Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1 25000. Topographic maps. Graphing and nomenclature. Determination of the geographical coordinates of the corners of the topographic map sheet frame
Topographic maps are usually compiled on multiple sheets. The territory of the whole country is depicted on them in parts. The dimensions of the map sheets are set to such a size that they are convenient to use. So, a map sheet at a scale of 1:10000 for middle lane RF has dimensions of approximately 50 ´ 40 cm and contains an image of a 20 km2 area. For the entire territory of the country, the number of map sheets of this scale exceeds 1 million.
In order to be able to understand such a quantity of cartographic materials and quickly find the desired map sheet of a certain area of the area, a special system for designating map sheets has been developed - nomenclature.
The layout of sheets of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is taken as the basis for the layout and nomenclature of sheets of topographic maps. A diagram of such a layout is shown in fig. 1.46.
Rice. 1.46. Scheme for laying out sheets of a map at a scale of 1: 1000,000
The surface of the globe is divided by parallels, starting from the equator, to the north and south through 4 ° into rows and by meridians through 6 ° into columns, starting from the meridian with a longitude of 180 °. Rows are indicated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet from A before V, from the equator to the north and south. The columns are numbered in Arabic numerals, starting from the meridian with a longitude of 180 °, from west to east. Thus, the Earth's surface is divided into spherical trapezoids with side dimensions of 4° in latitude and 6° in longitude. Each trapezoid is a piece of terrain depicted on a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed from the letter that denotes the row, and from the number of the column number. For example, a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 for the territory of St. Petersburg has the nomenclature O-36, Moscow - N-37.
The layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:500,000 is carried out by dividing the map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 by the middle meridian and middle parallel into four parts, which are indicated by capital letters of the Russian alphabet. The nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:500,000 consists of the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000, of which it is a part, and the corresponding letter.
The layout of sheets of maps at scales of 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is carried out by dividing each sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 by meridians and parallels, respectively, into 36 and 144 parts (Fig. 1.47). Sheets of maps at a scale of 1:200,000 are numbered with Roman numerals, at a scale of 1:100,000 - with Arabic numerals in rows from west to east.
The nomenclature of sheets of maps of the indicated scales consists of the nomenclature of the corresponding millionth sheet and its own number, which for map sheets of scales 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is indicated to the right of the nomenclature of the millionth sheet. For example, sheets of maps at scales of 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 (shaded in Fig. 1.47) have nomenclature, respectively N-37-VI and N-37-134. Map sheets at a scale of 1:50,000 are obtained by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 into four parts (see Fig. 1.47), denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet. The dimensions of the sheet in latitude are 10¢, in longitude - 15¢. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding letter to the nomenclature of the sheet at a scale of 1:100,000, for example N-37-134-B.
Map sheets at a scale of 1:25,000 are obtained by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:50,000 into four parts (Fig. 1.48), each of which is indicated lower case Russian alphabet. The dimensions of these sheets in latitude are 5¢, in longitude - 7¢30², and the nomenclature is supplemented with the corresponding letter: N-37-134-B-V.
Rice. 1.47. Scheme for laying out sheets of maps at scales 1:200,000 and 1:100,000
A map sheet at a scale of 1:25,000 is divided into four map sheets at a scale of 1:10,000, each of which measures 2¢30² in latitude and 3¢45² in longitude. They are designated by Arabic numerals, which are indicated after the nomenclature of the map sheet at a scale of 1:25,000, of which they are part, for example N-37-134-B-V- 2.
The layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:5000 is carried out by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 into 256 parts (16 rows in latitude and longitude). The sheets are numbered in Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The size of each leaf is 1¢15² in latitude and 1¢53.5² in longitude. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding number in brackets to the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000, for example: N-37-134-(16).
Map sheets at a scale of 1:2000 are obtained by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:5000 into nine parts and denoted by lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet, for example N-37-134-(16-g). The size of each leaf is 25² in latitude and 37.5² in longitude.
Topographic surveys on a large scale in areas of less than 20 km 2 are carried out in particular systems of rectangular coordinates that are not related to the geographical system. The layout of plan sheets in these cases is carried out not by meridians and parallels, but by grid lines. The sheets are in the form of squares with dimensions of 40 ´ 40 cm for plans of scale 1:5000 and 50 ´ 50 cm for plans of scales 1:2000 - 1:500. The layout is based on a sheet of a plan at a scale of 1: 5000, denoted by Arabic numerals.
A sheet of a plan at a scale of 1:5000 corresponds to 4 sheets at a scale of 1:2000, denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet. A sheet of a plan on a scale of 1:2000 is divided into 4 sheets of plans on a scale of 1:1000, denoted by Roman numerals (Fig. 1.49, A), and 16 sheets of plans at a scale of 1:500, denoted by Arabic numerals (Fig. 1.49, b). Thus, shaded in Fig. 1.49 A sheet G scale 1:2000 will have a number 1-G. There is also a sheet of scale 1:1000, shaded with double hatching and indicated by a Roman numeral. I, has number 1 -G-I. The sheet number of the map at a scale of 1:500, shaded in fig. 49, b, – 1 -G-6 .
Rice. 1.50. General scheme of layout and nomenclature of topographic maps
On fig. 1.50 presented general scheme layout and nomenclature of topographic maps adopted in the Russian Federation. Other systems for designating large-scale plans are also possible when surveying construction sites. In these cases, outside the sheets of plans, the accepted schemes for their division and numbering are indicated.
Read the table carefully!
With a further transition to larger scales, they return to map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000. To obtain the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:5000, a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000 is divided into 256 parts (Fig. 3.10.), Which are numbered 1, 2, ..., 256.
Rice. 3.11. Nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:5000.
Map sheet at a scale of 1:5000 has nomenclature N-37-25-(240).
When switching to a scale of 1:2000, a map sheet of a scale of 1:5000 is divided into nine parts, denoted by the first lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i.
Rice. 3.12. Nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:2000.
Map sheet at a scale of 1:2000 has nomenclature N-37-25-(240-d).
For large-scale surveys covering an area of less than 20 sq. km, as a rule, square markings are used with lines parallel to the coordinate axes. Sheets of plans at a scale of 1:5000 are taken with a size of 40X40 cm, which corresponds to 2X2 km on the ground. For scales 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500, the size of the frames is 50X50cm.
The frames of sheets of plans at a scale of 1:5000 are even lines of the kilometer grid of the local coordinate system.
LAYOUT AND NOMENCLATURE OF CARDSLayout cards - a system for dividing cards into separate sheets.
Nomenclature cards - a system of numbering and designation of individual sheets. Each sheet is bounded by a frame. The sides of the frames of sheets of topographic maps are parallels and meridians (Table. 3).
Table 3
Sizes of sheets of topographic maps
|
map scale |
Dimensions of map sheets in degrees |
Type item record |
||
|
by latitude |
by longitude |
|||
|
1:1000 000 |
N- 37 |
|||
|
1:500 000 |
N- 37-B |
|||
|
1:200 000 |
N- 37-XVI |
|||
|
1:100000 |
N- 37-56 |
|||
|
1:50 000 |
N- 37-56-A |
|||
|
1:25 000 |
7" 30" |
N- 37-56-A-6 |
||
The nomenclature of topographic maps of the USSR is based on a map of scale 1: 1,000,000.
Map nomenclature at a scale of 1:1000,000 (Fig. 2). The entire surface of the Earth is divided by parallels into rows (through 4 °), and by meridians into columns (through 6 °); the sides of the formed trapezoids serve as the boundaries of the map sheets at a scale of 1: 1000,000. The rows are indicated by capital Latin letters from A beforeV ,starting from the equator to both poles, and the columns - in Arabic numerals, starting from the meridian 180 ° from west to east. The map sheet nomenclature consists of a row letter and a column number. For example, a sheet from the city of Moscow is indicated N- 37,
Map sheet at a scale of 1:500,000 is the fourth part of the card sheet 1: 1000 000 and is indicated by the nomenclature of the sheet of the millionth card with the addition of one of the capital letters A, B, C, G of the Russian alphabet denoting the corresponding quarter (Fig. 3). For example, a map sheet at a scale of 1:500000 from the city of Ryazan has the nomenclatureN- 37-B.
Map sheet scale 1:200000 formed by dividing a millionth sheet into 36 parts (Fig. 3); its nomenclature consists of the designation of a map sheet at a scale of 1: 1000,000 with the addition of one of the Roman numerals 1, II, III, IV, . . ., XXXVI . For example, a sheet from the city of Ryazan has the nomenclatureN- 37-XVI
Rice. 3.Layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps at a scale of 1: 500,000 and I : 200,000
Map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000 obtained by dividing a sheet of a million card into 144 parts (Fig. 4); its nomenclature consists of designating a map sheet 1:1000,000 with the addition of one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 143, 144. For example, a sheet of a hundred-thousandth map from the city of Ryazan will be ^-37-56.
A map sheet at a scale of 1:50,000 is formed by dividing a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000 into four parts (Fig. 5); its nomenclature consists of the nomenclature of a hundred-thousandth card and one of the capital letters A, B, C, G of the Russian alphabet. For example,N-37-56-A. A map sheet at a scale of 1:25,000 is obtained by dividing a map sheet at a scale of 1:50,000 into four parts; nomenclature of its image
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Sheets of maps located between latitudes 60-76 ° are doubled in longitude; for example, a map sheet at a scale of 1: 1000,000 in longitude will have a length of not 6, but 12 °. Double sheets of a millionth card are indicated by indicating a row (letter) and two corresponding columns (an odd and subsequent even number); for example, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 for the district of Murmansk has the nomenclatureR- 35,36. Double sheets of maps of other scales are indicated in a similar way: the letter or number of the eastern sheet is assigned to the nomenclature of the western left sheet, for exampleR-35-25.26. Sheets of maps located north of the 76° parallel are published in quadruple longitude. Their designation is made in the same order as for double sheets, only the numbers of the next three sheets are assigned to the nomenclature of the western sheet. | ||||
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Then, the sequence of calculations:
40338 / 100,000 = X / 60
X \u003d (40338 * 60) / 100,000 ~ 24.2028 (we find the numerator of the right fraction from the proportion).
Whole minutes: 24"
2028 / 10,000 = X / 60
X = (2028 * 60) / 10,000 ~ 12.17
Seconds: 12.17"
Result: 41.40338° = 41° 24" 12.17" (forty-one degrees, twenty-four minutes, twelve point and seventeen hundredths of a second).
Latitude is recalculated in the same sequence.
Google supports various formats of angular data.
Examples of how it will be right
Abbreviated forms of recording geographic coordinates (northern latitude, eastern longitude):
Degrees and, separated by a space, minutes with their decimal parts:
41 24.2028, 2 10.4418
Decimal degrees:
41.40338, 2.17403
The full form of the angle (degrees, minutes, seconds with their decimal parts):
41° 24" 12.1674", 2° 10" 26.508"
A simplified degree-minute version, which, perhaps, Google will be able to recognize if two pairs of numbers (integer degrees and minutes) separated by a comma are typed in the search line:
41 24, 2 10
The Googlemap service has an online converter for converting coordinates and converting them to the desired format.
Online maps of various Internet services make it possible to set and receive location coordinates with an accuracy of up to six decimal degrees, after a decimal point, that is, up to a meter. This is enough to work together with modern auto-navigators and built-in mobile devices (smartphones, tablets and other gadgets) receivers of signals from the satellite global positioning system GLONASS (Russia), GPS (USA) and Beidou (China). Navigation devices for "civilian" users have a single measurement error - up to several meters (in the horizontal plane on the earth's surface). Electronic digital data can vary markedly. Vector maps have significant advantages over raster formats: the ability to automatically search for information (by the name of a settlement, the characteristics of a geographical object) and quickly update to the current version, good readability when zooming in / out, layering thematic layers, obtaining a three-dimensional image, the ability to overlay scanned copies with paper materials, for example, from Soviet topographic plates.
The main forms of representing the values of geographical coordinates with an accuracy of a few meters:
degrees to hundred thousandths (YY.YYYYY°)
degrees, minutes with thousandths (YY° MM.MMM")
degrees, minutes, seconds with tenths (YY ° MM "CC.S")
Such a number of decimal places ("five-three-one") corresponds to the order of the maximum possible actual accuracy of a single measurement of conventional GPS navigators, during their normal operation, under acceptable conditions (good location of satellites in the sky, good satellite signal level, etc.). e.) With multiple measurements at a point, rigidly fixed by the device, the positioning accuracy, theoretically, should increase, due to the collection of statistics, to determine the mathematical average from the cloud of numerical values. But, this does not make much sense if the original satellite signal is software modified, and it contains an artificial error in coordinates, which operators increase for ordinary consumers, for example, in war time, and for other reasons. In such cases, in the selective access mode, for civilian users, data distortions appear - the coordinate grid can be significantly shifted relative to the true position. "Grid walking" occurs along a random or specified trajectory, within a horizontal radius or an arbitrary volume of space specified by the system operator.
When specifying the coordinates of the search area, for example, when the tour group is lost on the route, for search and rescue operations, the duty officer is informed of the estimated location of the missing, in the form of numbers:
DD° MM" CC" north latitude, DD° MM" CC" east longitude
If it is not possible to find out the coordinates of the lost, in this case, the rescuers are explained in detail - where to look, how to get there, where, better, to drive. Geographical landmarks are transmitted - as the binding becomes more detailed, from larger to smaller, narrowing the radius, speeding up the search.
For a correct representation and correct calculations, it is necessary to specify exactly the coordinate system used for mobile positioning. Applied in practice:
WGS-84 (worldwide, on which all GPS navigators work),
"Pulkovo-42" (SK-42, used on old Soviet-era military maps),
MSC (any local coordinate system).
To convert the reference to another coordinate system, you can use special converters by installing the selected program on a personal computer or smartphone ( mobile applications can be downloaded for free from Google Play or Android Market).
158. Burdin V. M. Peculiarities of criminal cases of minors in Ukraine. - K: Atika, 2004. - 240 p.
159. Omelianenko G. Feeding of primus entrances of a whirlpool character to non-permanent errors. // Legal Bulletin of Ukraine. - 1997. - No. 22. - p. 27-29.
160. Shevchenko Ya.N. Legal regulation of liability of minors. - K., 1976.
Tasks for determining the nomenclature of maps
Task 1. Determine the nomenclature of the map at a scale of 1:10000 according to the geographical coordinates of the point located on this map sheet
B=55 0 26"10" ( latitude)
L=36 0 57"15" ( longitude)
The procedure for determining the nomenclature of a map sheet.
We determine the nomenclature of sheets of maps at a scale of 1: 1000,000,
1:100 000, 1:50 000, 1:25 000, on which there is a point with given geographic coordinates: latitude B and longitude L. We draw a layout diagram for these sheets (Figures 10 and 11).
1. Determine the nomenclature of the millionth sheet of the map on which the point with the given coordinates is located. In latitude, a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000,000 occupies 4 0 . Therefore, 55 0 26 "10" is divided by 4 0 and they find out the number of the belt, and by the number and letter of the belt.
If 55 0 26"10": 4 = 13 with a remainder, i.e. the fourteenth belt, and the fourteenth letter is “ N". In longitude, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1000,000 occupies 6 0 , so the longitude value of the point is 36 0 57 "15" : 6 0 = 6 with a remainder. To get the column number, add 30 to the zone number and get 7+30=37. the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000,000 will be N-37.
2. Determine the nomenclature of the map sheet at a scale of 1:100000, on which the point with the given coordinates is located. Since a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000 occupies 20′ in latitude, a point with a latitude of 55 0 26 "10" will be located in a strip bounded from the north by 55 0 40 ′. and from the south parallel with latitude 55 0 20 ′.
A point with longitude 36 0 57 "15" will be in a column bounded from the west by the meridian with longitude 36 0 30′, from the east by the meridian 37 0 .
According to Figure 10, the sheet number will be 14. Therefore, the nomenclature of the map sheet at a scale of 1:100000 will be: N-37-14.
3. A sheet of a map at a scale of 1:100,000 is taken as the basis for delineating maps and plans on a larger scale. One card sheet N-37-14 scale 1:100,000 correspond to 4 map sheets at a scale of 1:50,000, denoted by the letters A, B, C, and D. A map sheet at a scale of 1:50,000 contains 4 map sheets at a scale of 1:25,000 (a, b, c, d). A map sheet 1:25000 is divided into 4 map sheets at a scale of 1:10000 indicated by the numbers 1,2,3,4 (Fig. 11).
The solution to this problem is to select a map sheet of the desired scale in terms of latitude and longitude of the boundary parallels and meridians of the sheet and according to the given coordinates of the point. The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:10000 will be N-37-14-G-b-4. The solution is drawn up in the form of drawings: on top is a sheet 1:1000,000, divided into 144 sheets 1:100,000, below is the desired sheet (Figures 10 and 11).
Figure 10. Layout of sheets of maps at a scale of 1:1000000
in a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000
Figure 11. Layout of sheets of maps at a scale of 1:50,000,
1:25000, 1:10000 in a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000
Task 2. Determine the geographical coordinates of the corners of the trapezoid frame according to this nomenclature:
a) L-41-112; b) M-32-A; V) J-37-13-A-6.
a) L-41-112(this nomenclature scale is 1:100000)
1. By the letter of the belt " L» determine its number Letter « L"- the twelfth in Latin alphabet. Belt size - 4 0, 12 · 40 = 480. The latitude of the north parallel is 48000". The latitude of the south parallel is 44000".
2. Column number - 41. Zone number - 41-30=11. The longitude column takes 6 0 , 11 6 0 = 66 0 . The longitude of the eastern meridian is 66000"; the longitude of the western meridian is 60000"
Figure 12
3. The 112th leaf is in the third row from the south and in the fourth column from the west. In latitude, a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000 is 20´. Therefore, the latitude of the northern frame will be 44 0 00 "+20" · 3=45 0 00". The latitude of the southern frame will be 44 0 00", the longitude of the eastern frame will be 60 0 00´+30´ 4=61 0 30´
b) M-32-A(map scale 1:500000).
Letter " A” is the upper left part of the map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000.
1. Similarly to the previous task, we determine the latitudes of the northern and southern frames of the map sheet at a scale of 1: 1000000 M-32 Letter " M"- thirteenth, 13 · 4 0 \u003d 52 0 (latitude of the northern frame). The latitude of the southern frame is 48 0 . The zone number is defined as follows: 32–30=2, 2 · 6 0 =12 0 . The longitude of the eastern frame is 12 0 . The longitude of the western frame is 60.
Figure 13.
V) J-37-13-A-b(scale 1:25000).
1. Similarly to the previous tasks, we determine the geographical coordinates of the corners of the trapezoid frame on a scale of 1: 1000000 ( J-37) The letter " J"- the ninth. 9 4 0 =36 0 (northern frame). 37–30=7, 7 6 0 =42 0 (east frame).
