In Soviet times, furniture is harmful to health. Hazardous materials that are part of our furniture. The influence of furniture on health. Symptoms of acute and chronic formaldehyde poisoning

Today on the site "Who is over 30" we will talk about the impact furniture can have on human health. The thing is that it is not only an important element of the interior, but source of danger. Harmful furniture can cause various ailments to family members.

Today to find an apartment or a house in which all the furniture would be made from natural wood , is extremely difficult. And all because only people with great wealth can buy it. Alternatively, the interior is usually filled chipboard furniture, cheaper and more accessible.

It is precisely such furniture that is harmful, and to be more precise, the problem lies in its plywood and wood paneling. To glue individual pieces of furniture from chipboard, use formaldehyde resins. Formaldehyde during the operation of the furniture begins to be released and, thus, has an effect on human body.

There is an opinion that it can only be harmful newly bought furniture. This is partly true, but this does not mean that after a couple of months, it will stop emitting formaldehyde. You will still breathe it, the only thing is that its concentration will decrease somewhat.

Warning signs of poisoning

Harmful furniture, especially if it was made by low-quality manufacturers who save on everything they can, can disturb the well-being all family members. On my own formaldehyde enough powerful substance, which irritates the eyes, skin and upper respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause cancer, asthma, depression, lead to headaches and insomnia.

To understand how harmful your furniture is, the site advises you to pay attention to the following symptoms:

• You and other family members very often complain of headaches;
• Periodically, your family is tormented by a dry cough;
• Your mood changes for no reason, usually it is bad and dreary;
• You and other family members feel much better after airing the apartment;
• The symptoms described above do not appear if you and your family live in a different place for several days and do not have contact with harmful furniture;
• With the start of the heating season, your well-being worsens sharply(during the heating season, the concentration of toxic substances usually increases).

If you really began to notice an incomprehensible change of mood or a deterioration in general well-being, this already largely indicates that harmful furniture is the culprit of all troubles.

Harmful furniture: how to deal with it

Based on statistics, then formaldehyde level in the air should not exceed 0.04-0.06 ppm, although in most apartment interiors this figure is significantly overestimated and amounts to 0.07-0.09 ppm.

To find out what level of formaldehyde is in your apartment, you need to seek help from an expert organization. True, their service will cost money, and a lot. In the meantime, you are still thinking whether to call or not, try to do something yourself.

Of course, it is unlikely that you will have a desire to get rid of harmful furniture, because you just bought it or simply do not have the tools that will allow you to buy natural wood furniture. Then the only thing left is to use the following tips:

• Find some free time and inspect all furniture- beds, bedside tables, wardrobes, shelves. If you notice cracks or scratches on its surface, cover them with PVA glue or furniture varnish. This way you prevent the release of harmful toxins.
• Beds, chairs, tables, sofas made of chipboard cover with something. For example, you can put a beautiful bedspread on the sofa, and cover the chairs with cotton material.
• Make sure that harmful pieces of furniture made of chipboard are at a decent distance from each other. The accumulation of such furniture in one place increases the concentration of toxic substances in the atmosphere of your home.
• As often as possible ventilate the premises where there is furniture made of chipboard. This way you will warn your family against excessive inhalation of formaldehyde.
• It will be better if harmful furniture does not stand in the children's room. It is better to spend more, but buy good natural wood furniture for children.

Let's draw a conclusion

Now it has become clear to you what constitutes harmful furniture. Of course, to find such furniture that would be completely safe, almost impossible. And, nevertheless, if you have the opportunity, then, without hesitation, buy furniture made from natural materials.

Yet, whatever one may say, concentration harmful substances more or less close to normal. Otherwise, follow the recommendations above.

The production of furniture includes operations, performing which the worker exposes his health to harmful factors. These are jobs performed by professions:

compositor facing materials for furniture employed in work with the use of synthetic adhesives containing phenol, formaldehyde, formalin and urea;

· veneer of furniture parts, engaged in veneering parts in hydraulic presses using synthetic adhesives;

· a preparer of padding and flooring materials, employed in work with polyurethane foam and other synthetic padding materials;

· Apparatus for the production of adhesive thread;

· manufacturer of products made of foaming materials;

· the operator of drying installations, engaged in drying stuffing materials;

· Workers involved in soldering, gluing, welding products from PVC film.

Therefore, such workers employed in heavy and hazardous industries are provided with certain benefits and compensations by the labor legislation. These include various types of additional cash payments, additional vacations, the issuance of free meals, work clothes, and so on.

The list of industries, workshops, professions and positions with harmful working conditions, giving the right to additional leave and approved by the Decree of the USSR State Labor Committee, the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of October 25, 1974 No. 298 / P-22. Decree of the USSR State Committee for Labor, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of November 21, 1975 No. 273 / P-20 approved instructions on the procedure for applying the list of production shops, professions and positions with harmful working conditions, work in which gives the right to additional leave and a shorter working day.

In accordance with Article 146 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, remuneration for labor of workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful, dangerous and other special working conditions is made at an increased rate.

In accordance with Article 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the remuneration of labor for workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) dangerous and other special working conditions is set at an increased rate in comparison with tariff rates, salaries (official salaries) established for various kinds work with normal working conditions, but not below the size established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law.

The minimum wage increase for employees engaged in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) dangerous and other special working conditions, and the conditions for this increase are established in the manner determined by the Government Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations.

Article 219 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation determines that the amount of compensation to employees engaged in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, and the conditions for their provision are established in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social labor relations.

Until the Government has established the amount of compensation, production organizations have the right to be guided by the industry lists of the specified work, approved by the Decrees of the USSR State Committee for Labor and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The standard regulation on the assessment of working conditions at workplaces and the procedure for applying sectoral lists of jobs where additional payments to workers for working conditions can be established was approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Labor and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated October 3, 1986 No. assessment of working conditions at workplaces and the procedure for applying sectoral lists of jobs where additional payments to workers for working conditions can be established.

Increased or additional compensation for hard work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions may be established by a collective agreement, a normative act, taking into account the financial and economic situation of the employer (Article 219 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The specific amounts of additional payments are determined on the basis of attestation of workplaces and an assessment of working conditions at them in accordance with the Model Regulations approved by Decree No. 387 / 22-78.

Note!

With regard to the taxation of personal income tax and unified social tax of these amounts, we note the following. So employees of the financial department believe that if an organization makes additional payments to employees for difficult and harmful working conditions, then such payments increase the amount of remuneration for workers employed in work with harmful working conditions, as provided for in Article 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, that is, they are equated to the amounts for wages. Therefore, the calculation of income tax individuals and UST is made in the usual manner (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 24, 2006 No. 03-05-02-04 / 166).

Employees associated with difficult and harmful working conditions in accordance with the provisions of Article 117 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are annually provided with additional holidays.

Note that Decree No. 298 / P-22 contains a list of employees involved in the manufacture of furniture who are granted additional leave.

Furniture production belongs to the woodworking industry. An employee engaged in hazardous production, depending on the profession, may be granted additional leave in the amount of 6 to 18 days.

In accordance with Article 116 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, annual additional paid holidays are granted to employees employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, employees with a special nature of work, employees with irregular working hours, employees working in the Far North and equated to localities, as well as in other cases provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws.

Article 117 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation defines the procedure for granting additional annual leave to employees employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.

Article 120 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that additional (as well as basic) holidays are calculated in calendar days. In Resolution No. 298 / P-22, the number of days is set in working days. To get rid of this "discrepancy", the organization should indicate in the collective agreement how many calendar days correspond to working days.

For more information on the issues related to the accrual of vacation pay and the procedure for their payment, you can find in the book of the authors of CJSC "BKR INTERCOM-AUDIT" "Vacations".

Payment for additional leave for profit tax purposes in accordance with paragraph 7 of Article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is included in labor costs. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that for the purposes of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the cost of additional leave can be taken into account in taxation only if the leave provided to the employee by the employer does not exceed the period provided for in Decree No. 298 / P-22. If the duration of the additional leave exceeds the specified norms, then the employer organization must attribute the payment for "excessive" days to expenses that do not reduce taxable profit (clause 24 of article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). A similar position is shared by employees of the financial department (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 20, 2006 No. 03-03-04 / 1/846).

When concluding with an employee, the employer has certain obligations in relation to this employee, that is, he must ensure safe working conditions and labor protection. One of these duties is to provide the employee with special clothing and personal protective equipment. According to Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to ensure the purchase and issuance at his own expense of certified special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, flushing and neutralizing agents in accordance with established standards to employees employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions , as well as in work performed in special temperature conditions or associated with pollution.

The rules for providing workers with special equipment were approved by Resolution No. 51.

Lists of professions, names and norms of issued overalls are established by the following documents:

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated December 16, 1997 No. 63 “On approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to employees”;

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 1997 No. 66 “On approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to employees”;

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 1997 No. 68 “On approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to employees”;

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 1997 No. 69 “On approval of standard norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers in cross-cutting professions and positions in all sectors of the economy”;

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of July 22, 1999 No. 26 “On approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment for workers in chemical industries”;

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated August 30, 2000 No. 63 “On approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to bank employees”;

Near other regulatory documents.

Note!

The provision by the employer of free overalls and footwear and other personal protective equipment, washing and disinfecting agents, is precisely compensation payments related to the performance of work duties by the employee. And the amounts of compensation payments in accordance with the tax legislation of the Russian Federation are not subject to personal income tax (Article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and UST (Article 238 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated April 18, 2006 No. 03-05-01-04 / 91) .

In addition, in accordance with paragraph 2 of article 10 federal law dated December 15, 2001 No. 167-FZ "On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation" these amounts are not charged for compulsory pension insurance.

Learn more about questions related to accounting and taxation in organizations engaged in the production of furniture, as well as in organizations selling products furniture production, you can find in the book of the authors of CJSC "BKR-INTERCOM-AUDIT" "Furniture from production to write-off".

Today, furniture made from chipboard (chipboard) is still popular. This is a fairly cheap material, which, however, can significantly damage human health. Manufacturers of such furniture claim that the harm of chipboard has not been proven, that these are all just words. They claim that such a myth is spread by their competitors, who produce furniture from wood and lose customers.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized particle board as a carcinogenic material back in 1985. Many European furniture companies have therefore abandoned the use of chipboard in their production. In 1996, Moscow issued an order to limit the use of chipboard in the construction of kindergartens.

What is the danger of chipboard for our health?

Chipboards are pressed sawdust glued together with resin. And it also contains a toxic compound - formaldehyde. One of his main chemical properties- volatility. Therefore, furniture made from chipboard is just a storehouse of dangerous gas that can be released for more than 10 years. A one-time exposure to formaldehyde on the human body is unlikely to lead to serious consequences, but the furniture will not stand in your house for a week or a month. At least a few years. Science warns: formaldehyde adversely affects genetic material, reproductive system, respiratory tract, eyes and skin, as well as the central nervous system.

If we haven't convinced you yet, let's move on to mathematics. Experts considered that when measuring the level of formaldehyde in ordinary apartments, the result exceeds the norm by 1.5-25 times!.

By the way, wood-fiber boards (MDF) also have formaldehyde in their composition.

When using chipboard and fiberboard in children's rooms, it is imperative to take care of the laminating coating, which blocks the release of formaldehyde into the air.

There are several types of protective coating:

1. Melamine(laminated chipboard)
   This is a paper coating on which varnish is also applied.
2. Laminate(laminated chipboard).
   It's plastic. Made to look like wood and other natural materials.

The protective properties of the coating will come to naught if it is damaged. Therefore, the buyer should carefully consider the purchased product. When buying furniture made of chipboard, take a closer look at the edges and corners (just at these points the coating plates are connected).

But if you have already purchased furniture made of chipboard and are very worried, we will reassure you only by giving you a few of its advantages. One of them is water resistance. Therefore, chipboard is used in the production of kitchens. Chipboard can be painted and processed in every possible way. They are not susceptible to insects. However, back to our topic.

What to do with low-quality chipboard?

A pronounced sign of formaldehyde is a characteristic smell. If the purchased furniture exudes a pleasant aroma, it's bad. Firstly, the suffocating smell quickly becomes annoying. Secondly, by deliberately keeping such furniture in the house, you are slowly killing yourself. But, as a rule, after a week the “aroma” disappears. Sometimes this doesn't happen. Then you need to immediately return the furniture to the seller.

However, sellers are not always willing to meet dissatisfied customers. So remember: save cash receipt and purchase act for furniture. This can help you if you have problems with returning a defective product.

Harmful substances are released from chipboard and when heated. Therefore, it is more expedient to replace such material with a more expensive one - a fine fraction (MDF). Resin is not used in its manufacture. The fraction is glued together with the help of lignin (it is released when the wood is heated. And this natural substance is completely harmless.

Finally, we note: no matter what the manufacturers of chipboard and fiberboard say, wooden products are much more pleasant and safer, albeit many times more expensive. But health is priceless. As for dangerous emissions, even without formaldehyde, there are enough forced dangerous chemical compounds in our lives.

So claims author of the book "Harmful Goods" Leonid Rudnitsky, who has researched hundreds of the most common items that we use every day. It turned out that dishes, clothes, household chemicals- Yes, almost everything that surrounds us can be harmful to our health. Including home furniture.

How to determine the quality of furniture at home and protect yourself and your children? L. Rudnitsky tried to answer this question in one of the chapters of his book:

The furniture that surrounds us and the air it poisons

Furniture surrounds us always and everywhere, it has become such an integral part of the life of the majority of the inhabitants of the planet that we no longer even think about what, in fact, we sit on, lie down, what we save money on, from which, lovingly, we erase the dust ... How the lounge chair looks comfortable: a wide seat with a cozy upholstery, the back comfortably leans back, enticing and bewitching, promising peace, relaxation, nirvana. The armrests are slightly rounded, so that it is pleasant to rest your hands on them. There is even a footstool that can be moved up to the chair. It would seem that nothing can disturb our peace, and on the contrary, give rest to overworked members, the opportunity to take a nap and get up cheerful and healthy, ready for new achievements.

But it was not there. Our furniture is often fraught with unconscious danger. The release of materials from which some furniture samples are made can cause persistent poisoning, comparable to the effect of carcinogenic toxins from car exhaust gases. If the material is solid, then the delights of furniture designers who are poorly familiar with ergonomics, which make the furniture fragile and unreliable, can really injure you.

Suspicions of allergenicity are caused by many furniture models assembled in China. The secret of frequent allergies among the owners of such furniture is that manufacturers often use an anti-mold agent to protect chairs from moisture. In itself, a completely ordinary event, but the danger to the health of users has been repeatedly proven by doctors.

If you thought that sitting not on a chair or sofa, but on the floor in order to avoid contact with harmful substances, is a way out of an alarming situation, then I have to disappoint you. Not an option, at least not if it's a PVC floor.

PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride and is one of the most questionable synthetic materials. Maybe you are perplexed - they say, who puts the synthetic floor at home, wanting to spread the dubious charm of the office in their own apartment?

In vain, because every fifth of us does it! Statistics show that the market share of PVC as flooring is 20%.

PVC is hardly suitable for the living room, simply because it is not cozy enough with it. But in the kitchen, in the hallway, in the bathroom and even in some children's rooms, the floor is made of PVC. After all, it is easy to care for, it is waterproof and very durable. In addition, there are types of design that can make such a floor quite acceptable.

But, unfortunately, such a coating cannot be recommended for any room. This was reported some time ago to readers by the environmental magazine Oko-Test, which took a closer look at 14 types of PVC floors. The unequivocal result of the test is catastrophic.

Criticism of testing laboratories was caused by the plasticizers used in the material. They are necessary in order to create a flexible synthetic mass from a hard-to-flow, brittle material that can be rolled out and stacked.

Phthalate compounds are predominantly used in floor coverings, especially the plasticizing compounds DINP (diisononyl phthalate) and DIDP (diisodecyl phthalate). They make up 10 to 30% of the material. But they, like the long-standing plasticizer DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), are banned as plasticizers for toys for children under 3 years old.

However, PVC floors are not considered a place for children to play, which means they are not subject to the ban. At the same time about small children who crawl on floor coverings made of PVC and sometimes even lick it or bite the torn off corners, no one thinks. The result is childhood asthma from crawling on the floor. But no one will ever write such a diagnosis to you.

How to navigate the market of the proposed modern goods for the home, for the family? First and foremost, turn on your natural common sense. The rest I'll tell you now.

Let's start with the aesthetic perception of furniture and its proven impact on maintaining human health, and, consequently, peace in the family.

It may seem to a person that he does not react to color in any way, but his eye is not in vain adapted by nature to capture the slightest color shades (up to 1.5 million tones) and react to them in a certain way. The subconscious of a person and his genetic memory fix all color information. Therefore, being in a certain color scheme can imperceptibly influence and guide our emotions and actions.

Unfavorable colors for furniture are:

Blue - creates a feeling of cold and discomfort;

Brown (including wood trim) - causes melancholy, leads to the development of depression;

Gray - evokes sadness and despondency;

Red - creates nervous tension, leading to hypertension;

Black and purple - significantly reduce the space, which can be harmful to the psyche of people suffering from claustrophobia.

All this affects the human psyche, calming him or, conversely, destroying the nervous system. Choosing the right color scheme surrounding furniture and interiors of the house, it is quite possible to create this or that psychological aura in the house. The weather in the house, about which my favorite singer sang so well.

Chipboard furniture

Chipboards (chipboards), from which furniture is made, are pressed under conditions high temperature and strong pressure. At the same time, artificial (urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde) resins are added to small wood chips as a binder.

After pressing, chipboards are coated with films made from thermosetting polymers. Highly active substances such as formaldehydes, phenols, phthalates and polymers released from chipboard are very harmful to human health. Their presence is easily determined by an unpleasant odor.

To our misfortune, at present most of the furniture is made from chipboard, for which manufacturers have their own reasons. But should we buy chipboard furniture?

If only because the formaldehyde contained in them is a highly toxic allergenic substance, which, getting into the air with the mucous membranes respiratory tract, can cause bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, not counting the "little things": eye irritation, runny nose and cough, addictive, turning into chronic.

WHO officially declared formaldehyde a carcinogen, since it was unequivocally established that the substance can actually cause cancer. In addition, under the influence of formaldehyde, degenerative changes in the liver, kidneys, heart and brain develop.

Exposure to phenol and formaldehyde is also dangerous for its long-term effects, those that appear after a long time and, which is especially scary, can be passed on to the next generations. What to do if you still have to buy furniture made of chipboard?

Firstly, it is not recommended to use chipboard to mask batteries in an apartment (which is very often done for decorative purposes), since under the influence of heat, the release of harmful substances into the air increases. Also, you should not use chipboard for floor insulation, if, in addition, the plates are bare and not covered with anything on top.

Secondly, it should be remembered that particle boards are divided into three classes according to the content of free (that is, having the ability to stand out from furniture) formaldehyde:

Class E1 (up to 10 mg per 100 g of dry slab);

Class E2 (10-20 mg);

Class E3 (30-60 mg).

To protect yourself from the harmful effects of formaldehyde and other highly active substances, when buying furniture, you need to require documents (hygienic certificate) indicating the safety of the product, as well as pay attention to the quality of the finish - whether the end surfaces of the panels and hidden cavities.

Laminate is a special film that is covered with wood or chipboard. The tape itself is harmless. The danger is the glue and mastic on which the laminate is held.

Poorly processed edges and chipped chipboard are also dangerous. These areas must be isolated.

More advanced than chipboard is MDF - a high-quality and more expensive furniture material made by hot pressing wood dust without the use of toxic binders.

Harmful substances can be released from furniture for a long time, moreover, according to some experts, furniture begins to emit harmful substances even more over time, as the resins begin to decompose.

It should also be noted that during a fire, burning chipboard (like fiberboard, plywood, etc.) releases large amounts of formaldehyde into the air, which can lead to immediate poisoning.

Particle boards used in the manufacture of furniture must be veneered, laminated and protected with a PVC layer.

Furniture for children should be made only from chipboard with formaldehyde emission class E1, the concentration of volatile substances of which is 3 times lower than the maximum allowable standards.

the site thanks the publishing house "Peter" for the provided excerpt.

Harmful production factors of furniture production in accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 are shown in table 39.

Table 39 - Harmful production factors of furniture production

Factor name	MPC or PDU	duration per shift
Physical
1 Enhanced Level gas contamination: isocyanate butyl acetate cyclohexanone methyl ethyl ketone 2 Increased dust level: wood dust paint dust 3 Low light 4 Unsatisfactory meteorological conditions: during the cold season during the warm period	t from 15 to 71 °С W no more than 75% Vv not more than 0.4 m/s t from 16 to 27 °С W no more than 70% Vv from 0.2 to 0.3 m/s
Chemical
1 Irritant effect of solvents
Psychophysiological
1 Stressful situations 2 Monotony of work 3 Physical overload 4 Overvoltage analyzers 5 Mental overload	Depending on the individual capabilities of employees

Measures for industrial sanitation

Respiratory protection. Controlling the content of harmful substances in the air working area must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88, GN 2.25.686-98.

To reduce dust pollution, the following measures are proposed:

Installation of exhaust ventilation receivers ( exhaust hoods) above the equipment;

Cleaning with a wet method that does not allow dusting, at least once a shift;

Periodic cleaning of windows, walls, ceilings, heaters, equipment from settled dust using vacuum mobile dust collection systems;

The use of personal protective equipment: respirators, dust masks "Petal", "Astra", universal respirators from gas and dust vapors RU-60, F-46, ShF-2, overalls.

Eye protection. In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95, the category of visual work in furniture shop determined by the average accuracy of the IV century. With this category of visual work with a combined lighting system, the illumination is 400 lux, including 200 lux from general lighting.

In accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.019-79, lighting fixtures in finishing areas must be explosion-proof.

To protect the eyes from the harmful effects of gases, vapors, dust, it is recommended to use hermetic goggles with a rubber half mask.

Protecting the body of workers from thermal imbalance. The category of work in the furniture shop is defined as moderate 2b. For this category of work, according to GOST 12.1.005-88, the permissible and optimal microclimate conditions are given in table 40.

Table 40 - Permissible and optimal microclimate conditions

To match the actual indicators with the normative ones, a centralized water heating. To prevent air cooling in the workshops, air thermal curtains. Also, normal working conditions are ensured by properly working general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation.

Rational organization of work and rest. The company has an eight-hour working day. To reduce the severity of work and improve working conditions, every two hours of work, ten-minute breaks and one hour of lunch are provided.