.)
(Application of SINGLE ROUND ROBIN structure)
Textbook work (Ex. 162).
Conclusion: after the dividing b, the letter and denotes two sounds:
E yo yu ya and
the play will pour salt the family of ants
[y'e] [y'o] [y'y] [y'a] [y'a]

VI. Primary consolidation of educational material. (6 min.) (Formation of regulatory UDD)
1) Work on the slide.
- Guys, look at the screen. There are items in singular and in the plural. You should write down their names in pairs. Remember: plural words must have a separating ь.
leaf - leaves
tree - trees
chair - chairs
ant - ants
2) Mutual verification.

VII. Independent work(for multi-level cards)
Make a phonetic analysis of words. (5 minutes.)
Level I:
ears of corn - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
drink - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
horse - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
housing - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
II level:
brothers - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
blizzard - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
skates - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
sew - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), ___ syllable
minx - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable

VIII. Homework(2 minutes.)
Ex. 66, p. 49 in the workbook.

IX. Reflection (outcome of the lesson). (3 min.) (Formation of regulatory UDD)
 I learned…  I understood…
 I learned…  I expanded…
− Show your mood in emoticons.
- Thank you all for your hard work.

Sample lessons are available.

Tatar alphabet

The pronunciation of the six specific letters of the Tatar alphabet, of course, is best practiced under the guidance of an experienced teacher. But if you learn their approximate pronunciation with the help of these tips and the following exercises, this will not be an obstacle to learning the language.

[ә] = [æ] - this sound can otherwise be designated as [''a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of the tongue to the lower teeth, and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, it is in English: black, hat -,.

[ү] = [ü] - soft and more rounded ['y]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words "bale", "ditch", "lute". Say these words, giving ['u] even more rounding (curl your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the sound you are looking for.

[ө] = [ә: ° ] – this vowel represents the greatest difficulty for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest variant of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words "maple", "honey", "Peter". But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’o] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as shortly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It looks like a frequent sound in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks roundness.

[җ] - this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is transmitted by the letter combination j: "jumper", "Jack". Tatar borrowings are also issued: jilyan – җilәn, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader to form a soft version from it. It should be noted that the hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as ['zh] is for Russian. Therefore, mixing of these sounds, as a rule, does not occur.

[ң] - a nasal sound produced by a small tongue. The closest in Russian can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word "gong" when pronouncing it through the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a consultant teacher is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

[һ] = [ һ ] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and pronounced with a breath. There is a sound close to it in English: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if you pronounce it without a guttural overtone. It must be remembered that the Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

EXERCISES

a) Say several times each row:

ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;

ak-әk-uk-үk, az-az-uz-үz, uky-үke;

he-өn, om-öm, ok-ök, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;

zhi-җi, zhe-җe, zhu-җu;

un-un, an-an, in-yin;

ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-һava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):

mak , rat , shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә,teak , Talinka , eshlәpә , kabesta ;

muk , kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre,kүrәgә , kusak,bүrәnә ;

kөn, tөn, kөl, tөlke, өrpәk, kөrәk,өstәl ;

kәҗә , җen, җil, җir, җәй, җyyu, җyly, җyr, rәnҗү;

son, in, an, un, tan, tanre, barange;

һava, һich, һәr, һөнәр.

When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

1.2. The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy between common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.

a - in the Tatar language, this letter denotes a more rear, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronouncing it in a word pencil try to create as much space in your mouth as possible, and you will roughly get Tatar [a].

o, e, s - for these vowels of the Tatar alphabet, in comparison with Russian, brevity is characteristic. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful opposition of vowels in longitude, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem insignificant. But getting used to this phenomenon is not difficult. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training, until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.

v - this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [v] and [w]. The second sound is in English, and in borrowings it is transmitted in two ways: William - William. The same is true with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be denoted by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - soravas [litterws].

g - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to the Russian-speaking reader: it is obtained when a person burrs and does not pronounce [r].

k - similar to the letter G denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a deaf pair [g].

h - Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh '] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. letter h in the Tatar language, the sound [sh '] is approximately indicated, or what is indicated in Russian by the letter sch.

Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are a few more peculiar moments of the Tatar sound system, but they are of no fundamental importance at the initial stage). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They are in any language, and they must be constantly remembered during the first classes. In the Tatar language, the three main rules of practical phonetics are:

- the law of synharmonism;

- the desire for an open syllable;

- clear pronunciation of the last syllable;

- phonetic alternation.

Law synharmonism. In the Tatar language, all words are divided by pronunciation into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which non-front vowels are used: [a], [o], [y], [s]. And soft are words in which front vowels are used: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [i].

Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].

Solid sounds: [a], [o], [y], [s].

Pay attention to the paired opposition of hardness-softness.

This law is of great importance, since not only all words, but also all suffixes obey this law of synharmonism. Accordingly, almost all suffixes, particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn how to determine the softness or hardness of Tatar words by ear.

Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:

soft words	hard words
өstәl (table)	arysh (rye)
bүrәnә (log)	salmon (fish)
eshlәpә (hat)	san (number)
haref (letter)	bash (head)
suz (word)	avyl (village)
rәsem (drawing)	altyn (gold)
ber (one)	alty (six)
ike (two)	tugyz (nine)
өch (three)	syynif (class)
kon (day)	shoe (shoe)
tәrҗemә (translation)	kaida (where)
nәrsә (what)	kaichang (when)
nope (how)	bara (going)
who (who)	katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir)
eskemia (bench)	bag (pipe)

For the Tatar language, the neighborhood of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course. they are found, but compared with the Russian language, they are very few in number. Most often, consonants coexist with sonants (sonants: [p], [l], [m], [n], [th], [w]) or at the junction of a root and a suffix.

To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can refer to mastered borrowings from Russian: table - өstәl, furrow - brown, stack - eskert, crate - kelәt, pipe - sack, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of training, you should make a weak accent on the last syllable, so you will get rid of a common mistake of Russian speakers who study foreign languages: “swallow the endings of words”.

Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. “As we hear, so we write.” There are quite a few exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian. But, despite this, the rule “as it is heard, so it is written” must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from Russian spelling.

Compare:

EXERCISE

a) Write these words in two columns and read them aloud several times:

soft words hard words

ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kөl (ash), stake (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrәңge (potato) , һөnәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәk (flower), eskәmiya, esketer (tablecloth), bashlyk (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).

When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in deaf sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:

kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., cockroach (comb) - ... .

kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ....

§ 2. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TATAR AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

2.1. Each language has its own characteristics, its own structural specifics. Some languages ​​are grammatically similar, while others are very different. Tatar and Russian belong to different types languages, and this leaves its mark on the study of Tatar.

There are about three thousand languages ​​on the globe. Together with dialects, some scholars count more than 5,000 languages. By origin, languages ​​are divided into families, then into groups, etc. For example, the Russian language is included in the Indo-European family, in the Slavic group, in the East Slavic subgroup, etc. And the Tatar language is included in the Altaic family, the Turkic group, etc.

According to the typological structure, all languages ​​are divided into four large types: inflectional, agglutinative, isolating and incorporating. The four language groups represent four different types of word connections. Inflectional languages ​​build their grammars (i.e., ways of connecting words) with the help of inflections. These are almost all European languages: English, French, German, Russian, etc. There are internal differences between inflectional languages: for example, English is more analytical, while Russian uses synthetic means more often. In other words, the English language uses prepositions more often than prefixes.

Words are connected in a completely different way in isolating languages ​​that have abandoned inflections. The role of suffixes in such languages ​​is performed by the order of words in a sentence, other words that play the role of service words, intonation, etc. (Chinese).

Agglutinative languages ​​do not have prefixes or prepositions, they simply stick suffixes together at the end of a word. The role of prepositions in such languages ​​is performed by postpositions (Turkic languages: Tatar, Bashkir, Turkish, Kazakh, etc.).

The Tatar and Russian languages ​​have different principles for linking words, constructing word forms, and expressing grammatical categories. And we rely on the fact that when learning a new language, one cannot do without mastering (for adults without conscious mastering) the principles of grammar.

The Tatar language by its type belongs to agglutinative (gluing) languages, and Russian belongs to inflectional ones. This means that suffixes, the last of which act as an ending in the Tatar language, are simply glued to the word, and in Russian one ending can combine several meanings. Hence the first rule of the Tatar language: the root of the word remains unchanged, the root usually equals the word.

Compare:

This is a simple but basic rule that you must remember when you try to speak Tatar. Please note that the meaning-bearing part of the word form in the Tatar language always comes first. There are no prefixes or prepositions before it, except for particles that reinforce the meaning, which you will get acquainted with in the relevant sections.

Examples :

charga - to fly,

ochmaska ​​- do not fly,

ochu - flight, fly(initial form, expresses action as such)

ochyp keru - fly in,

ochyp utu - to fly,

ochyp chygu - fly out,

ochyp kitu - to fly away...

kitap - book,

kitaplar - books,

kitaplarda - in books,

kitaplyrymda - in my books

kitabym - my book,

kitap kibete - bookstore,

The difference is also observed in the fact that the initial form of the word in the Tatar language remains unchanged (of course, if we do not take into account phonetic changes in voiced-deafness). This is especially noticeable in the case of borrowings. For example, Russian borrowings in the Tatar language attach their Russian ending to the root of the word:

Tatar language: machine - mashinalar - mashinada - mashinasyz;

Russian language: car - cars - in a car - without a car.

2.2. In the Tatar language, unlike Russian, the system of unambiguous affixes prevails. This phenomenon will greatly simplify your task of mastering the grammar of all parts of speech.

Therefore, at the initial stage of training, it is necessary to pay maximum attention to affixes and their meanings. Of course, this raises another problem: the order of attaching unchangeable unambiguous affixes to unchangeable stems (more on this in the relevant sections of parts of speech).

EXERCISES

a) Put the words in the plural:

khәref - khәreflәr (letters); suz - ...; kuz - ...; ishek - ...; measure (board) - ....

b) Put the words in the singular:

kitaplar - kitap; balyklar - ...; mashinalar - ...; sannar - ...; suzlar - ...; ayaklar (legs) - ...; җөmlәlәr (sentences) - ..., uryndyklar - ..., khәreflәr - ... .

c) Put the words in the local-temporal case (-da/-ta/-dә/-тә - after voiced and vowels: -da/-дә; after the deaf: -ta/-тә):

syynif - syynifta (in class); car - ...; tact - ...; өstәl - ...; җөmlә - ...; suz - ...; uryndyk - ..., bus, eskamiya - ..., avyl - ....

2.3. The most important rules of the Tatar language also include the fact that the predicate, as a rule, is at the end of the sentence. This rule is the most difficult for a Russian-speaking reader, since the predicate in Russian usually comes immediately after the subject, and the Russian speaker begins the mental construction of a sentence from the predicate. The Tatar phrase must also begin mentally with the predicate, but say it at the very end. This moment is not easy to overcome psychologically.

I Working a lot of. Marat writes letter.

Min kup ashlim. Marat hut I am for.

But on the other hand, it helps when translating texts from the Tatar language. The main verb, which performs the function of a predicate, is easily found by students.

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