Who is perelman. Russian mathematician Perelman Grigory Yakovlevich, who proved the Poincare conjecture: biography, personal life, interesting facts. How Perelman was awarded the Clay Award

Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman(b. June 13, 1966, Leningrad, USSR) - an outstanding Russian mathematician who was the first to prove the Poincaré conjecture.

Grigory Perelman was born on June 13, 1966 in Leningrad into a Jewish family. His father Yakov was an electrical engineer and emigrated to Israel in 1993. Mother, Lyubov Leibovna, remained in St. Petersburg, worked as a mathematics teacher at a vocational school. It was the mother, who played the violin, who instilled in the future mathematician a love for classical music.

Until the 9th grade, Perelman studied at a secondary school on the outskirts of the city, however, in the 5th grade, he began studying at the mathematical center at the Palace of Pioneers under the guidance of an associate professor at the Russian State Pedagogical University Sergei Rukshin, whose students won many awards at mathematical olympiads. In 1982, as part of a team of Soviet schoolchildren, he won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in Budapest, receiving a full score for the perfect solution of all problems. Perelman graduated from the 239th Physics and Mathematics School in Leningrad. He played table tennis well, attended a music school. I didn’t get a gold medal only because of physical education, without passing the TRP standards.

He was enrolled without exams in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad state university. He won faculty, city and all-Union student mathematical Olympiads. All the years I studied only "excellently". For academic success, he received a Lenin scholarship. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school (supervisor - Academician A. D. Aleksandrov) at the Leningrad Department of the Mathematical Institute. V. A. Steklova (LOMI - until 1992; then - POMI). Having defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1990, he remained to work at the institute as a senior researcher.

In the early 1990s, Perelman came to the United States, where he worked as a research assistant in different universities, where his attention was drawn to one of the most difficult, at that time not yet solved, problems of modern mathematics - the Poincaré Conjecture. He surprised his colleagues with the austerity of life, his favorite food was milk, bread and cheese. In 1996 he returned to St. Petersburg, continuing to work at POMI, where he worked alone on solving the Poincare Problem.

In 2002-2003, Grigory Perelman published his three famous articles on the Internet, in which he summarized his original method for solving the Poincare Problem:

• The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications
• Ricci flow with surgery on three-manifolds
• Finite extinction time for the solutions to the Ricci flow on certain three-manifolds

The appearance on the Internet of Perelman's first article on the entropy formula for the Ricci flow caused an immediate international sensation in scientific circles. In 2003, Grigory Perelman accepted an invitation to visit a number of American universities, where he made a series of presentations on his work in proving the Poincare Problem. In America, Perelman spent a lot of time explaining his ideas and methods both in public lectures organized for him and during personal meetings with a number of mathematicians. After his return to Russia, he answered numerous questions from his foreign colleagues by e-mail.

In 2004-2006, three independent groups of mathematicians were engaged in verification of Perelman's results: 1) Bruce Kleiner, John Lott, University of Michigan; 2) Zhu Xiping, Sun Yat-sen University, Cao Huaidong, Lehai University; 3) John Morgan, Columbia University, Gan Tian, ​​Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All three groups concluded that the Poincaré problem had been successfully solved, but the Chinese mathematicians Zhu Xiping and Cao Huaidong, along with their teacher Yau Xingtang, attempted to plagiarize, claiming that they had found a "complete proof". They subsequently retracted this statement.

In December 2005, Grigory Perelman resigned as a leading researcher at the Laboratory of Mathematical Physics, resigned from POMI, and almost completely cut off contacts with colleagues.

He showed no interest in a further scientific career. Currently, he lives in Kupchino in the same apartment with his mother, leads a secluded life, ignores the press.

Scientific contribution

Main article: Poincare conjecture

In 1994 he proved the hypothesis about the soul (differential geometry).

Grigory Perelman, in addition to his outstanding natural talent, being a representative of the Leningrad school of geometry, at the beginning of his work on the Poincaré Problem, had a broader scientific outlook than his foreign colleagues. In addition to other major mathematical innovations that made it possible to overcome all the difficulties faced by mathematicians dealing with this problem, Perelman developed and applied the purely Leningrad theory of Aleksandrov spaces to the analysis of Ricci flows. In 2002, Perelman first published his pioneering work on solving one of the special cases of William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, from which the validity of the famous Poincare conjecture, formulated by the French mathematician, physicist and philosopher Henri Poincaré in 1904, follows. The method described by the scientist for studying the Ricci flow is called Hamilton-Perelman theories.

Recognition and ratings

In 1996 he was awarded the European Mathematical Society Prize for Young Mathematicians, but refused to receive it.

In 2006, Grigory Perelman was awarded the international prize "Fields Medal" for solving the Poincare conjecture (the official wording of the award: "For his contribution to geometry and his revolutionary ideas in the study of the geometric and analytical structure of the Ricci flow"), but he refused it.

In 2006, the journal Science named the proof of Poincaré's theorem the Scientific Breakthrough of the Year. Breakthrough of the Year). This is the first work in mathematics that has earned such a title.

In 2006, Sylvia Nazar and David Gruber published Manifold Destiny, which talks about Grigory Perelman, his work on the Poincare Problem, ethical principles in science and the mathematical community, and includes a rare interview with him. The article devotes considerable space to the criticism of the Chinese mathematician Yau Xingtang, who, together with his students, tried to challenge the completeness of the proof of the Poincare Conjecture proposed by Grigory Perelman. From an interview with Grigory Perelman:

In 2006, The New York Times published an article by Dennis Overbye, Scientist at Work: Shing-Tung Yau. The Emperor of Math. The article is devoted to the biography of Professor Yau Shintang and the scandal associated with accusations against him of trying to belittle Perelman's contribution to the proof of the Poincaré Hypothesis. The article cites a fact unheard of in mathematics - Yau Shintang hired a law firm to defend his case and threatened to sue his critics.

In 2007, the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph published a list of "One Hundred Living Geniuses", in which Grigory Perelman takes 9th place. In addition to Perelman, only 2 Russians made it to this list - Garry Kasparov (25th place) and Mikhail Kalashnikov (83rd place).

In March 2010, the Clay Mathematical Institute awarded Grigory Perelman a $1 million prize for proving the Poincaré conjecture, the first ever award for solving a Millennium Problem. In June 2010, Perelman ignored a mathematical conference in Paris, which was supposed to present the Millennium Prize for proving the Poincaré conjecture, and on July 1, 2010 he publicly announced his refusal of the prize, motivating it as follows:

Note that such a public assessment of the merits of Richard Hamilton by a mathematician who proved the Poincaré Conjecture may be an example of nobility in science, since, according to Perelman himself, Hamilton, who collaborated with Yau Shintan, noticeably slowed down in his research, faced with insurmountable technical difficulties.

In September 2011, the Clay Institute, together with the Henri Poincaré Institute (Paris), established a position for young mathematicians, the money for which will come from the Millennium Prize awarded, but not accepted by Grigory Perelman.

In 2011, Richard Hamilton and Demetrios Christodoul were awarded the so-called. $1,000,000 Shao Prize in Mathematics, also sometimes referred to as the Nobel Prize of the East. Richard Hamilton was awarded for the creation of a mathematical theory, which was then developed by Grigory Perelman in his work on the proof of the Poincaré conjecture. It is known that Hamilton accepted this award.

Interesting Facts

• In his work "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications" (Eng. The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications) Grigory Perelman, not without humor, modestly points out that his work was partially funded by personal savings saved during his visits to the Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, the State University of New York (SUNY), the State University of New York at Stony Brook and the University of California to Berkeley, and thanks the organizers of these trips. At the same time, millions of grants were allocated by the official mathematical community for individual research groups in order to understand and test Perelman's work.
• When a member of the hiring committee at Stanford University asked Perelman for C.V. (summary), as well as letters of recommendation, Perelman opposed:

• The article Manifold Destiny was noticed by the eminent mathematician Vladimir Arnold, who offered to reprint it in the Moscow journal Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk, where he was a member of the editorial board. The editor-in-chief of the magazine, Sergei Novikov, refused him. According to Arnold, the refusal was due to the fact that Chief Editor magazine was afraid of revenge from Yau, as he also worked in the United States.
• The biographical book of Masha Gessen tells about the fate of Perelman “Perfect severity. Grigory Perelman: genius and the task of the millennium, based on numerous interviews with his teachers, classmates, colleagues and colleagues. Perelman's teacher Sergei Rukshin was critical of the book.

• Grigory Perelman became the main character documentary film The Enchantment of the Poincaré Hypothesis directed by Masahito Kasuga, filmed by the Japanese public broadcaster NHK in 2008.
• In April 2010, the release of the “Millionaire from Khrushchev” talk show “Let them talk” was dedicated to Grigory Perelman. Grigory's friends, his school teachers, as well as journalists who communicated with Perelman took part in it.
• In the 27th edition of "Big Difference" on Channel One, a parody was presented in the hall on Grigory Perelman. The role of Perelman was simultaneously performed by 9 actors.
• It is a common misconception that the father of Grigory Yakovlevich Perelman is Yakov Isidorovich Perelman, a well-known popularizer of physics, mathematics and astronomy. However, Ya. I. Perelman died more than 20 years before the birth of Grigory Perelman.
• On April 28, 2011, Komsomolskaya Pravda reported that Perelman gave an interview to Alexander Zabrovsky, executive producer of the Moscow film company President Film, and agreed to shoot a feature film about him. Masha Gessen, however, doubts that these claims are true. Vladimir Gubailovsky also believes that the interview with Perelman is fictitious.

Grigory Perelman has younger sister Elena (b. 1976), also a mathematician, graduate of St. Petersburg University (1998), who received her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) dissertation in 2003 in Rehovot; since 2007 he has been working as a programmer in Stockholm.

Until grade 9, Perelman studied at a secondary school on the outskirts of Leningrad, and then transferred to the 239th Physics and Mathematics School. He played table tennis well, attended a music school. I didn’t receive a gold medal only because of physical education, without passing the TRP standards. From the 5th grade, Grigory studied at the Mathematical Center at the Palace of Pioneers under the guidance of Associate Professor of the Russian State Pedagogical University Sergey Rukshin, whose students won many awards at mathematical Olympiads. In 1982, as part of a team of Soviet schoolchildren, he won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in Budapest, receiving a full score for the perfect solution of all problems.

He was enrolled without exams in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad State University. He won faculty, city and all-Union student mathematical Olympiads. All the years I studied only "excellently". For academic success, he received a Lenin scholarship. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school (supervisor - A. D. Aleksandrov) at (LOMI - until 1992; then - POMI). In 1990, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "Saddle surfaces in Euclidean spaces", and remained at the institute as a senior researcher.

In 2004-2006, three independent groups of mathematicians were engaged in checking Perelman's results:

1. Bruce Kleiner, John Lott, University of Michigan;
2. Zhu Xiping, Sun Yat-sen University , Cao Huaidong, Lehigh University;
3. John Morgan, Columbia University , Gan Tian, .

All three groups came to the conclusion that the Poincaré conjecture was completely proven, however, Chinese mathematicians, Zhu Xiping and Cao Huaidong, along with their teacher Yau Xingtong, attempted plagiarism, claiming that they had found a "complete proof". They later retracted this statement.

In September 2011, it became known that the mathematician refused to accept an offer to become a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the same year, a book by Masha Gessen about the fate of Perelman was published. “Perfect severity. Grigory Perelman: genius and the task of the millennium, based on numerous interviews with his teachers, classmates, colleagues and colleagues. Perelman's teacher Sergei Rukshin was critical of the book.

Leads a secluded life, ignores the press. Lives in St. Petersburg in Kupchino with his mother. The press reported that since 2014 Grigory has been living in Sweden, but later it turned out that he happens there occasionally.

Scientific contribution

Recognition and ratings

In 2006, Grigory Perelman was awarded the international prize "Fields Medal" for solving the Poincaré hypothesis (the official wording for the award: "For his contribution to geometry and his revolutionary ideas in the study of the geometric and analytical structure of the Ricci flow"), but he also refused it.

In 2007, the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph published a list of "One Hundred Living Geniuses", in which Grigory Perelman takes 9th place. In addition to Perelman, only 2 Russians made it to this list - Garry Kasparov (25th place) and Mikhail Kalashnikov (83rd place).

In September 2011, the Clay Institute, together with the Henri Poincare Institute (Paris), established a position for young mathematicians, the money for which will come from the Millennium Prize awarded, but not accepted by Grigory Perelman.

This section is an unordered list of miscellaneous facts about the subject of the article. Please bring the information in an encyclopedic form and distribute it to the relevant sections of the article. According to the decision of the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee, lists should preferably be based on secondary generalizations containing the criteria for inclusion of elements in the list.

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Notes

1 Refused to receive an award

An excerpt characterizing Perelman, Grigory Yakovlevich

One group of Frenchmen stood close to the road, and two soldiers - the face of one of them was covered with sores - were tearing a piece of raw meat. There was something terrible and animal in that cursory glance that they threw at the passers-by, and in that vicious expression with which the soldier with sores, glancing at Kutuzov, immediately turned away and continued his work.
Kutuzov looked at these two soldiers for a long time; Wrinkling even more, he narrowed his eyes and shook his head thoughtfully. In another place, he noticed a Russian soldier, who, laughing and patting the Frenchman on the shoulder, said something affectionately to him. Kutuzov again shook his head with the same expression.
- What are you saying? What? he asked the general, who continued to report and drew the attention of the commander-in-chief to the French taken banners that stood in front of the front of the Preobrazhensky regiment.
- Ah, banners! - said Kutuzov, apparently with difficulty breaking away from the subject that occupied his thoughts. He looked around absently. Thousands of eyes from all sides, waiting for his word, looked at him.
In front of the Preobrazhensky Regiment he stopped, sighed heavily and closed his eyes. Someone from the retinue waved for the soldiers holding the banners to come up and place them around the commander-in-chief with flagpoles. Kutuzov was silent for several seconds and, apparently reluctantly, obeying the necessity of his position, raised his head and began to speak. Crowds of officers surrounded him. He scanned the circle of officers with a keen eye, recognizing some of them.
– Thank you all! he said, addressing the soldiers and again to the officers. In the silence that reigned around him, his slowly spoken words were clearly audible. “Thank you all for your hard and faithful service. The victory is perfect, and Russia will not forget you. Glory to you forever! He paused, looking around.
“Bend down, bend down his head,” he said to the soldier who held the French eagle and accidentally lowered it in front of the banner of the Transfiguration. “Lower, lower, that’s it. Hooray! guys, - with a quick movement of your chin, turn to the soldiers, he said.
- Hooray ra ra! roared thousands of voices. While the soldiers were shouting, Kutuzov, bent over in his saddle, bowed his head, and his eye lit up with a meek, as if mocking, gleam.
“That’s what, brothers,” he said when the voices fell silent ...
And suddenly his voice and facial expression changed: the commander-in-chief stopped talking, and a simple one spoke, an old man, it is obvious that he now wanted to inform his comrades of the most necessary thing.
There was a movement in the crowd of officers and in the ranks of the soldiers in order to hear more clearly what he would say now.
“Here’s the thing, brethren. I know it's hard for you, but what can you do! Be patient; not long left. We'll send the guests out, then we'll have a rest. For your service, the king will not forget you. It is difficult for you, but you are still at home; and they - see what they have come to, ”he said, pointing to the prisoners. - Worse than the last beggars. While they were strong, we did not feel sorry for ourselves, but now you can feel sorry for them. They are also people. So guys?
He looked around him, and in the stubborn, respectfully perplexed glances fixed on him, he read sympathy for his words: his face became brighter and brighter from an senile meek smile, wrinkling in stars at the corners of his lips and eyes. He paused and lowered his head as if in bewilderment.
- And then say, who called them to us? Serves them right, m ​​... and ... in g .... he suddenly said, raising his head. And, waving his whip, he galloped, for the first time in the whole campaign, away from the joyfully laughing and roaring cheers, upsetting the ranks of the soldiers.
The words spoken by Kutuzov were hardly understood by the troops. No one would have been able to convey the contents of the first solemn and at the end of the ingenuously old man's speech of the field marshal; but the heartfelt meaning of this speech was not only understood, but that same, that same feeling of majestic triumph, combined with pity for the enemies and the consciousness of one’s rightness, expressed by this, precisely this old man’s, good-natured curse, is the very (feeling lay in the soul of every soldier and was expressed in a joyful, long-lasting cry.When after that one of the generals turned to him with the question of whether the commander-in-chief would order the carriage to arrive, Kutuzov, answering, suddenly sobbed, apparently being in great agitation.

November 8 is the last day of the Krasnensky battles; it was already getting dark when the troops arrived at the place of lodging for the night. The whole day was quiet, frosty, with light, rare snow falling; By evening it became clear. A black-purple starry sky was visible through the snowflakes, and the frost began to intensify.
The musketeer regiment, which had left Tarutino at the number of three thousand, now, at the number of nine hundred men, was one of the first to arrive at the appointed place of lodging for the night, in a village on the main road. The quartermasters, who met the regiment, announced that all the huts were occupied by sick and dead Frenchmen, cavalrymen and headquarters. There was only one hut for the regimental commander.
The regimental commander drove up to his hut. The regiment passed through the village and at the outermost huts on the road put the guns in the goats.
Like a huge, multi-membered animal, the regiment set to work arranging its lair and food. One part of the soldiers dispersed, knee-deep in snow, into the birch forest, which was to the right of the village, and immediately the sound of axes, cleavers, the crack of breaking branches and cheerful voices was heard in the forest; another part busied about the center of the regimental carts and horses, put in a pile, taking out boilers, crackers and giving food to the horses; the third part scattered in the village, arranging quarters for headquarters, picking out the dead bodies of the French that lay in the huts, and taking away boards, dry firewood and straw from the roofs for fires and wattle for protection.
About fifteen soldiers behind the huts, from the edge of the village, with a cheerful cry, were swinging the high wattle fence of the shed, from which the roof had already been removed.
- Well, well, at once, lean on! shouted voices, and in the darkness of the night a huge wattle fence covered with snow swayed with a frosty crack. The lower stakes cracked more and more often, and finally the wattle fence collapsed along with the soldiers pressing on it. There was a loud rudely joyful cry and laughter.
- Take two! give the rocha here! like this. Where are you going then?
- Well, at once ... Yes, stop, guys! .. With a shout!
Everyone fell silent, and a soft, velvety pleasant voice sang a song. At the end of the third stanza, right at the end of the last sound, twenty voices cried out in unison: “Uuuu! Goes! Together! Come on, kids!..” But, despite the united efforts, the wattle fence did not move much, and heavy panting was heard in the established silence.
- Hey you, the sixth company! Damn, devils! Help ... we will also come in handy.
The sixth company of about twenty, walking to the village, joined the dragging; and the wattle fence, five sazhens long and a sazhen wide, bent, pressing and cutting the shoulders of the puffing soldiers, moved forward along the village street.
- Go, or something ... Fall, eka ... What have you become? That's it ... Cheerful, ugly curses did not stop.
- What's wrong? - suddenly I heard the commanding voice of a soldier who ran into the carriers.
- The Lord is here; in the hut the anaral himself, and you, devils, devils, swindlers. I'll! - shouted the sergeant major and with a swing hit the first soldier who turned up in the back. - Can't it be quiet?
The soldiers fell silent. The soldier, who had been hit by the sergeant-major, began, groaning, to wipe his face, which he had torn into blood when he stumbled upon the wattle fence.
“Look, damn it, how he fights!” I’ve already bloodied my whole face, ”he said in a timid whisper, when the sergeant-major walked away.
- You don't like Ali? said a laughing voice; and, moderating the sounds of the voices, the soldiers went on. Having got out of the village, they again spoke just as loudly, sprinkling the conversation with the same aimless curses.
In the hut, past which the soldiers were passing, the highest authorities gathered, and over tea there was a lively conversation about the past day and the proposed maneuvers of the future. It was supposed to make a flank march to the left, cut off the Viceroy and capture him.
When the soldiers dragged the wattle fence, the fires of the kitchens were already flaring up from different sides. Firewood crackled, snow melted, and the black shadows of the soldiers scurried back and forth across the entire occupied, trampled in the snow space.
Axes, cleavers worked from all sides. Everything was done without any order. Firewood was dragged in reserve for the night, huts for the authorities were fenced in, pots were boiled, guns and ammunition were handled.
The wattle fence brought by the eighth company was placed in a semicircle from the north side, supported by bipods, and a fire was laid out in front of it. They struck the dawn, made a calculation, had dinner and settled down for the night by the fires - some repairing shoes, some smoking a pipe, some naked, evaporating lice.

It would seem that in those almost unimaginably difficult conditions of existence in which Russian soldiers were at that time - without warm boots, without sheepskin coats, without a roof over their heads, in snow at 18 ° below zero, without even a full amount of provisions, not always keeping up with the army - it seemed that the soldiers should have presented the saddest and most depressing sight.
On the contrary, never, in the best material conditions, did the army present a more cheerful, lively spectacle. This was due to the fact that every day everything that began to lose heart or weaken was thrown out of the army. Everything that was physically and morally weak has long been left behind: there was only one color of the army - according to the strength of spirit and body.
The eighth company, which was blocking the wattle fence, gathered most of the people. Two sergeant majors sat down beside them, and their fire burned brighter than the others. They demanded an offering of firewood for the right to sit under the wattle fence.
- Hey, Makeev, what are you .... disappeared or wolves ate you? Bring some wood, - shouted one red-haired red-haired soldier, squinting and blinking from the smoke, but not moving away from the fire. “Come at least you, crow, carry firewood,” this soldier turned to another. The redhead was not a non-commissioned officer and not a corporal, but was a healthy soldier, and therefore commanded those who were weaker than him. A thin, small, pointed-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, obediently got up and went to carry out the order, but at that time, the thin, beautiful figure of a young soldier, carrying a load of firewood, entered the firelight.
- Come here. That's important!
Firewood was broken, pressed, blown with mouths and the floors of overcoats, and the flame hissed and crackled. The soldiers moved closer and lit their pipes. The young, handsome soldier who brought the firewood propped himself on his hips and began to quickly and deftly stomp his chilled feet in place.
“Ah, mother, cold dew, yes good, but in a musketeer ...” he sang, as if hiccuping on every syllable of the song.
- Hey, the soles will fly off! shouted the redhead, noticing that the dancer's sole was dangling. - What a poison to dance!
The dancer stopped, tore off the dangling skin and threw it into the fire.
“And that, brother,” he said; and, sitting down, he took from his knapsack a piece of blue French cloth and began to wrap it around his leg. “A couple of them went in,” he added, stretching his legs towards the fire.
“The new ones will be released soon. They say we'll kill to the end, then everyone will get double goods.
- And you see, the son of a bitch Petrov, lagged behind, - said the sergeant major.
“I've been noticing it for a long time,” said another.
Yes, soldier...
- And in the third company, they said, nine people were missing yesterday.
- Yes, just judge how you chill your legs, where will you go?
- Oh, empty talk! - said the sergeant major.
- Ali and you want the same? - said the old soldier, reproachfully addressing the one who said that his legs were shivering.
– What do you think? - suddenly rising from behind the fire, a sharp-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, spoke in a squeaky and trembling voice. - He who is smooth will lose weight, and death to the thin. At least here I am. I have no urine,” he said suddenly decisively, turning to the sergeant-major, “they were sent to the hospital, the aches had overcome; and then you stay behind...
“Well, you will, you will,” the sergeant-major said calmly. The soldier fell silent, and the conversation continued.
- Today, you never know these Frenchmen were taken; and, frankly, there are no real boots, so, one name, - one of the soldiers began a new conversation.
- All the Cossacks were amazed. They cleaned the hut for the colonel, carried them out. It's a pity to watch, guys, - said the dancer. - They tore them apart: so alive alone, do you believe it, mutters something in its own way.
“A pure people, guys,” said the first. - White, like a white birch, and there are brave ones, say, noble ones.
– How do you think? He has been recruited from all ranks.
“But they don’t know anything in our language,” the dancer said with a smile of bewilderment. - I tell him: “Whose crown?”, And he mumbles his own. Wonderful people!
“After all, it’s tricky, my brothers,” continued the one who was surprised at their whiteness, “the peasants near Mozhaisk said how they began to clean up the beaten ones, where there were guards, so what, he says, their dead lay there for a month. Well, he says, he lies, he says, theirs is how the paper is white, clean, it doesn’t smell like gunpowder blue.
- Well, from the cold, or what? one asked.
- Eka you're smart! By cold! It was hot. If it were from the cold, ours would not be rotten either. And then, he says, you will come to ours, all, he says, is rotten in worms. So, he says, we will tie ourselves with scarves, yes, turning our faces away, and dragging; no urine. And theirs, he says, is white as paper; does not smell of gunpowder blue.
Everyone was silent.
- It must be from food, - said the sergeant major, - they ate the master's food.
Nobody objected.
- Said this man, near Mozhaisk, where there were guards, they were driven from ten villages, they drove twenty days, they didn’t take everyone, then the dead. These wolves that, he says ...
“That guard was real,” said the old soldier. - There was only something to remember; and then everything after that ... So, only torment for the people.
- And that, uncle. The day before yesterday we ran, so where they do not allow themselves. They left the guns alive. On your knees. Sorry, he says. So, just one example. They said that Platov took Polion himself twice. Doesn't know the word. He will take it: he will pretend to be a bird in his hands, fly away, and fly away. And there's no way to kill either.
- Eka lie, you're healthy, Kiselev, I'll look at you.
- What a lie, the truth is true.
- And if it were my custom, if I caught him, I would bury him in the ground. Yes, with an aspen stake. And what ruined the people.
“We’ll do everything in one end, he won’t walk,” the old soldier said, yawning.
The conversation fell silent, the soldiers began to pack.
- Look, the stars, passion, are burning like that! Say, the women laid out the canvases, - said the soldier, admiring the Milky Way.
- This, guys, is for the harvest year.
- Drovets will still be needed.
“You’ll warm your back, but your belly will freeze.” Here is a miracle.
- Oh my God!
- Why are you pushing - about you alone fire, or what? You see... collapsed.
From behind the silence that was being established, the snoring of some of the sleepers was heard; the rest turned and warmed themselves, occasionally speaking. A friendly, cheerful laughter was heard from a distant, about a hundred paces, fire.
“Look, they’re rattling in the fifth company,” said one soldier. - And the people that - passion!
One soldier got up and went to the fifth company.
“That’s laughter,” he said, returning. “Two keepers have landed. One is frozen at all, and the other is so courageous, byada! Songs are playing.
- Oh oh? go see…” Several soldiers moved towards the fifth company.

The fifth company stood near the forest itself. A huge fire burned brightly in the middle of the snow, illuminating the branches of trees weighed down with frost.
In the middle of the night, the soldiers of the fifth company heard footsteps in the forest in the snow and the squawking of branches.
“Guys, witch,” said one soldier. Everyone raised their heads, listened, and out of the forest, into the bright light of the fire, stepped out two, holding each other, human, strangely dressed figures.
They were two Frenchmen hiding in the forest. Hoarsely saying something in a language incomprehensible to the soldiers, they approached the fire. One was taller, wearing an officer's hat, and seemed quite weak. Approaching the fire, he wanted to sit down, but fell to the ground. Another, small, stocky, soldier tied with a handkerchief around his cheeks, was stronger. He raised his comrade and, pointing to his mouth, said something. The soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man, and brought both porridge and vodka.
The weakened French officer was Rambal; tied with a handkerchief was his batman Morel.
When Morel drank vodka and finished the bowl of porridge, he suddenly became painfully amused and began to say something to the soldiers who did not understand him. Rambal refused to eat and silently lay on his elbow by the fire, looking with meaningless red eyes at the Russian soldiers. From time to time he let out a long groan and fell silent again. Morel, pointing to his shoulders, inspired the soldiers that it was an officer and that he needed to be warmed up. A Russian officer, approaching the fire, sent to ask the colonel if he would take a French officer to warm him up; and when they returned and said that the colonel had ordered the officer to be brought in, Rambal was told to go. He got up and wanted to go, but staggered and would have fallen if a soldier standing nearby had not supported him.
- What? You will not? one soldier said with a mocking wink, addressing Rambal.
- Hey, fool! What a lie! That is a peasant, really, a peasant, - reproaches were heard from different sides to the joking soldier. They surrounded Rambal, lifted the two in their arms, intercepted by them, and carried them to the hut. Rambal hugged the necks of the soldiers and, when they carried him, spoke plaintively:
– Oh, nies braves, oh, mes bons, mes bons amis! Voila des hommes! oh, mes braves, mes bons amis! [Oh well done! O my good, good friends! Here are the people! O my good friends!] - and, like a child, he bowed his head on the shoulder of one soldier.
Meanwhile Morel was sitting on the best place surrounded by soldiers.
Morel, a small stocky Frenchman, with inflamed, watery eyes, tied around with a woman's handkerchief over his cap, was dressed in a woman's fur coat. He, apparently drunk, put his arm around the soldier who was sitting beside him, and sang a French song in a hoarse, broken voice. The soldiers held their sides, looking at him.
- Come on, come on, teach me how? I will pass quickly. How? .. - said the joker songwriter, whom Morel was embracing.
Vive Henri Quatre,
Vive ce roi vaillanti -
[Long live Henry the Fourth!
Long live this brave king!
etc. (French song)]
sang Morel, winking his eye.
Ce diable a quatre…
- Vivarika! Wif seruvaru! sidblyaka…” the soldier repeated, waving his hand and really catching the tune.
- Look, smart! Go ho ho ho! .. - coarse, joyful laughter rose from different sides. Morel, grimacing, laughed too.
- Well, go ahead, go on!
Qui eut le triple talent,
De boire, de battre,
Et d "etre un vert galant ...
[Having a triple talent,
drink, fight
and be kind...]
- But it's also difficult. Well, well, Zaletaev! ..
“Kyu…” Zaletaev said with an effort. “Kyu yu yu…” he drew out, diligently protruding his lips, “letriptala, de bu de ba and detravagala,” he sang.
- Oh, it's important! That's so guardian! oh… ho ho ho! “Well, do you still want to eat?”
- Give him some porridge; after all, it will not soon eat up from hunger.
Again he was given porridge; and Morel, chuckling, set to work on the third bowler hat. Joyful smiles stood on all the faces of the young soldiers who looked at Morel. Old soldiers, who considered it indecent to engage in such trifles, lay on the other side of the fire, but occasionally, rising on their elbows, looked at Morel with a smile.
“People too,” said one of them, dodging in his overcoat. - And the wormwood grows on its root.
– Oo! Lord, Lord! How stellar, passion! To frost ... - And everything calmed down.
The stars, as if knowing that now no one would see them, played out in the black sky. Now flashing, then going out, now shuddering, they busily whispered among themselves about something joyful, but mysterious.

X
The French troops were gradually melting away in a mathematically correct progression. And that crossing over the Berezina, about which so much has been written, was only one of the intermediate steps in the destruction of the French army, and not at all the decisive episode of the campaign. If so much has been written and written about the Berezina, then on the part of the French this happened only because on the Berezinsky broken bridge, the disasters that the French army had previously suffered evenly, suddenly grouped here at one moment and into one tragic spectacle, which everyone remembered. On the part of the Russians, they talked and wrote so much about the Berezina only because far from the theater of war, in St. Petersburg, a plan was drawn up (by Pfuel) to capture Napoleon in a strategic trap on the Berezina River. Everyone was convinced that everything would actually be exactly as planned, and therefore they insisted that it was the Berezinsky crossing that killed the French. In essence, the results of the Berezinsky crossing were much less disastrous for the French in the loss of guns and prisoners than the Red, as the figures show.
The only significance of the Berezinsky crossing lies in the fact that this crossing obviously and undoubtedly proved the falsity of all plans for cutting off and the validity of the only possible course of action required by both Kutuzov and all the troops (mass) - only following the enemy. The crowd of Frenchmen ran with an ever-increasing force of speed, with all their energy directed towards the goal. She ran like a wounded animal, and it was impossible for her to stand on the road. This was proved not so much by the arrangement of the crossing as by the movement on the bridges. When the bridges were broken through, unarmed soldiers, Muscovites, women with children, who were in the French convoy - everything, under the influence of inertia, did not give up, but ran forward into the boats, into the frozen water.
This endeavor was reasonable. The position of both the fleeing and the pursuing was equally bad. Staying with his own, each in distress hoped for the help of a comrade, for a certain place he occupied among his own. Having surrendered to the Russians, he was in the same position of distress, but he was placed on a lower level in the section of satisfying the needs of life. The French did not need to have correct information that half of the prisoners, with whom they did not know what to do, despite all the desire of the Russians to save them, were dying of cold and hunger; they felt that it could not be otherwise. The most compassionate Russian commanders and hunters of the French, the French in the Russian service could not do anything for the prisoners. The French were ruined by the disaster in which the Russian army was. It was impossible to take away bread and clothes from hungry, necessary soldiers, in order to give them not to harmful, not hated, not guilty, but simply unnecessary Frenchmen. Some did; but that was the only exception.

After leaving school, without exams, he was enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad State University (now St. Petersburg State University). In his student years, Perelman repeatedly won the mathematical Olympiads. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school at the Leningrad Department of the Mathematical Institute. V.A. Steklov (since 1992 - the St. Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute).

In 1990 he defended his Ph.D. thesis and was left at the institute as a senior researcher.

In 1992, the scientist received an invitation to lecture at New York University and Stony Brook University, and then worked for some time at the University of Berkeley (USA). While in the United States, Perelman worked as a research assistant at American universities.
In 1996 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he worked at the St. Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute until December 2005.

Between November 2002 and July 2003, Perelman wrote three articles in which he revealed the solution of one of the special cases of William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, from which the validity of the Poincaré conjecture follows. The method of studying the Ricci flow described by Perelman was called the Hamilton-Perelman theory, since the American mathematician Richard Hamilton was the first to study it.

The Poincare conjecture was formulated by the French mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1904 and is the central problem of topology, the science of the geometric properties of bodies that do not change when a body is stretched, twisted, or compressed. Poincaré's theorem was considered one of the unsolvable mathematical problems.

The mathematician is known for being categorical and speaking in public.

According to media reports, in 2014, Grigory Perelman received a Swedish visa for a period of 10 years and moved to Sweden, where a local private research firm offered him a well-paid job. However, it was later reported that he lives in St. Petersburg, and visits Sweden as needed.

In 2011, she published about the life and deeds of the Russian scientist Grigory Perelman.

After leaving school, without exams, he was enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Leningrad State University (now St. Petersburg State University). In his student years, Perelman repeatedly won the mathematical Olympiads. After graduating with honors from the university, he entered graduate school at the Leningrad Department of the Mathematical Institute. V.A. Steklov (since 1992 - the St. Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute).

In 1990 he defended his Ph.D. thesis and was left at the institute as a senior researcher.

In 1992, the scientist received an invitation to lecture at New York University and Stony Brook University, and then worked for some time at the University of Berkeley (USA). While in the United States, Perelman worked as a research assistant at American universities.
In 1996 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he worked at the St. Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute until December 2005.

Between November 2002 and July 2003, Perelman wrote three articles in which he revealed the solution of one of the special cases of William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, from which the validity of the Poincaré conjecture follows. The method of studying the Ricci flow described by Perelman was called the Hamilton-Perelman theory, since the American mathematician Richard Hamilton was the first to study it.

The Poincare conjecture was formulated by the French mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1904 and is the central problem of topology, the science of the geometric properties of bodies that do not change when a body is stretched, twisted, or compressed. Poincaré's theorem was considered one of the unsolvable mathematical problems.

The mathematician is known for being categorical and speaking in public.

According to media reports, in 2014, Grigory Perelman received a Swedish visa for a period of 10 years and moved to Sweden, where a local private research firm offered him a well-paid job. However, it was later reported that he lives in St. Petersburg, and visits Sweden as needed.

In 2011, she published about the life and deeds of the Russian scientist Grigory Perelman.

The history of mankind knows many people who, thanks to their outstanding abilities, became famous. However, it should be said that rarely any of them managed to become a real legend during their lifetime and achieve fame not only in the form of placing portraits in school textbooks. Few celebrities have reached such a pinnacle of fame, which was confirmed by the conversations of both the world scientific community and grandmothers sitting on a bench at the entrance.

But in Russia there is such a person. And he lives in our time. This is the mathematician Perelman Grigory Yakovlevich. The main achievement of this great Russian scientist was the proof of the Poincaré hypothesis.

The fact that Grigory Perelman is the most famous mathematician in the world is known even to any ordinary Spaniard. After all, this scientist refused to receive the Fields Prize, which he was supposed to be awarded by the King of Spain himself. And, without any doubt, only the greatest people are capable of such a thing.

Family

Grigory Perelman was born on 06/13/1966 in the northern capital of Russia - the city of Leningrad. The father of the future genius was an engineer. In 1993 he left his family and emigrated to Israel.

Grigory's mother, Lyubov Leibovna, worked as a mathematics teacher at a vocational school. She, owning the violin, instilled in her son a love of classical music.

Grigory Perelman was not the only child in the family. He has a sister who is 10 years younger than him. Her name is Elena. She is also a mathematician, she graduated from St. Petersburg University (in 1998). In 2003, Elena Perelman defended her dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Reitzman Institute in Rehovot. Since 2007 she has been living in Stockholm where she works as a programmer.

School years

Grigory Perelman, whose biography is such that today he is the most famous mathematician in the world, was a shy and quiet Jewish boy as a child. However, despite this, in terms of knowledge, he significantly surpassed his peers. And this allowed him to communicate with adults almost on an equal footing. His peers were still playing in the yard and sculpting sand cakes, and Grisha was already learning the basics of mathematical science with might and main. The books that were in the family library allowed him to do this. The mother of the future scientist, who was simply in love with this exact science, also contributed to the acquisition of knowledge. Also, the future Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman was passionate about history and played chess well, which his father taught him.

No one forced the boy to sit over his textbooks. Grigory Perelman's parents never tormented their son with moralizing that knowledge is power. He discovered the world of science quite naturally and without any strain. And this was entirely facilitated by the family, the main cult of which was not money at all, but knowledge. Parents never scolded Grisha for a lost button or a dirty sleeve. However, it was considered shameful, for example, to go out of tune while playing a melody on the violin.

The future mathematician Perelman went to school at the age of six. By this age, he was thoroughly savvy in all subjects. Grisha easily wrote, read and performed mathematical operations using three-digit numbers. And it was a time when his classmates only learned to count to a hundred.

At school, the future mathematician Perelman was one of the strongest students. He repeatedly became the winner of all-Russian mathematical competitions. Until the 9th grade, the future Russian scientist attended high school, located on the outskirts of Leningrad, where his family lived. Then he moved to the 239th school. She had a physical and mathematical bias. In addition, from the fifth grade, Grigory attended the mathematical center opened at the Palace of Pioneers. Classes were held here under the guidance of Sergei Rukshin - Associate Professor of the Russian State Pedagogical University. The students of this mathematician constantly won awards at various mathematical Olympiads.

In 1982, Grigory, as part of a team of Soviet schoolchildren, defended the honor of the country at the International Mathematical Olympiad, held in Hungary. Our guys took first place then. And Perelman, who scored the maximum number of possible points, received a gold medal for the impeccable performance of all the tasks proposed at the Olympiad. To date, we can say that this was the last award that he accepted for his work.

It would seem that Grigory, an excellent student in all subjects, without any doubt, should have graduated from school with a gold medal. However, he was let down by physical education, according to which he could not pass the required standard. The class teacher had to simply beg the teacher to give the boy a B in his certificate. Yes, Grisha did not like sports loads. However, on this occasion, he did not complex at all. Physical education simply did not occupy him as much as other disciplines. He always said that he was convinced that our body needs training, but at the same time he preferred to train not his arms and legs, but his brain.

Relationships in the team

At school, the future mathematician Perelman was a favorite. He was sympathized not only with teachers, but also with classmates. Grisha was not a crammer and a nerd. He did not allow himself to trump his knowledge, the depth of which sometimes confused even teachers. He was just a talented child who was fond of not only proving complex theorems, but also classical music. The girls valued their classmate for his originality and intelligence, and the boys for his firm and calm character. Grisha not only studied with ease. He also helped his lagging classmates in mastering knowledge.

IN Soviet times a strong student was attached to each loser, who helped him to pull himself up in any subject. The same order was given to Gregory. He had to help a classmate who was absolutely not interested in studying. In less than two months of classes, Grisha made a solid good student out of a loser. And there is nothing surprising in this. After all, the presentation of complex material at an accessible level is one of the unique abilities of the famous Russian mathematician. Largely due to this quality, in the future, Grigory Perelman proved the Poincaré theorem.

Student years

After successfully graduating from school, Grigory Perelman became a student at Leningrad State University. Without any examinations, he was enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of this higher educational institution.

Perelman did not lose his interest in mathematics even in his student years. He constantly became the winner of university, city, and all-Union Olympiads. The future Russian mathematician studied just as successfully as at school. For excellent knowledge he was awarded the Lenin Scholarship.

Further education

After graduating with honors from the university, Grigory Perelman entered graduate school. His supervisor in those years was the famous mathematician A.D. Alexandrov.

Postgraduate studies were located at the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Mathematics. V.A. Steklov. In 1992, Grigory Yakovlevich defended his PhD thesis. The topic of his work concerned saddle surfaces in Euclidean spaces. Later, Perelman stayed at the same institute, taking the position of senior researcher in the laboratory of mathematical physics. During this period, he continued to study the theory of space and was able to prove several hypotheses.

Work in the USA

In 1992, Grigory Perelman was invited to Stony Brook University and New York University. These educational establishments America offered the scientist to spend one semester there.

In 1993, Grigory Yakovlevich continued to teach at Berkeley, while simultaneously conducting scientific work there. It was at this time that Perelman Grigory became interested in the Poincaré theorem. It was the most difficult problem of modern mathematics that had not been solved at that time.

Return to Russia

In 1996, Grigory Yakovlevich returned to St. Petersburg. He again received the post of researcher at the Institute. Steklov. At the same time, he worked alone on the Poincaré conjecture.

Description of the theory

The problem arose in 1904. It was then that the French scientist Andry Poincaré, who was considered a mathematical universal in scientific circles due to the development of new methods of celestial mechanics and the creation of topology, put forward a new mathematical hypothesis. He suggested that the space around us is a three-dimensional sphere.

It is quite difficult to describe the essence of the hypothesis for a simple layman. There are too many scientific calculations in it. As an example, consider the usual balloon. In the circus, a wide variety of figures can be made from it. It can be dogs, horses and flowers. And what is the result? The ball from this remains the same. It does not change its physical properties or molecular composition.

The same is true of this hypothesis. Her topic is related to topology. This is a branch of geometry that studies the diversity that spatial objects have. Topology considers various, externally dissimilar objects and finds common features in them.

Poincare also tried to prove the fact that our universe has the shape of a sphere. According to his theory, all simply connected three-dimensional manifolds have the same structure. They are simply connected due to the presence of a single continuous area of ​​the body in which there are no through holes. It can be a sheet of paper and a glass, a rope and an apple. But a colander and a cup with a handle belong to completely different objects in their essence.

The notion of geomorphism follows from topology. It includes the concept of geomorphic objects, that is, those when one can be obtained from one another by stretching or compressing. For example, a ball (a piece of clay), from which a potter makes an ordinary pot. And if the master does not like the product, then he can immediately turn it back into a ball. If the potter decides to mold a cup, then the handle for it will have to be made separately. That is, he creates his object in a different way, obtaining not an integral, but a composite product.

Suppose that all objects in our world consist of an elastic, but at the same time non-adhesive substance. This material does not allow us to glue individual parts and seal holes. With it, you can only squeeze or extrude. Only in this case will a new form be obtained.

This is the main meaning of the Poincare conjecture. It says that if you take any three-dimensional object that does not have holes, then it, when performing various manipulations, but without gluing and cutting, can take the form of a ball.

However, the hypothesis is only a stated version. And this continues until the moment when she finds an exact explanation. Poincare's assumptions remained so until they were confirmed by the exact calculations of a young Russian mathematician.

Working on a problem

Grigory Perelman spent several years of his life proving the Poincaré conjecture. All this time he thought only about his work. He was constantly looking for the right ways and approaches to solving the problem and understood that the proof was somewhere nearby. And the mathematician was not mistaken.

Even in his student years, the future scientist often liked to repeat the phrase that there are no unsolvable problems. There are only intractable ones. He always believed that everything depends only on the initial data and the time spent searching for the missing ones.

During his stay in America, Grigory Yakovlevich often attended various events. Of particular interest to Perelman were the lectures given by the mathematician Richard Hamilton. This scientist also tried to prove the Poincare conjecture. Hamilton even developed his own method of Ricci flows, which, rather, was not related to mathematics, but to physics. However, all this was very interested in Grigory Yakovlevich.

After returning to Russia, Perelman literally plunged headlong into working on the problem. And after a short period of time, he managed to make significant progress in this matter. He approached the solution of the problem in a completely non-standard way. As a tool of proof, he used Ricci flows.

Perelman sent his calculations to an American colleague. However, he did not even try to delve into the calculations of the young scientist and flatly refused to carry out joint work.

Of course, his doubts can be easily explained. After all, citing evidence, Perelman relied more on the postulates available in theoretical physics. The topological geometric problem was solved by him with the help of related sciences. This method was at first glance completely incomprehensible. Hamilton did not understand the calculations and was skeptical about the unexpected symbiosis for him, which was used as evidence.

He did what he was interested in

In order to prove the Poincaré theorem (the mathematical formula of the Universe), Grigory Perelman did not appear in scientific circles for seven long years. Colleagues did not know what he was developing, what was the scope of his work. Many could not even answer the question "Where is Grigory Perelman now?".

Everything was resolved in November 2002. It was during this period that Perelman's 39-page work appeared on one of the scientific resources, where one could get acquainted with the latest developments and articles of physicists, in which proofs of the geometrization theorem were given. The Poincaré hypothesis was considered as a particular example to explain the essence of the study.

Simultaneously with this publication, Grigory Yakovlevich sent the work he had done to Richard Hamilton, as well as the mathematician Ren Tian from China, with whom he had communicated back in New York. The proof of the theorem was also obtained by several other scientists, whose opinion Perelman especially trusted.

Why was the work of several years of a mathematician's life so easily set free, because these proofs could simply be stolen? However, Perelman, who completed the work for a million dollars, did not at all want to get hold of it or emphasize his uniqueness. He believed that if there was an error in his proofs, then they could be taken as a basis by other scientists. And that would give him satisfaction.

Yes, Grigory Yakovlevich was never an upstart. He always knew exactly what he wanted from life, and had his own opinion on any occasion, which often differed from the generally accepted one.

Money can not buy happiness

Why is Grigory Perelman famous? Not only by the fact that he proved the hypothesis included in the list of seven mathematical problems of the millennium not solved by scientists. The fact is, Perelman Grigory refused a million-dollar bonus, which the Boston Institute of Mathematics. Clay. And it didn't come with any explanation.

Of course, Perelman really wanted to prove the Poincaré conjecture. He dreamed of solving the puzzle, the solution of which was not received by anyone. And here the Russian scientist showed the passion of the researcher. At the same time, it was intertwined with the intoxicating feeling of self-awareness as a discoverer.

Grigory Yakovlevich's interest in the hypothesis moved into the category of "accomplished deeds." Does a true mathematician need a million dollars? No! The main thing for him is a sense of his own victory. And it is simply impossible to measure it by earthly standards.

According to the rules, the Clay Prize can be awarded when a person who has solved one or several "millennium problems" at once sends his scientific article to the editors of the institute's journal. Here it is examined in detail and carefully checked. And only two years later, a verdict can be issued that will confirm or refute the correctness of the decision.

Verification of the results obtained by Perelman was carried out from 2004 to 2006. Engaged in this work three independent groups of mathematicians. All of them made an unambiguous conclusion that the Poincaré conjecture was proved completely.

The prize was awarded to Grigory Perelman in March 2010. For the first time in history, the award was to be given for solving one of the problems on the list of "mathematical problems of the millennium". However, Perelman simply did not come to the conference in Paris. On July 1, 2010, he publicly announced his refusal of the award.

Of course, for many people, Perelman's act seems inexplicable. The man simply refused honors and glory, and also missed the chance to move to America and live comfortably there until the end of his days. However, for Grigory Yakovlevich, all this does not carry any semantic load. Just like school physical education lessons used to be.

retreat

To date, Grigory Perelman does not remind himself of himself in word or deed. Where does this outstanding person live? In Leningrad, in one of the usual high-rise buildings in Kupchino. Grigory Perelman lives with his mother. His personal life did not work out. However, the mathematician leaves no hope of starting a family.

Grigory Yakovlevich does not communicate with Russian journalists. He kept his contacts only with the foreign press. However, despite the seclusion, interest in this person does not fade away. Books are written about him. Grigory Perelman is often mentioned in scientific articles and essays. Where is Grigory Perelman now? Still at home. Many believe that they will hear this name more than once, and perhaps in connection with the solution of the next “millennium problem”.