The correct angle is 90 degrees. How to mark the foundation. Construction hack. What materials are used to level wood?

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How to set an angle of 90 degrees without a special tool (square)?

Let's say we have a line to which we need to set a perpendicular, i.e. another line at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the first. Or we have an angle (for example, the corner of a room) and we need to check if it is equal to 90 degrees.

All this can be done with just a tape measure and a pencil.

There are two great things like the "Egyptian Triangle" and the Pythagorean theorem that will help us with this.

So, egyptian triangle is a right triangle with the ratio of all sides equal to 3:4:5 (leg 3: leg 4: hypotenuse 5).

The Egyptian triangle is directly related to the Pythagorean theorem - the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse (3*3 + 4*4 = 5*5).

How can this help us? Everything is very simple.

Task number 1. You need to draw a perpendicular to a straight line (for example, a line at 90 degrees to a wall).

Step 1. To do this, from point No. 1 (where our corner will be) you need to measure on this line any distance that is a multiple of three or four - this will be our first leg (equal to three or four parts, respectively), we get point No. 2.

For ease of calculation, you can take a distance, for example 2m (these are 4 parts of 50cm each).

Step 2. Then, from the same point No. 1, we measure 1.5 m (3 parts of 50 cm each) up (set an approximate perpendicular), draw a line (green).

Step 3. Now from point number 2 you need to put a mark on the green line at a distance of 2.5m (5 parts of 50cm). The intersection of these marks will be our point number 3.

By connecting points No. 1 and No. 3, we get a line perpendicular to our first line.

Task number 2. Second situation- there is an angle and you need to check whether it is straight.

Here it is, our corner. It's much easier to check with a large square. And if he is not?

We measure from the corner any length multiple of four, in this case it is 1.6 m.

In the other direction, three parts, respectively 1.2 m.

Apartment and quality repair tastefully selected modern furniture And comfortable interior is the dream of every person. But only all this splendor fades in rooms with uneven walls. Very often, people try to hide a small blockage and cover it with furniture or resort to other tricks. In vain, since uneven planes need to be leveled, not masked. For example, furniture only emphasizes such a disadvantage.

Geometry of plastering works

Plaster work necessary for leveling the surface of the walls horizontally and angled 90 degrees under furniture. For this, the beacon method is used. All beacons installed on one of the bases should be easily installed using laser level .

Quite a few examples have spread on the Internet showing the work without the use of beacons. It must be said that such technology should not be used, since without beacons absolutely impossible to maintain a single plane plastering works surfaces. A 2 or 3 meter rule will not help align a 15 meter wall in one plane.

And if there is a doorway in the plane, then this task becomes all the more impossible. will give the walls an ideal vertical level and angle 90

Many plasterers offer to fix geometry rooms, in everyday life it is called " ". This leads to an increase in the layer, material consumption and cost of work , and you can only hide the shoals of masons in this way.

The geometry of the room is not fully maintained at the stage of erecting partitions.

But in every house there are places where there should be 90° angle, this is the bathroom, work zone in the kitchen where the kitchen set will stand (so that furniture assemblers do not adjust the countertop in place), well, and a couple more places in the apartment, for example, the corner in which there will be a built-in wardrobe without a back plane. (For the same reason as the kitchen).

At wall plastering bathroom (with bath) the use of tiles entails the need for high-quality Wall alignment at an angle of 90 . If this is not done, then trimming the tiles in the corners of the room will repeat all the irregularities and will not be able to hide their slope. If the bath is installed in full length, then there is a need to remove 90 degree angles , but most often this is not a requirement.

When Aligning the walls at an angle of 90 in the kitchen, the quality standard is set kitchen set. It requires the presence of not only vertically even bases, but also corners in 90 degrees. The plane with the door must also be plastered " under the lighthouse". The rest of the walls just need to be straight. Following these requirements allows you to achieve a good end result.

How to do 90 degree angles at plastering walls ?
If you need to align the corners under 90 degrees , then you should start from the wall in which the door or archway is located. And this is very important, since start from another wall at the end of the work, it may turn out that the thickness of the wall in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe opening on the left side and on the right is different. This will lead to the fact that it will be impossible to put the door.

How to set the beacons so that all corners of the room are 90 degrees? And everything is simple. Level them up. Wall plastering at a 90 degree angle . For what? You will then have one plane ready, from which you will expose for two planes adjacent to it. On one of which are adjacent to plastered plane, next to the corner, mark a vertical line.

After the beacons are set on the same plane, it can be plastered, and then proceed to others - pull the fishing line along the base and set it with a square under 90 degrees to an already plastered wall or use a laser level that automatically issues 90 degrees and saves you time.

90 degree kitchen wall plastering .In order for the installation of kitchen furniture, hanging cabinets to be successful, it is necessary that the walls be made at an angle of 90° . Nothing emphasizes the curvature of the wall and corners like unevenly adjoining furniture. This package improves two adjacent walls along which kitchen furniture, while the remaining planes are not affected, the savings are preserved.

It is worth noting that kitchen wall plaster under 90 degrees working with ready-made corners, although we get an almost perfect internal or outer corner, however, it will never be sharp, rather slightly rounded. This is due to the geometry of the mesh plaster corner. 35*35mm (galvanized ) 3 meters

Corner with metal mesh, galvanized applied to plastering works for forming outside corners
The corner profile is designed to protect the outer corners inside the premises for external slopes and facings from mechanical damage.
The section of the profile is made in the form of an acute angle (85 degrees), which ensures a snug fit to the surface of the corner of the partition during its installation.
When installing the profile, it penetrates into the holes plaster, previously applied to the corner of the structure.

This makes it possible to ensure a strong grip of the profile with the mating surface of the corner and the base.

Price

Price on walls without material is 250 rubles / m2.

90 degree angle V price works included separately price one 90 degree angle external or internal costs 300 rubles)

Orders are accepted on the area of ​​working surfaces from 70 m2 (in price turns on wall priming, displaying lighthouses, surface smoothing, removal of beacons).
wall plaster cost with the material is from 500 rubles / m2, including the delivery of the material to the object and varies from the thickness of the layer.

Anyone who is engaged in independent construction knows that before the construction of the structure begins, it is necessary to mark the foundation with your own hands. Here we consider the case of the start of work on the construction of a pile screw foundation on the site, for a number of reasons of a horticultural nature, not cleared of useful plants. This made it difficult to mark the future foundation, but these difficulties were easily overcome with the help of a simple fixture for setting right angles.

How to make the layout of the foundation with your own hands

Usually the marking of the foundation in self construction done by eye with a tape measure. First, the columns for marking the corners of the walls are set at distances of the length and width of the future building. Then the diagonals of the resulting rectangle are measured and the process of rearranging two adjacent columns begins until the measurements of the diagonals are aligned. According to the basics of geometry, a rectangle is a figure in which two diagonals are equal to each other. But it was precisely because of the landings that the measurement of the diagonals in the process of fitting was difficult. Landings interfered with pulling the tape measure and obscured the rangefinder laser. But this difficulty can be overcome.

1. Before starting work, you must have minimal knowledge of geometry and know the solution of the Pythagorean theorem :). Let me remind you of the theorem. The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs in a right triangle.

2. Stretch a cord between two pegs indicating the first wall of the foundation. If the side of the foundation, for example, is 6 meters, then the distance between the pegs must be at least 8 meters.

3. Let's make a device for setting a right angle on the ground. To do this, you must purchase a package. non-stretching cord or use a steel cable. In total, about 13 meters of cord will be required.

4. We tie the ends of the cord folded together so that the length of the resulting loop is 6 meters. The accuracy of tying and sizing is important.

5. We take a permanent felt-tip pen and from the center of the knot, using a tape measure, make marks at a distance of 3 meters in one direction and at a distance of 4 meters in the other direction. So we got a rope right triangle. This invention will allow you to calculate the direction of a 90° angle by simply expanding the triangle.

Marking the first wall Life hack kit Sides of a triangle

6. To work on the ground, we need thin wooden pegs or pieces of thin fittings.

7. We install one peg to indicate the corner of the foundation on the marking line made earlier in paragraph 2.

8. We take a rope life hack. We place the knot on a peg indicating the angle and stretch the sides of the rope triangle by driving the first peg at a distance of 4 meters into the wall markings p.

9. Set the peg on the 3 meter mark. One side of the rectangle is parallel to the layout of the first wall, and the other side indicates the direction of the layout at a 90° angle for the second wall. The Pythagorean theorem in action - see photo.

Pieces of rebar Right angle base peg Rope triangle

10. We stretch the marking cord for the second wall, parallel to the side of the triangle.

11. We carry out similar actions to mark the third wall.

12. We mark the lengths of the second and third walls on the marking and carry out control on one of the corners of the correctness of the direction of the fourth wall. If the length of the wall in the marking was 6 meters and its direction crossed the marking points of walls two and three, then we can say that measuring the diagonals will give an equal result. If the convergence did not work, check again that the markup is set correctly.

Marking of the 2nd wall Cord of the second wall

This - ancient geometric problem.

Step-by-step instruction

1st way. - With the help of the "golden" or "Egyptian" triangle. The sides of this triangle have an aspect ratio 3:4:5, and the angle is strictly 90 degrees. This quality was widely used by the ancient Egyptians and other pra-cultures.

Fig.1. Construction of the Golden, or Egyptian Triangle

• We make three measurements (or rope compasses - a rope on two nails or pegs) with lengths of 3; 4; 5 meters. The ancients often used the method of tying knots with equal distances between them as units of measurement. The unit of length is " knot».
• We drive in a peg at point O, we cling to it the measurement “R3 - 3 knots”.
• We stretch the rope along the known border - towards the proposed point A.
• At the moment of tension on the border line - point A, we drive in a peg.
• Then - again from the point O, we stretch the measure R4 - along the second border. We do not drive the peg in yet.
• After that, we stretch the measure R5 - from A to B.
• At the intersection of the measurements R2 and R3 we drive in a peg. - This is the desired point B - third vertex of the golden triangle, with sides 3;4;5 and with a right angle at point O.

2nd way. With the help of a circle.

The circle can be rope or in the form of a pedometer. Cm:

Our compass pedometer has a step of 1 meter.

Fig.2. Compass pedometer

Construction - also according to Ill.1.

• From the reference point - point O - the corner of the neighbor, we draw a segment of arbitrary length - but more than the radius of the compass = 1m - in each direction from the center (segment AB).
• We put the leg of the compass at point O.
• We draw a circle with a radius (compass step) = 1m. It is enough to draw short arcs - 10-20 centimeters each, at the intersections with the marked segment (through points A and B.). By this action, we found equidistant points from the center- A and B. The distance from the center does not matter here. You can simply mark these points with a tape measure.
• Next, you need to draw arcs with centers at points A and B, but with a slightly (arbitrarily) larger radius than R = 1m. It is possible to reconfigure our compass to a larger radius if it has an adjustable pitch. But for such a small current task, I would not want to “pull” it. Or when there is no regulation. Can be done in half a minute rope compasses.
• We put the first nail (or the leg of a compass with a radius greater than 1 m) alternately at points A and B. And we draw the second nail - in a tense state of the rope, two arcs - so that they intersect with each other. It is possible at two points: C and D, but one is enough - C. And again, short serifs at the intersection at point C are enough.
• We draw a straight line (segment) through points C and D.
• All! The resulting segment, or straight line, is exact direction on North:). Sorry, - at a right angle.
• The figure shows two cases of boundary mismatch over the neighbor's site. Figure 3a shows the case when the neighbor's fence moves away from the desired direction to the detriment of itself. On 3b - he climbed onto your site. In situation 3a, it is possible to construct two “guide” points: both C and D. In situation 3b, only C.
• Place a peg at corner O, and a temporary peg at point C, and stretch a cord from C to the back of the lot. - So that the cord barely touches the peg O. By measuring from point O - in the direction D, the length of the side according to the general plan, get a reliable rear right corner of the site.

Fig.3. Building a right angle - from the corner of a neighbor, using a pedometer compass and a rope compass

If you have a compass pedometer, then you can do without a rope. Rope in the previous example, we used to draw arcs of a larger radius than the pedometer. More because these arcs must intersect somewhere. In order for the arcs to be drawn with a pedometer with the same radius - 1m with a guarantee of their intersection, it is necessary that points A and B are inside the circle c R = 1m.

• Then measure these equidistant points roulette- in different directions from the center, but always along the AB line (neighbor's fence line). The closer points A and B are to the center, the further away from it are the guide points: C and D, and the more accurate the measurements. In the figure, this distance is taken to be about a quarter of the radius of the pedometer = 260mm.

Fig.4. Constructing a right angle with a pedometer compass and a tape measure

• This scheme of actions is no less relevant when constructing any rectangle, in particular, the contour of a rectangular foundation. You will get it perfect. Its diagonals, of course, need to be checked, but don't efforts decrease? - Compared to when the diagonals, corners and sides of the foundation contour move back and forth until the corners meet ..

Actually, we have solved the geometric problem on the ground. In order for your actions to be more confident on the site, practice on paper - using a regular compass. Which is basically no different.

Homemade rope square - it's simple and accurate!

A square is always needed. Modern world it is difficult to imagine without the simplest measuring square. Wherever something needs to be placed or strengthened perpendicular to each other, a square is required. It is necessary, for example, to set the wall at right angles to the floor. Do not do this with a small square. The longer the mating parts, the larger the square must be to provide the desired orientation accuracy.

There are large squares, but they are expensive. Square size 1050x500 mm. sell for 9800 rubles! Probably some kind of barn is cheaper. But, in a small way, even such a square does not solve the problem. There already need squares with a side of several meters. What to do?

Solving the problem is easy if you know the "magic" numbers 3.4 and 5!

Our square will be foldable and can fit in your pocket.

So, the manufacturing process:

1. We drive two nails into a long board at a distance L \u003d 5 meters from each other. This distance must be done exactly. Marking is best done with a tape measure.
2. We put two rings on the nails, for example, from keys, and tightly tighten the rings with strong twine or rope. The rope or twine must be securely fastened to the rings.
3. We drive two nails into the board at a distance of L = 4 meters and repeat the operation according to paragraph 2.
4. We repeat the same for L=3. All. The square is ready.

Let's check the perpendicularity of the vertical beam to the horizontal platform. We fix one of the cables with nails, for example, a three-meter one, on a vertical beam at points 1 and 2. We put rings of five and four-meter cables on the same nails, bring the free ends together and pull the structure. If point 3 coincides with the horizontal platform, everything is in order. 90 degree angle.

Of course, it is possible to make a square not from three separate cables, but from one made by a triangle. Then you need only three rings correctly placed on the rope.

A similar version of the frame check is shown in the photo. And here is another option for checking the same frame, if you do not have a square, but there is a metal meter.

Measure from the corner of the frame two legs of 60 and 80 centimeters, attach a ruler to the risks. If the legs are measured accurately and the meter of the ruler coincides with the risks, then the frame is made, right. Straight angle.

And, finally, we will correctly put the fence on the plot.

Stretch one of the legs of our square along the fence and secure it with pegs. Stretch our square and hammer in the third peg. You've got a right angle. You can put up a fence.

All these tricks with a rope square are based on the school formula: "the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs."

The integers three, four, and five that satisfy this condition are easy to remember. These numbers can be changed multiple times.

You can, for example, make segments with a length of 1.5 2 2.5 meters, or 0.6 0.8 1 meter and even 0.3 0.4 0.5 meters. It is only necessary to take into account that the smaller the size of the segments, the more precisely it is necessary to fulfill their length.