Rules for the carriage of dangerous goods by air. Transportation of dangerous goods by road under the new rules It is a rhombus

dangerous goods according to the classification of GOST 19433 - 88 includes explosive materials, gases in various states, solid and self-igniting combustible substances, oxidizing agents and peroxides. If the container volume of transported dangerous substances is more than 1000 liters, it is necessary to have a special permit and a traffic police certificate, a route form with a permit mark, an indication of the validity period and the number of batches. The cargo is accompanied by a representative who knows its properties and has the appropriate training.

Route for the transportation of dangerous goods should not pass near large industrial enterprises, cultural facilities and recreation areas, educational and medical institutions, large settlements. Vehicles constantly transporting dangerous goods are provided with appropriate signs, inscriptions and special coloring.

Containers with compressed gases are fixed in cars on special racks trimmed with felt. On cylinders provide safety valves. IN summer period additional protection is required sun rays. Gasoline and other fuels and lubricants are transported exclusively in hermetically sealed metal containers, or in special trailers.

In warehouses, cylinders with gases, combustible and flammable substances are transported in or out of vehicles by two-wheeled carts or stretchers. Lifting of containers is allowed in containers. When placing barrels with and GJ, be careful, avoiding shocks and shocks, installing them strictly vertically with lids placed at the top. When transporting GZH in glass and ceramic containers, special stretchers equipped with sides or trolleys are used.

When transporting flammable and combustible liquids, equipment is equipped with spark arresters and fire extinguishers. Cylinders with liquefied gases are moved without touching the valve with hands and cloth stained with fats and oils. Unloading is done without falling cylinders and caps, eliminating the possibility of impacts.

Loading and unloading operations are carried out, excluding shocks, shocks, high pressure, without the use of sparking equipment, on the vehicle, the engine of which is turned off, in the absence of the driver and unauthorized persons. Mechanisms for load gripping should not damage the container, allow the load to fall. Containers with dangerous goods are moved along the decks and ladders. The bottles are placed in drums, crates, boxes filled with a special areactive material, they are moved in trolleys or baskets with reinforced handles.

The movement of the vehicle must ensure safe conditions of transportation, so drivers observe the appropriate speed, distance, stopping movement under dangerous meteorological conditions. In some cases, a convoy of vehicles carrying dangerous goods is followed by traffic police cars or escorts. If the column consists of more than 5 vehicles, the presence of an empty reserve vehicle is mandatory.

Barrels with explosives are transported in a horizontal position, orienting them longitudinally in the vehicle, in accordance with the requirements of GOST 19747 - 74. Liquid nitroesters in winter period transported on vehicles with insulated bodies. Boxes with gunpowder and shells are placed with a distance of 0.5 m between them and tightly reinforced. Can't be taken Chemical compounds or mixtures thereof capable of producing an explosion under the influence of external influences.

">explosives at a distance of less than 0.3 km from Uncontrolled burning outside a special hearth, causing material damage.

">fire or 80 m from oil "torches". When transporting a vehicle with dangerous goods on a ferry, there should not be other vehicles.

Transportation by pipelines

Transportation through pipelines made of glass, plastic and ceramics is allowed if there is a theoretical and practical justification. Pipelines are equipped with gas-tight valves and diaphragms made of fireproof materials (their location is indicated on the wiring diagram). During the transportation of freezing combustible liquids, additional heating of the system is carried out, thermal insulation is checked. In places of possible stagnation of liquids and gases, gas analyzers are installed to determine the critical level of their concentration.

For transportation by squeezing, flammable and combustible liquids with temperatures above 20 C are used inert gas or compressed air (if it exceeds 45 C). Vegetable oils and animal fats are similarly transported when heated to 70° C. or less. When pumping liquids of these classes with pumps, they ensure the constant operation of supply and exhaust ventilation systems. Control of the composition of the air environment allows real-time monitoring of the concentration of gases and flammable liquids.

Acetylene pipelines are mounted with an optimal section according to the regulations, the gas flow rate must comply with the standards in order to avoid detonation. If it is necessary to use more acetylene, additional branches are installed, without increasing the load on the existing ones. Installed on acetylene pipelines flame arresters and protective bursting discs, they are regularly cleaned of deposits, the condition of thermal insulation is monitored and immediately cleaned of flammable liquids.

Combustible solids are transported by pneumatic and gravity pipes, conveyors, aspiration lines equipped with automatic dampers, bucket elevators and other pneumatic transport devices. In the event of a fire in them, the aspiration and ventilation systems are immediately turned off. To prevent fire and accidents, a system of automatic blocking of electric motors is installed when the air supply stops, in order to avoid the accumulation and ignition of dust. Belt skidding is unacceptable, the conveyor is immediately stopped.

Rail transportation

Drain and fill systems and ways of transporting flammable liquids must be grounded, they provide for the possibility of draining liquids. All sites are provided with a flat, hard surface. The locations of loading and unloading devices should not be in the path of movement of heat and electric locomotives. All sorting operations with tanks are carried out outside these points.

When supplying to the place of discharge - loading of tanks by steam locomotives, a cover of one four-axle or two two-axle wagons (platforms) is provided. Engineers are prohibited from opening the furnace and forcing it, to use various types open fire and siphon. If transportation is carried out by diesel locomotives, cover is not needed.

Tankers move smoothly, braking is carried out with wooden linings or materials that do not spark. All metal products for shearing and rolling are not used. During unloading and loading on the overpass, shunting actions are not carried out, other tanks are not fed to its free path. Before draining and filling, check the serviceability of all devices, grounding systems, valves, valves, tightness of hoses and pipes, tanks. Forbidden use metal hoses and equipment when draining and pouring liquids with a vapor flash point of 45 ° C or less.

Filling is carried out with the tip lowered to the bottom of the tank. If a malfunction of the lower drain device is established, pumping is carried out through the upper one, by pumping out. When pouring, liquid level limiters are used. During a thunderstorm, loading and unloading operations are not performed. On the loading and unloading equipment, install primary funds or stationary systems firefighting.

Fulfillment of all the above conditions is mandatory throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, with the exception of technical approvals at industrial facilities with appropriate approval.

The rules for the transport of dangerous goods by road are binding on all people, whether they work in large industrial companies or run their business as individual entrepreneurs. The rules equally apply to transportation by transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan both on state roads and on privately owned roads, both in urban areas and streets, and on rural land. Dangerous goods are a threat no matter which car they carry, so the rules apply to all cars.

The transport of dangerous goods is strictly regulated by law

There are exceptions to any rules: they do not apply to vehicles transporting hazardous substances through the territory of their producers and consumers, as well as to vehicles belonging to the military and internal affairs bodies. However, knowledge of the rules for moving substances that are ready to explode or catch fire at the slightest violation of the rules will be useful even for those who fall under the exceptions.

What is dangerous goods

Dangerous goods are all goods, whether they are substances, gases or solids, that pose a potential hazard to people, their property and the environment during transport. The list of substances is grouped into hazard classes, of which there are nine. Safety requirements include marking cargo with special identification marks, thanks to which motorists can find out from afar how dangerous substances the car is carrying.

explosive materials

The first hazard class includes materials and substances that can catch fire or explode, as well as various devices that cause explosions. Examples of such materials are TNT and nitroglycerin. The class has six subclasses: the most dangerous for people and the environment, subclasses from 1.1 to 1.3. Substances assigned to subclasses 1.4 to 1.6 are less likely to explode "out of the blue", but still dangerous - the procedure for handling explosive materials should not be violated during a trip, no matter which subclass the product belongs to. All first class materials require special care in handling: an explosion or fire can provoke sparks, temperature rise or careless transportation.

Substances of this subclass are capable of exploding in mass.
Materials are dangerous, scattering, but do not explode in mass.
The products are flammable, may explode and have a projection hazard. You can not be afraid of a mass explosion;
Substances pose a small explosion hazard, most often the effects of it appear only inside the package.
Subclass materials can mass explode, but due to low sensitivity, the risk of such an outcome is extremely low.
Products are insensitive and do not explode in mass, one of the most "safe" for the transportation of first class cargo.

Cargo hazard class 1.4-1.6 does not explode for no reason

gases

The second class of dangerous goods groups gases - in other words, substances that are gaseous in their normal state. The class includes gases compressed, liquefied or stored under pressure, as well as pure or mixed with other gases. Automobile transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan transports gases from various influences suffocating to poisonous, flammable to caustic. Depending on additional properties, gaseous cargo is classified into one of nine groups.

Flammable substances

Under this name, various liquids and their mixtures are understood to have the property of igniting from the slightest spark. This includes gasoline. The liquid is assigned to one of the groups, depending on what kind of danger it poses. Some cargoes are poisonous or may become gaseous or have corrosive effects.

Flammable solids

Their peculiarity is that they light up easily - a spark, friction, moisture ingress or an increase in temperature are enough. Flammable solids include matches, white phosphorus, zinc. It is important to observe the requirements when handling each of the three subgroups of the class:

Flammable materials, self-reactive substances or articles soaked in liquid. The solids are usually in powder or granule form, or in paste form. In addition to flammability, an additional hazard comes from combustion products. Particularly dangerous are ignited metal powders, since they are more difficult to extinguish - ordinary measures like water here do not give the desired effect, but only aggravate the situation.
The second subclass of flammable solids includes pyrophoric substances and solutions that ignite on contact with air in a matter of minutes. Pyrophoric substances ignite more easily than other materials of the fourth class of goods, and therefore the safety requirements in relation to them must be observed especially clearly. To subclass 4.2. substances are classified as self-heating. Unlike pyrophoric materials that ignite even in small fractions, self-heating products ignite only in large volumes and not in minutes, but in hours or days. Substances heat up on contact with oxygen.
This subclass includes substances that produce flammable gases when they come into contact with liquids. The resulting mixtures explode on contact with sparks, generating an explosive wave and a fire.

The second class of hazard of goods ignites on contact with air

Oxidizing agents

Products support combustion due to the fact that they produce oxygen. Together with other substances or materials and under certain conditions may explode.

Substances of subclass 5.1, due to their ability to release oxygen, can support a very long burning of goods and this is precisely why they are dangerous.
A subclass is formed by peroxides, which decompose when the temperature rises, due to friction or as a result of contact with acids. Decomposition causes the release of flammable gases, with some types of peroxides decomposing explosively. The instruction on the rules for handling peroxides tells you to protect your eyes, since the ingress of substances on the organs of vision harms them, and these substances corrode the skin. Peroxides were grouped into seven levels depending on the level of danger to others.

Toxic substances

Toxic or infectious substances, divided into four hazard classes according to the degree of risk. The fourth group is pathogens causing severe diseases. These pathogens are easily transmitted from one living being, person or animal, to another, quickly infecting the population. effective ways There is no cure for such diseases. Pathogens of the third group also cause severe diseases, but these ailments are not usually considered contagious and effective methods of treatment have been developed against them.

The second group includes pathogens that are the least dangerous to humans. The diseases caused by them are relatively easy to treat, there are preventive measures against ailments.

The class of toxic materials is divided into two subclasses, the safety requirements for the movement of goods of both groups are very high:

Toxic. Depending on the threat, people are divided into three groups: highly toxic, medium and weak.
Infectious - substances containing pathogens-microorganisms that cause diseases in living beings.

Poisonous substances can be toxic or infectious

radioactive substances

Dangerous radiation, and the class is divided into categories according to danger. The safety requirements for the movement of radioactive substances are especially stringent due to the health damage that radiation can cause.

Corrosive substances

The eighth class also includes corrosive materials. Corrosive substances affect the skin and mucous membranes, causing damage to goods if the packaging has been damaged. Some substances in this class turn into corrosive vapors due to water or air humidity.

Other substances

The last, ninth class of goods includes all other dangerous liquids that are not included in the previous classes. Moving all these products, substances or materials is dangerous, you should clearly follow the procedure for working with them, as stated in the attached instructions.

Dangerous goods that do not fall under the classification are also provided with hazard icons and all necessary equipment.

Organization of transportation

They transport goods in accordance with the rules of the Russian Federation. It is also important to follow the safety rules that help to avoid traumatic situations. You will first have to obtain a special permit for transportation:

Substances from the first to the sixth hazard class.
For materials in tanks and other removable containers with a capacity of more than a thousand liters.
For international shipments.

The consignor receives permission to move goods from the internal affairs bodies, before issuing a permit, the Ministry of Internal Affairs checks the condition of the vehicle.

The procedure for submitting documents for obtaining permission to transport by road of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

Statement from the consignor indicating the name of the goods being transported and its quantity; list of persons accompanying and carrying hazardous materials; transport route must be marked.
The route of transportation developed by the organization providing transport to the Republic of Kazakhstan, and agreed with all the necessary authorities and the consignor. At the top of the form leave a record of permission to transport the goods;
Document on the admission of the driver of vehicles of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the vehicle itself to the transportation of dangerous goods.

Permission to transport cargo is given for several similar events or for a batch of substances transported along the same route for 6 months, but no more. The right to transport nuclear products is issued by Gosatomnadzor.

Permission to transport especially dangerous goods is given only if it is accompanied by a specially trained person who knows how to handle it and can put this knowledge into practice. Accompanying specialists and security must be provided by the customer. If both functions fall on the driver of motor transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan, then the consignor explains the procedure for handling the cargo and the safety requirements necessary to comply with it.

The person in charge of the cargo has the following responsibilities:

Supervises the loading and unloading of goods to and from the transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Accompanies the goods throughout the entire transportation until the end of the journey.
Supervises that the safety requirements for handling it are observed and protects it. Ensure that the packaging is in proper condition and not damaged.

A CIO emergency card is required to obtain a permit for the transport of dangerous goods

Establishing a route

The route of transportation is chosen and worked out by the carrier. The route of transport carrying dangerous goods is coordinated with the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, especially if the route passes through roads with a difficult traffic situation, with poor visibility or through mountainous areas. And also when dangerous substances are transported by a convoy of three or more trucks. Safety requirements insist that the route does not run through or near:

Recreation areas and nature reserves, as well as various attractions.
Does not pass through the territory of industrial facilities.
Inside large cities, and if nevertheless travel through a large settlement is inevitable, the path ran far from schools, hospitals and cultural centers.
The route must be laid out in such a way that there are parking lots for trucks and rest places for their drivers, as well as gas stations along the way.

The itinerary plan must be submitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs 10 days before the start of the transportation event. Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs need to provide documents with the route of transportation, printed in three copies, a certificate of admission of the vehicle for transportation. And also if it is planned to move especially dangerous goods, together with the documents listed above, you need an instruction for transportation, which is transferred to the carriers by their customers and permission to transport this cargo.

If a situation arises in which the route has to be changed, this change must also be agreed with the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the department where the original travel option was approved. An approved copy of the route is kept by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the carrier's organization and the driver or accompanying person.

Vehicles of the Republic of Kazakhstan must move in accordance with the norms established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the basis of the chosen route and rules traffic. The chosen travel speed must be such that the containers with explosives are not endangered. When moving a column of cars pk, they must move so that the distance between transports is 50 meters. When transporting especially dangerous substances, cars are accompanied by traffic police cars for protection.

The movement of vehicles with hazardous substances in the area of nature reserves and recreational areas is highly undesirable

Signs and other safety measures

Before accepting goods, carriers receive a safety data sheet for the substance being transported. If it was not handed over by the customer, the deal fell through, the goods are not loaded onto trucks and they are not taken anywhere. According to the same standards, dangerous goods are marked with signs warning of a threat. Vehicles are also decorated with warning tables, and the tables must be of a certain format and with a reflective surface. The procedure for labeling cargo depends on its hazard class:

Explosives. orange color sign with a symbolic drawing of an explosion.
flammable gases. A red rhombus, against which black or white flames are depicted. Non-toxic and non-flammable, gases - on a green background, a cylinder pattern.
Flammable materials of division 4.1 - a sign painted in red and white stripes with a stylized image of a flame. Subclass 4.2. - a sign divided into two parts: red at the bottom, painted white at the top. A flame is drawn on the white half. Subclass 4.3 - blue background and fire pattern.
oxidizing agents. Rhombus yellow color, on which a circle is drawn, enveloped in flames;
Subclass 6.1 - toxic substances, marked with a white sign with a "pirate" pattern of a skull and crossbones; infectious substances from subclass 6.2 also warn about themselves with a white sign, but with the image of crossed months on it.
radioactive substances. Appearance The rhombus depends on the category, but there must be a black trefoil pattern, and the word “Radioactive” is written in large letters in the lower half of the sign.
Corrosive substances - their identification mark is made in the form of a diamond, the lower part of which is painted black, and on the upper, white half, test tubes are drawn, inclined to a hand or a metal ingot.
Other substances from the ninth class are distinguished by a sign, the upper half of which is painted over with vertical black stripes, and the lower part is left white.

The new transport regulations (since 2012) state that the transport of dangerous goods by road is possible only in accordance with an international agreement (DOLOG). According to one of the clauses of this agreement, vehicles carrying dangerous goods must be marked with an information table. The orange table should be 40×30 in size, with a reflective surface. The hazard number and UN numbers must be inscribed on the plate. The quality of the plates should be such that the numbers drawn on them can withstand fire and water. Sometimes carriers purchase stickers or tables made of cheap materials - this is unacceptable.

In the event of an emergency situation, drivers must know how and in what sequence to act in order to eliminate the consequences. Also, drivers should take all the measures for their own protection, set out in the emergency card. The main tasks in the event of emergency situations: first aid to those in trouble, if necessary, evacuation of people, finding a damaged container and removing it and the spilled substance, notifying the shipper about what is happening.

Marking mark for corrosive substances

Loading and unloading

The shipper's representative supervises loading operations. The weight of goods loaded onto the machine must not exceed the load capacity. Loading and unloading operations are carried out by people working for the consignor, but if it was agreed in advance, these activities are taken over by the RK transport driver.

During loading and unloading activities, strict adherence to established standards should reign. Safety requirements prohibit during these works pushing or hitting containers with substances, as well as pressure on them or sparking. During work, the car engine is turned off in advance, and the driver himself leaves the vehicle and goes to a safe distance. It is also forbidden for unauthorized persons to be present during the process of unloading or loading goods. Sometimes machines used in loading operations require the engine to be running.

To avoid catastrophes, loading or unloading of explosive goods is not carried out during a thunderstorm. And also the whole event is held at the posts, and it is possible to work with only one machine at a time. Posts should be equipped at a distance of at least 125 meters from cargo and industrial buildings or residential buildings. All these rules are designed to prevent dangerous situations: damage to cargo and injury among workers and passers-by.

The category of dangerous goods includes such goods that, due to their physical and chemical properties, can pose a danger to human life and health, cause serious environmental damage to the natural environment, and also cause damage or destruction of property.

It is no coincidence that such goods are called dangerous, therefore, all manipulations with them, in particular their transportation, are regulated by the relevant regulatory legal acts.

Legal framework for road transport of dangerous goods

To regulate the transport of dangerous goods by road in the territory Russian Federation exist rules for the transport of dangerous goods by road(POGAT rules), approved by the Ministry of Transport of Russia on August 8, 1995 No. 73 and registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 18, 1995 No. 997.

In addition, there is another important document - European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, abbreviated as ADR (Road Transportation of Dangerous Goods) or ADR (Accord Dangereuses Route). This agreement was developed by the UN Economic Commission back in 1957 in Geneva with the aim of creating general rules road transport of dangerous goods. Russia is among the countries that signed this document, therefore all requirements are valid on the territory of the Russian Federation.

There are also a number of regulatory legal acts affecting certain aspects of the transportation of dangerous types of cargo. However, their description is not specifically given here, so as not to make a bias in the legal direction.

Classification of dangerous goods

In accordance with the rules for the transportation of dangerous goods (hereinafter referred to as the POGAT rules), goods are divided into 9 classes according to the type of danger (according to the requirements of GOST 19433-88):

1 class: explosive materials (EM);
Grade 2- gases compressed, liquefied and dissolved under pressure;
3rd grade- flammable liquids (flammable liquids);
4th grade- flammable solids (LVS), spontaneously combustible substances (SV); substances that emit flammable gases when interacting with water;
5th grade- oxidizing agents (OC) and organic peroxides (OP);
6th grade- toxic substances (NS) and infectious substances (IV);
7th grade- radioactive materials (RM);
8th grade- caustic and (or) corrosive substances (EC);
Grade 9- other dangerous substances.

In addition, each class is divided into separate subclasses, categories and groups. During transportation, the class and subclass of hazard are indicated in the documents for the cargo: first the class number, then after the dot - the subclass number. Also, in accordance with ADR, each type of dangerous goods is assigned a four-digit number from list of UN numbers. Using this list, you can determine which hazard group number the transported substance has, its class and classification code, as well as the packaging group required for transportation and reflecting the degree of danger.

Classification code indicates the type of hazard, as well as the physical and Chemical properties transported cargo. The classification code may consist of letters and numbers that indicate the group of dangerous properties of the substance. Each class has its own designations.

For example, a common explosive gas - propane - belongs to the second class and the third hazard subclass, which is written as "2.3". Its number from the UN list is 1978 (UN1978), the classification code is 2F (group 2, F - flammable).

Particularly dangerous goods

Not all dangerous goods are equally dangerous: some are dangerous in more, some to a lesser extent. Obviously, according to the degree of danger, radioactive substances pose an increased danger compared, for example, with certain types of pesticides.

Based on this, dangerous goods that pose an increased danger are classified as "specially dangerous goods". A list of especially dangerous goods is given in Appendix 7.2 of the ADDR. Such types of goods are subject to special requirements for transportation, as well as a special procedure for issuing road documentation.

What applies to dangerous goods or when dangerous goods are considered non-dangerous

In order to find out if the substance being transported is a dangerous goods, you need to look at the UN list. It describes in detail which class and degree of danger the substance belongs to.

For example, propane is on this list, which means that it is a dangerous goods and, therefore, it must be transported under the rules for the transport of dangerous goods. However, in life there are situations when a person in his car needs to be transported to the country gas bottle- Is it really necessary to obtain a special permit, to equip the machine with appropriate identification marks, etc.?

The rules of POGAT say that transportation limited quantity hazardous substances on one vehicle can be considered as transportation NON-HAZARDOUS cargo, i.e. POGAT rules do not apply in this case.

Under the term limited quantity means the amount of a substance that does not actually carry a great danger and does not fall under the rules for the transport of dangerous goods. This is spelled out in ADR, and for each type of substance its own quantity standards are defined, and for some they are not defined at all. This suggests that the substance is dangerous in any quantity (for example, radioactive uranium).

For example, for propane, the maximum amount of cargo that can be transported on one transport unit (one car with or without a trailer) without falling under the rules is 333 kg. This means that if the mass of propane is less than the specified norm, then the driver is not required to have an ADR permit for transportation.

However, it should not be forgotten that despite the fact that this amount of dangerous goods is not subject to the GOAT, it should not be transported properly. There are many regulations and rules that specify how and what should be transported correctly. For example, when transporting gas cylinders, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the safety rules described by the relevant regulations.

Procedure for the transport of dangerous goods

Issuance of permits for the transport of dangerous goods by road

Transportation of goods is carried out on the basis of special permits for the transport of dangerous goods. Such permits are called ADR or ADR permits. Permits are issued either by the territorial authority RosTransNadzora- if the route passes along roads of federal significance or through more than one subject of the Russian Federation, or by other bodies (an executive authority of a subject of the Russian Federation or a local government body) in other cases.

To obtain an ADR permit, the carrier fills out applications for prescribed form, and also attaches to it a number of documents, including:

certificate of approval of the vehicle for the carriage of dangerous goods;
certificate of the driver's admission to the transportation of dangerous goods;
emergency and information cards of the hazard communication system;
transportation route.

IN emergency And informational the cards indicate the detailed dangerous properties of the transported cargo, as well as a list of measures necessary to eliminate the consequences in the event of an emergency.

The statement also indicates the persons responsible for the transportation and safety of the cargo.

Dangerous goods route

The ADR and the POGAT rules clearly state that the route of transportation of dangerous goods must pass outside densely populated areas, as well as outside objects of any value to mankind (reserves, historical sites, etc.) in order to avoid a large number of victims and property damage. If it is impossible to avoid passing through such places, then the route is chosen according to the principle of minimizing danger - it should run where a large crowd of people is not planned.

Also, the route indicates the time at which vehicles with dangerous goods can move, stopping places, speed limits on certain sections of the road, etc. An important role is also played by the weather conditions that will be at the time at which the transportation is planned.

If the transported cargo is especially dangerous, then in this case the route is coordinated with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Also, one cannot do without contacting the Ministry of Internal Affairs if the cargo is transported in difficult road conditions (mountain road, conditions of poor visibility, snowfall), and the cargo is transported in a convoy of more than three vehicles.

Route movement

Transportation of dangerous goods must be carried out according to the developed route - the speed limit, designated stops, etc. must be strictly observed.

In a vehicle carrying dangerous goods, there must be a person responsible for transportation (the person accompanying and responsible for the cargo), who knows the features and properties of the substance being transported and how to handle it in the event of an emergency.

When transporting especially dangerous goods, as well as cargo in a convoy of vehicles of more than 3 units, an escort vehicle equipped with an orange or yellow beacon must be in front of the vehicle. If necessary, a patrol car of the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs can be allocated as an escort.

Requirements for vehicles carrying dangerous goods

A vehicle that is planned for the transport of hazardous substances must be appropriately equipped, otherwise it will not be possible to obtain a certificate of admission to the transport of dangerous goods.

Measures for the installation of special equipment include the installation of a yellow flashing beacon on the car, a reinforced fuel tank, a wheel chock, fire extinguishing systems, means of informing others about potential danger, etc. This allows you to maximally protect this car and others from the risk of an emergency, as well as prevent or reduce negative consequences if it does happen.

In order to tighten control to minimize the risk of accidents during the transportation of dangerous goods, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation issued Order No. 285 from 31.07.2012, which refers to the mandatory installation of satellite navigation systems on vehicles carrying dangerous goods GLONASS or GPS to control traffic along the established route. In addition to all this, the machines must be equipped tachographs- devices that "monitor" the observance of the time spent by the driver behind the wheel, as well as the system ABS (Antilock Brake System - anti-lock braking system) responsible for the behavior of the car during emergency braking.

Delivery of dangerous goods is not only a well-paid job, but also a job that poses a threat to the health and life of people, the natural environment.

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In order for the transported cargo not to become a source of harm to others, it is necessary to observe safety measures during the transportation and storage of such cargo.

Class 3 substances

The cargo of the third hazard class is flammable liquids (flammable liquids). The property of flammable liquids is flash ignition and rapid free burning. They contain suspensions or solids (in solution) that emit flammable vapours.

Assignment to a certain class of elements depends on the extent to which this substance is dangerous. Characteristics of harmful and hazardous substances are indicated in.

These fluids include, for example:

ethanol;
acetone;
diethyl ether;
cyclohexane;
benzene;
gasoline and others.

Flammable liquids are toxic, capable of being oxidized in air with the formation of explosives.

The third hazard class has three subclasses:

the first includes mixtures that ignite from a flash at a temperature of less than -18 ° C (in a closed crucible);
to the second - flammable from a flash within the temperature range from -18 ° C to 23 ° C (in a closed crucible);
to the third - mixtures that ignite from a flash at a temperature of at least 23 ° C, but not more than 61 ° C (in a closed crucible).

Below is a detailed classification of dangerous goods:

When storing these substances, the following risks must be avoided:

Substances of the first subclass should be stored in sealed containers so that the vapors do not leak into the atmosphere, where they can ignite and start a fire (acetone, gasoline, hexane).
The property of substances of the second subclass is that their vapors in combination with air ignite at room temperature (benzene, ethyl alcohol, toluene).
Substances of the third subclass ignite only near the source of fire (white spirit, turpentine, xylene).

Transport

Transportation of hazardous liquids is carried out by road, rail, river, sea transport, as well as aircraft.

Marking marks

Cargoes belonging to the 3rd class of danger during transportation are marked with special markings.

It is a rhombus:

on a red background in the upper corner is an image of a flame (black or white);
number 3 in the lower corner (black or white);
along the perimeter of the rhombus, a border in the form of a straight continuous line (black or white).

Rules for the carriage of goods of hazard class 3

Due to the danger of flammable liquids, their carriage must meet certain conditions. First of all, transportation must be carried out on special or specially adapted vehicles that meet certain conditions.

For road transport

Dangerous liquids must not be transported together with substances that transform into explosive mixtures with gases such as:

hydrogen (liquefied and compressed);
sulfuric;
nitrogen;
organic acids;
organic peroxides.

Railway

Transportation of flammable liquids is also allowed under railway. At the same time, you must follow.

The means of transport for the transportation of hazardous mixtures are tank cars, covered wagons, containers. They have to:

be durable and prevent liquid leakage;
ensure the complete safety and security of cargo in transit.

Transportation by rail is possible only under the following conditions:

Wagons and containers are equipped with means of fastening containers with dangerous goods for their fixed position during transportation.
Cargoes that emit flammable, caustic (corrosive) vapors or gases, cargoes that, when dried, become explosive, having oxidizing properties, must be in sealed containers. If dangerous liquids are in glass or polyethylene containers, then this container should be well sealed and placed in wooden boxes.
Empty containers (1%) should be placed in containers so that there is a place to pour dangerous goods from damaged containers on the way.
Danger labels must be present on the packages.
The floor in the car must be filled with sand, the layer of sand is 100 mm.

By plane

The delivery of hazardous liquids by aircraft is regulated by the Federal Aviation Regulations.

Transportation by air is subject to the following conditions:

Delivery of flammable liquids is strictly prohibited on passenger aircraft.
Hazardous liquids are delivered on both domestic and international flights.
It is prohibited to transport groupage cargo on the same aircraft, consisting of hazardous substances with incompatible properties.
The characteristics and properties of flammable liquid containers are the same as for transportation by other modes of transport. This also applies to the markings on the packages indicating the degree of danger of the goods.
It is unacceptable to exceed the maximum net mass or volume per package specified in the Dangerous Goods List.
As a rule, transportation of dangerous liquids by aircraft is carried out by direct flights. Overloading at intermediate airfields only with the permission of these air hubs.
Dangerous goods must be loaded on board in such a way that during the flight there is free access to them for observation and taking urgent measures in case of emergency.
Personnel must be trained and instructed to know what to do in an emergency and be provided with protective equipment.

Water

If it is necessary to deliver flammable liquids to remote places or to other parts of the world, then transportation is carried out by water (sea) transport, sea and river vessels.

This happens according to the following guidelines:

Flammable liquids are transported by water in metal containers, which, in turn, are placed in wooden boxes. Such containers are not completely filled, part of the volume remains free.
Containers with dangerous goods must be secured and fixed for the entire period of transportation.
Vessels carrying hazardous liquids should be soft-moored (for safety reasons).
Underfilling of liquid is the main feature of the delivery of such cargo by water. Under the influence of heat, liquids can expand in volume and underfilling contributes to the fact that there will be no leakage.
Otherwise, the rules for the delivery of flammable liquids by water transport do not differ from the rules for delivery by road or rail.

Required documents

Transportation of liquids of hazard class 3 is carried out in the presence of certain documents.

When delivered by road transport, the following documents must be issued:

safety data sheet (MSDS);
instructions;
ADR certificate on the admission of a car to the delivery of dangerous goods;
ADR certificate for the driver;
informative sign of cargo danger;
special permission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;

When delivering cargo by rail, the following documents must be issued:

consignment note (in accordance with the requirements of SMGS, rules for the carriage of dangerous goods, general rules for the carriage of goods by rail);
quality certificates for packaging (tare).

When transporting dangerous goods by air, the following is issued:

consignment note indicating all the data on the transported cargo;
quality certificates for packaging.

When transporting by river and sea vessels, the following are issued:

cargo description;
waybill for sea cargo;
dock receipt for the delivery of cargo;
cargo plan (manifesto);
danger signs;
quality certificates for packaging.

(OG) is always in demand due to many facts. Every year, 450-500 incidents and incidents related to the transit of exhaust gases occur on the roads, with the same frequency, approximately 250-300 emergencies of varying severity occur on the ships of the world fleet. Changes regarding the evolution of vehicles and the composition of the transported, as well as the processes taking place in various areas of legislative support, require amendments and clarifications.

Transportation objects that can harm the population of the planet and its ecology due to improper transportation, accidents and natural disasters are considered explosive, fire hazardous, toxic substances, divided into 9 classes (moreover, substances and products of class 1 are divided into 6 more varieties), and sea pollutants allocated to a special group.

Explosives (detonators, ammunition, industrial explosives).
Compressed, liquefied or dissolved gaseous substances transported in cylinders.
Easily and quickly flammable liquid substances, in which rigid particles are present.
Rigid substances capable of igniting as a result of interaction with moisture, from heating, from friction.
Oxidizing exhaust gases, compounds containing a peroxide group.
Poisons and chemicals of infectious effect.
Highly radioactive (specific radioactivity of which is 0.002 MCCI/g) substances and products containing such substances.
Corrosive goods whose vapors, dust and gas cause poisoning.
Other OGs not covered by the above descriptions.

To date, the acts accompanying the movement of various modes of transport are determined by:

packaging features;
exhaust gas weight norms;
warehousing and shipment rules;
regulatory notes, texts and labels;
the ability to combine dissimilar exhaust gases;
restrictions on sending methods;
peculiarities of filling out transit documents.

Let's briefly talk about the most common types of exhaust gas movement and what exactly should be transportation of dangerous goods taking into account the main rules (with reference to the main documents).

Modern intercontinental trade and the required cargo transportation accounts for 60% of the transportation of the entire world cargo turnover. This means that tens of thousands of large-capacity vessels are periodically in the vast oceans, including one of the world's largest tankers, known as the Seawise Giant, Happy Giant and Jahre Viking. During its existence (since 1976), it has changed its name, design and even tonnage several times (the last one was 564,763 tons of oil). Today it is considered a “floating storage unit”, since it cannot moor on its own even in major ports of the world and pass through places such as the English Channel, the Suez Canal and the like. The hazardous cargo is separated from the surrounding marine environment by a steel side, the thickness of which is only 3.5 cm. Japanese specialists who increased the volume of the tanker in 1981 (originally it was produced in much smaller dimensions) prevented this floating unit from becoming the object of an accident. The same cannot be said for the Liberian tanker Rena, which was wrecked by a reef near New Zealand in October 2011. Due to the accident, approximately 300 tons of oil ended up in the Pacific Ocean.

specification (not commercial) name of the cargo.
information about danger signs.
resistant marking materials must be used that can withstand a three-month stay in sea water;
each individual package is marked.

And the last point worth dwelling on for a more detailed consideration is the requirements for accompanying documents and their copies (copies are provided to special port inspections). First of all, this is a bill of lading, a sea waybill, a dock receipt and a delivery order.

Attached are:

description of the OG;
cargo plan, which is graphic image on the drawing of the vessel of all types of cargo for their optimal placement in the conditions of the upcoming voyage;
a certificate guaranteeing compliance with the rules for packing and marking the cargo (responsibility lies with an individual specialist).

In the absence of any of the documents, loading may be delayed or canceled. The same will happen if damage to the packaging is found.

Transportation of dangerous goods by rail

The fact, for example, that wagons with certain types of exhaust gas must be moved uphill and downhill with gentle pushes, and not allowed to "spontaneous" movement, requires a much better quality of roads than our highways. Therefore, the second place in the ranking of transportation is deservedly occupied by the railway line.

DG transit by rail is carried out in accordance with the "Rules for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Rail" (Minutes No. 15 dated April 5, 1996, as amended on May 19, 2016). The latest changes and additions to date, suggesting a stricter attitude to the transportation of exhaust gas, were introduced on 01/01/2017. The additions concerned the requirements for the transportation of liquid cargo in tanks and bunker cars and for filling in the characteristics of the transported substances and products (emergency cards). General requirements apply to all participants in the process: shippers, railway workers, freight forwarders, and so on.

The Rules apply to the territories of the countries-participants of the Agreement on International Freight Railway Transport (SMGS). For countries that are not parties to the Agreement, the Requirements set forth in Appendix 2 of the SMGS apply.

The classification of OG determines the conditions for their transportation and storage.

In relation to shippers, the rules for the carriage of dangerous goods by rail provide for:

availability of official acts confirming that the exhaust gas belongs to a certain classification number + a comprehensive information and organizational and methodological document (emergency card - AK), decoding of codes. AK numbers must be indicated in the attached inventory;
to perform loading, transportation, unloading of exhaust gas, employees of a licensed company with special knowledge and skills may be involved;
a train that is under the operational management of JSC Russian Railways and has an official permission from the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation to carry out this type of activity can be involved in transportation;
the consignor must have permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs + permission from the station administration, and a special note (with all dates) on receipt of this document is put on the consignment note;
the current invoice contains a red imprint at the top right;
for the transportation of explosives, an invoice of the GU-27E format is issued and militarized trains are involved, accompanied by employees of the VOKhR of either the sender or the recipient.

SMGS and the Rules provide for the carriage of dangerous goods by rail in the required packaging and with specific requests for the equipment of wagons:

the presence of a certificate confirming the serviceability of the transport is provided by the owners of the wagons (before loading);
strictly rationed filling of wagons, containers and tanks;
after inspection by railway station workers, liquid EG is poured into tanks with the condition of mandatory fixing with brake shoes;
availability of spare containers;
the speed of coupling of wagons, which affects the impact force, should not exceed 3-5 km/h;
locomotives are subject to operational standards and GOST standards.

Rules for the transport of dangerous goods by road

The regulatory framework for documentation for the transport of exhaust gas by automotive vehicles is regulated by Government Decree No. 272 of 04/14/2011, developed in accordance with the requirements of the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), the date of the first publication is 01/29/1968. After active changes recent years– 2011, 2013 and 2015 – ROAD 2017 is valid today.

Some features of the transportation of DG are determined by Federal Law No. 195 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Violations, and federal laws“On Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances”, “”, “”, “”, some Decisions of the Customs Union (and No.) and Orders of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of various years of issue in the editions of recent years. The last of the new Orders on this topic is. The list of OG is regulated by GOSTs 19433-88 and 26319-84.

Among general conditions and rules, the road transport of dangerous goods in the Russian Federation requires compliance with approximately the same measures as for transportation by rail: emergency cards, inventory, marking, special information plates and maps. Equipment of special vehicles must meet the requirements:

the presence of wheel chocks (at least one;
two warning signs (on separate supports) with illumination;
special uniform for the crew.

ADR establishes the rules of carriage in relation to equipment equipment

The car must be equipped with a wear-resistant brake system with an analogue in case of an accident.
If the vehicle weight exceeds 16 tons, an anti-lock braking system is required.
A system of electrical circuit limiters should be provided, including the possibility of disconnecting the battery from the driver's cab.
The presence of no more than one trailer, provided that it is equipped with a special bumper, the distance to the attachment of which from the tank is 1 decimeter.

The 2017 changes affect many of the aspects of Annexes A and B, namely:

increase in the number of participating countries;
conditions for the transportation of fuel in gas tanks and cylinders of cars and fixed special containers, and, finally, the capacity standards are clearly indicated;
the OG nomenclature has increased to 3534 (UN numbers), the association “polymerizable substances” has been included in the classification under paragraph 4.1;
flexible containers are now allowed (with special reservations);
the changes affected the format of the documents required for transportation (for example, the use of ADR 2013 and 2015 directives is not valid from 07/01/2017;
new symbols "Danger" were introduced for marking containers with lithium batteries;
movement through tunnels of all categories of complexity is allowed;
changes have been made to the examination process;
excluded from the use of tanks for hydrogen peroxide and its solutions with water;
completely changed chapter IX, part 2;
requirements for the transportation of lithium batteries have changed;
Drivers with vehicles powered by internal combustion engines or their vehicles powered by lithium batteries should carefully read the innovations.

Failure to comply with the rules for transporting exhaust gas by vehicles threatens with administrative sanctions. Penalty for individual- from 2 to 5 thousand rubles + deprivation of rights (4-6 months). The fine for officials is 15-20 thousand rubles. The highest fine for legal entities who will suffer 400-500 thousand rubles.

Those responsible for violation of the rules during transportation by rail or by sea are punished in accordance with the requirements of their documentary base.