Tractor and car generators. What generators were installed at the MTZ before and what has changed now Construction machinery and equipment, a guide
46.3701 is a source of electricity that ensures the operation of the tractor's electrical equipment.
The generator is a non-contact three-phase electric machine with draw-through ventilation with one-way electromagnetic excitation, a built-in BPV23-50 rectifier unit, assembled according to a three-phase bridge circuit on silicon valves (diodes) VA-20, and an integrated voltage regulator (IRN) type Ya112B.
The stator is laminated from sheet steel, has nine teeth, on which three-phase winding coils are fixed. The connection of the coils in phase is serial. The phases are connected in a triangle. The ends of the phases are brought out by flexible mounting wires to the rectifier unit.
1 - switch; 2 and 14 - bearings; 3 - cover of the regulating device; 4 - block BPV23-50; 5 - coupling bolt; 6 - magnet; 7 - rotor; 8 - stator; 9 - rotor bushing; 10 - excitation coil; 11 - fan; 12 - bearing cover; 13 - pulley; 15 - front cover; 16 - back cover.
The rotor is a package of plates in the form of a six-pointed star, laminated from sheet steel and pressed onto the shaft. Hexaferrite magnets are reinforced in a special aluminum frame with six beak-shaped protrusions-boxes located between the teeth of the rotor package. Permanent magnets provide reliable self-excitation of the generator when operating without a battery.
The front cover is stamped steel with two welded paws, one of which serves to tension the drive belt, the second - to mount the generator. The cover on the end part has ventilation windows for the passage of cooling air. On the cylindrical part of the cover there are holes for installing tie bolts. The bearing in the front cover is rigidly clamped along the outer ring by the flange of the excitation coil bushing and the bearing cover, and along the inner ring by the rotor bushing and fan hub. The rear cover is cast from aluminum alloy together with a paw for attaching the YuMZ tractor generator.
On the end part of the cover there are ventilation windows and holes for fixing the rectifier unit. The bearing in the rear cover along the outer ring is floating. The generator bearings (closed ball design) do not require the addition or replacement of lubricant during the entire period of operation. The excitation coil is attached to the front cover and is a steel sleeve with a flange and winding. The beginning and end of the winding are brought out by flexible mounting wires to the regulator unit located on the back cover and closed with a plastic cover.
The rectifier unit is mounted on the rear cover from its inner side and consists of two aluminum heat sinks isolated from one another. One heat sink has three reverse polarity diodes pressed in, and the other has three straight polarity diodes. The heatsink with straight polarity diodes is insulated from the cover with insulating spacers and attached to it with insulated pins. The outputs of the diodes of direct and reverse polarity are connected in pairs by jumpers, to which mounting wires are attached, coming from the ends of the stator phases. The “plus” of the rectifier is removed from the heat sink with direct polarity diodes and is brought out with a terminal bolt, and the “minus” is removed from the heat sink with reverse polarity diodes to the generator housing of the YuMZ tractor. The rectifier unit has three additional diodes designed to power the excitation winding. The "plus" of the rectifier of the excitation winding is connected to the terminal of the beginning of the excitation coil and the terminal D of the generator.
The regulator block consists of a terminal block, IRN with a heat sink, a switch for seasonal voltage regulation "Winter" - "Summer", a filter capacitor and a 120 Ohm resistor. The IRN has four outputs (W, D, B, C) in the form of contact pads isolated from its base, and a “minus” output connected to the base. Output W is connected to the output of the end of the excitation coil, output D - to the output D of the generator, output B - to the "plus" output of the generator, and output C - to the seasonal control switch. The design of the IRN is not collapsible. The base of the IRN has an orienting protrusion that prevents it from being incorrectly installed on the heat sink.
The UMZ-6 generator uses circulating cooling with a centrifugal fan. Air is taken in through the rear cover and exhausted through the front.
The internal cavities of the generator are protected from the ingress of large particles of agricultural waste by a mesh plastic cover. The lid is easily removable, and it must be periodically removed and the chaff or cotton accumulated under it removed.
§ 36. Generator
The generator is used to supply current to electrical appliances when the engine is running at medium and high speeds, as well as to recharge the battery. He turns mechanical energy into electrical on the basis of the principle of electromagnetic induction, i.e. excitation electric current in a conductor when it is crossed by magnetic lines of force.
On tractors YuMZ-6L / M and MTZ-50 of new releases, an alternating current generator G-306A (62) is installed. It is a closed contactless three-phase dynamo with built-in rectifier. Feature this generator - the absence of brush contacts and rotating windings. Generator power 400 W, rated rectified current 32 A.
The generator consists of a stator 3, a rotor 4 and a rectifier 5. The stator is assembled from electrical steel. It has 9 teeth, on which winding coils are put on 2. Each phase of the winding consists of three coils. In each of the three phases, the coils are connected in series, and the phases are connected in a delta.
Covers are fixed to the stator on both sides. On the insulating block of the rear cover 11, there are clamps 1 of alternating current, to which the ends of the phases of the stator winding are brought out. The terminals of the VL rectifier are connected to the same bolts. On the back cover there are also output terminals M, B.
62. Generator:
1 - AC terminals, 2 - field winding, 3 - stator, 4 - rotor, 5 - rectifier, 6 - generator drive pulley with fan impeller, 7 - diode, 8 - front cover, 9 - field winding coil, 10-pin clamp direct current, 11 - back cover
Ш direct current. On the inside of the front cover. V, a coil 9 of the excitation winding is attached, the beginning of the winding is connected to the generator ground, and the end is connected to the terminal Ш.
Rotor 4 of the generator in diameter has the form of a six-beam star, which is made of sheets of electrical steel and is rigidly mounted on the shaft. The latter rotates on two ball bearings that do not require relubrication, a closed design, installed in the covers.
The back cover and the paw attached to it are cast from an aluminum alloy. Two paws are welded to the front steel cover for mounting the generator and adjusting the tension of the drive belt.
Rectifier 5 is fixed on the front cover. It consists of a finned aluminum body, a heat pipe and six semiconductor diodes"direct" and "reverse" polarity. The heat conductor is isolated from the body by a thin insulating gasket. Three diodes of "reverse" polarity are mounted in the case, and diodes of "straight" polarity are mounted in the heat conductor. The outputs of the diodes are connected in pairs with the phases of the generator. A rubber sealing ring is installed between the rectifier housing and the generator cover, which prevents dust and dirt from entering the rectifier.
For better cooling, the body of the rectifier is finned. The rectifier is assembled in three
phase bridge circuit. The positive pole of the rectifier is connected to terminal B on the alternator rear cover block with a flexible wire.
The generator is driven by a belt through a pulley b, fixed on the shaft with a key and a nut. A fan is attached to the pulley on the generator side, which serves to cool the generator and rectifier.
The principle of operation of the generator is known from physics. When the rotor rotates, the magnetic field of the excitation system crosses the three-phase stator winding and induces an electromotive force (emf) variable in magnitude and direction in it. Under the influence of e. d.s. an alternating current appears in the circuit, which is converted by the rectifier into direct current and supplied to consumers.
Normal operation of the generator is possible subject to compliance with the operating rules.
The generator must not be washed with fuel or high pressure water jets. To excite the generator, it is necessary to turn on the "mass" switch, otherwise it will not generate electricity. If, after starting the engine, turn off the "mass", then with a working generator, the control lamp "Turning on the mass" continues to burn. When the engine is stopped, the "mass" is turned off to prevent the battery from being discharged through the excitation winding of the generator.
63. Relay-regulator:
a - device, b - inclusion in the circuit; / - voltage regulator, 2 - protection relay, 3 - cover, 4 - transistor, 5 - case, 6 - seasonal voltage adjustment screw, 7 - mass switch; G - generator, R - relay-regulator, 6 - battery, M - ground, W - clamp connected to the excitation winding of the regulator (shunt), 6 - clamp connected to the rectifier clamp
The generator of the described type works in a set with a contact-transistor relay-regulator PP-362B (63). The relay-regulator is installed under the instrument panel and includes two elements: a voltage regulator / and a protection relay 2.
The voltage regulator maintains the generator voltage within 13.0-14.2 V. It consists of a transistor 4 and a vibration relay that controls the transistor included in the generator excitation winding circuit.
Protection relay 2 serves to protect the transistor from short circuit currents of the excitation winding circuit to ground.
There are three clamps on the relay-regulator panel: M - for connecting the "mass" of the generator, Ш - for connecting the excitation winding of the generator, B- for connecting the rectifier, load and battery. On the outside of the relay-regulator there is a PPR device (seasonal voltage adjustment switch), which allows seasonally adjusting the voltage difference within 0.8-1.0 V. Opening and adjusting the relay-regulator can only be done by a foreman in a workshop that has the necessary measuring instruments. Even a short-term connection (test "for a spark") of the terminals Ш and В of the generator and the relay-regulator with "ground" is prohibited.
The G-304A generator, which was previously installed on the tractors under study, does not differ from the G-306A generator in terms of the principle of operation.
however, their circuitry, construction, and materials are not the same. The G-306A generator is more powerful than the G-304A generator, has a smaller mass and dimensions. It is one-sided excitation, and the G-304A is two-sided, since it has two excitation winding coils, each placed in one of the covers and connected in parallel. Both generators are paired with a relay-regulator RR-362B.
As a generator for this windmill was usedSpecifications for this generator.
Rated voltage, 14 V
Rated current 50A
Generator weight without pulley 5.4 kg
Rated speed 5000 rpm
Maximum rotational speed 6000 rpm
Direction of rotation on the drive side right
Generator resource, 10,000 moto/hours
But in this form, the generator was not quite suitable as a generator for a windmill, since it was designed for high speeds, and it was modernized. The generator stator was rewound with a 0.8 mm wire of 80 turns in order to increase the voltage at the same speed. The excitation coil of electromagnets was wound with the same wire, 250 turns were wound. In general, it took about 200 meters of wire, taking into account the complete rewinding of the stator and winding the coil.
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The generator mount and base are welded from profile pipe. The design is made so that the drive passes inside the pipe and hangs vertically into it. The design itself involves protecting the windhead from strong wind folding the tail, for which the kingpin is welded. The tail of the wind generator will then be put on this kingpin.
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This is what a finished wind generator looks like. The propeller of the windmill is two-bladed, this is due to the need for high speed for the generator. Screw diameter 1.36m, made of duralumin tube with a diameter of 110mm. Two blades 63 cm long were cut out of it, then rolled out to reduce the twist and make them flatter, the twist turned out as if they were cut out of the 400th pipe.
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Since the generator does not have sticking, the propeller starts from any breeze and develops high speeds. In the photo, the wind generator is raised to a mast 5 meters high, plus the pipe of the wind generator itself. The wind generator is screwed to the mast through this pipe in three places with M10 bolts. Also, in order to somehow hold the mast, it was fixed on stretch marks. The wire from the wind generator runs in the pipe, slip rings were not used.
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Charging starts at 3.5 m / s, with a wind speed of 4 m / s, the wind turbine propeller develops 300 rpm. At 700 rpm, the speed reaches 800-900 rpm, and with a wind of 15 m/s, the propeller accelerates to 1500 rpm. The maximum power that was recorded was 250 watts, with a wind of 6 m / s, the wind generator produces about 150 watts. This is how simple and easy wind generators are made from available spare parts and materials. Of course, the power in this version is not great, but for charging car battery or several just right.
The experiments and improvements in the design of the wind generator did not end there. A new single-bladed propeller was made for him, continued below at the link to the new article ..,
Designated by two or three numbers, for example 462.3701.11. The first number 462 means the model (46) and modification (2) of this model, the second - the electrical equipment group (37) and the subgroup of generators (01), and the third - the index of design changes compared to the originally installed generator. Indexes 10, 11, 12, etc. mean that this generator is not interchangeable with the original one.
The design of generators is constantly being improved, primarily with the aim of increasing the power density and reliability, reducing the consumption of scarce materials, labor-intensive manufacturing and Maintenance. An example of such an improvement is the inductor generators G304, G306, 13.3701 and 46.3701.
The G304 generator has two parallel excitation coils fixed in steel covers - magnetic cores on both sides of the stator. A three-phase full-wave rectifier is located on the front cover next to the impeller, and the outputs of the phases, excitation windings and rectified current are on the back cover. Bilateral excitation did not give a significant increase in power at a high consumption of copper and steel, and the adopted layout of the rectifier and leads required laying wires inside the stator (generator G304 and G306) or outside it (generator 13.3701).
As a result of the rejection of bilateral excitation (generator G306), the consumption of copper and steel was reduced, and when three-phase one- and two-half-wave rectifiers were placed in the rear cover made of aluminum alloy and with internal ventilation (generator 46.3701), the operating conditions of the diodes were improved, the laying of wires was simplified, the probability of short circuits and increased power by 75%.
They also change the circuit for connecting the excitation winding to the rectifier and battery circuits. In generators G304, G306 with relay-regulators RR362-B (similar to RR385-B) and G250 with voltage regulators RR350, turning on the “ground” or ignition when the engine is not running causes the battery to discharge with a current of up to 3 A through the excitation winding. If the driver does not turn off the "ground" or ignition for a long period, the battery is discharged through the excitation winding, and the idle generator overheats and fails.
By installing a fuse, they partially protect the excitation circuit.
In generators 13.3701, 15.3701, 46.3701 and G273A, the excitation winding is powered from the battery when the diesel engine is not running through the make-up resistor R4, which reduces the current strength to about 0.1 A. However, with this switching scheme, an increase in the rotational speed during diesel start-up causes an abrupt increase voltage, and the transition to the minimum speed - an abrupt decrease in voltage and current in consumer circuits. As a result of the installation of six permanent magnets into the rotor of the generator 46.3701 this drawback is also partially eliminated.
The scheme for connecting generators to the electrical network of machines is also being changed. Relay-regulators RR362-A(B), RR385-B and RR350 with p-n-p germanium transistors are operational at temperatures not exceeding 65 °C. Therefore, they are installed in front of the radiator (MTZ-80 tractor) or in another well-cooled place. This requires the use of a long wiring harness to connect the same-name (single-pole) terminals of the generator and the relay-regulator.
To avoid errors during installation, the lugs of the "positive" wire have a larger hole diameter compared to the lugs of other wires or they are combined into a plug connector.
In circuits with automatic starter blocking (MTZ-80), generators have two AC terminals for connecting the RB-1 blocking relay. In the absence of a blocking relay, these terminals are free.
The creation of an integrated voltage regulator, operable at temperatures up to 115 ° C, made it possible to build it into the back cover of the generator and eliminate the bundle of multi-pole wires, and the use of a half-wave rectifier UZ1 with a "positive" terminal made it possible to exclude the rectifier from the blocking relay.
In the absence of a blocking relay, the terminal is free and generators 13.3701, 15.3701 and 46.3701 are connected to the network with one wire connected to the terminal.
Unlike previously used DC generators with vibration relay-controllers, modern generator sets with numerous semiconductor devices require strict adherence to operating rules, increased care and error-free maintenance actions.
What if you find that at the rated engine speed, the ammeter displays a discharge current? Check the tension of the alternator belt. If the tension is normal, we are looking for a wire break in the power supply circuit of the field winding. If they are in order, the contacts of the connecting wires are probably acidified.
By the way, with an inter-turn circuit or a break in the turns in the excitation winding, the stator winding is shorted to the case, with a breakdown of diodes of reverse or direct polarity of the rectifier, the same situation arises.
Why can there be a large charging current? It is likely that the battery plates are short-circuited, and this leads to a decrease in the internal resistance of the battery and an increase in current.
Noise and knocks in the generator may occur due to the loosening of the generator drive pulley, the destruction of the bearings or the development of their seats. So the noise is obtained due to the grazing of the rotor on the stator.
How to check the operation of the generator 464.3701 on a tractor? We connect electricity consumers, bring the engine crankshaft speed to the nominal one, measure the voltage with a KI-1093 voltammeter between “+” and the unpainted place of the generator case (Fig. 2.2.1) and, gradually adding the load current to 30 A, measure the voltage. It must be at least 12.5 V.
Rice. 2.2.1. Scheme for checking the recoil voltage of the generator under load on the tractor MTZ-80, MTZ-82:
1 - generator; 2 - voltammeter KI-1003
What should I do if the generator voltage is very different from the nominal voltage or if it does not exist at all when the battery is disconnected? The alternator must be removed for inspection and possibly subsequent replacement. How to check the generator MTZ-80, MTZ-82? First you need to check the health of the main elements of the generator using a 12 V test lamp.
The sequence of actions is as follows: remove the rear plastic cover and the integrated device (ID); then we release the leads of the excitation coil and the additional rectifier from the bolts of the terminal panel. We check the absence of a short circuit in the diodes or between the windings and the generator case (see Fig. 2.2.2).
Rice. 2.2.2. Circuits for checking the generator for the absence of a short circuit MTZ-80, MTZ-82
a - how to check the diodes of the rectifier unit; b - how to check the stator windings and reverse polarity diodes; c - how to check straight polarity diodes; d - how to check the diodes of the additional rectifier; e - how to check the excitation windings on the generator housing;
1 - generator housing; 2 - terminal "+"; 3 - terminal "W"; 4 - conclusions of the phases of the rectifier unit; 5 - battery; 6 - terminal "D"; 7 - output terminal of the end of the excitation winding; 8 - output terminal of the beginning of the excitation winding; 9 - control lamp
In the event of a short circuit of the diodes, winding or breakdown to the housing, the control lamp lights up. It should be. In case of violation of the insulation of the windings and malfunctions of the diodes, the generator must be changed. Alignment of the generator is carried out on the control and test benches KI-968 or 532M.
First of all, the voltage of the generator without load is checked. It must be at least 12.5 V at a rotor speed of not more than 1400 rpm. Next, the generator voltage is checked under load, at a load current of 36 A and a rotor speed of 3000 rpm. It must also be at least 12.5 V.
To check the integrated device, the load current is reduced to 5 A, and the rotor speed is tried to be kept within 3000 rpm. In the "summer mode" (seasonal adjustment switch in the "L" position), the voltage on the generator should be 13.2-14.1 V. V " winter mode"(Seasonal adjustment switch in the "Z" position) the voltage is slightly higher, in the range of 14.3-15.2 V. If these parameters do not match, the integrated device must be changed.
