What is a separate circumstance expressed by adverbial turnover. Offers with special circumstances. Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition despite
17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and particular conditions of isolation.
Isolation is a semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.
Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
Special circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.
Separate definitions are divided into:
Agreed
inconsistent
The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.
(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:
participle turnover: The child who slept in my arms woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:
single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;
common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)
3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value
The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union If, a clause assignment with a union Although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).
Thus, various factors are important for isolation:
1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
Standalone Applications
Application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:
1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:
He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.
New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.
Separation of the members of the sentence - their intonational and semantic allocation; in writing, isolated members are separated by punctuation marks.
1. A separate agreed common definition is comma-separated participial or in comma-separated adjective with dependent words. that answer the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH?
Example: Wind, suddenly risen, plucked the last leaves from the trees.
This building, known throughout the city attracts the attention of tourists.
A stand-alone, agreed-upon, non-spread definition is a separable commas single adjective or participle, which answers the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH?
Example: In the evening, tired, I was returning home. We, tired, finally got there
Agreed definitions are separated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of a sentence are separated by commas on both sides) in the following cases:
if they refer to a personal pronoun (before or after a personal pronoun): Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly (Ch.). Short, stocky, he possessed terrible strength in his hands (M.G.). A he is rebellious asks for a storm (L.).
If they come after the noun they define:
We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous age-old bor, equal in size to a good principality.
If they stand before the noun being defined and have an additional adverbial value (causal, conditional, concessive):
Tired to the last degree, climbers could not continue their ascent. Deafened by a heavy roar. Turkin bows his head (TV).
If separated from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are before or after the word being defined):
Kashtanka stretched, yawned, and angry, sullen, walked around the room (Ch.). Satisfied and cheerful walked fast Paul home.
Inconsistent definitions should be distinguished from agreed definitions:
An agreed definition is a definition that is associated with the word being defined by an agreement ( wooden fence, our entrance, second floor, flying ball).
An inconsistent definition is a definition that is associated with the word being defined by means of control or adjunction (city street, checkered skirt, her students, thicker paper, horseback riding, a child of five years old, a promise to love).
Example: Moscow, all in New Year's garlands, looked beautiful.
2. An isolated circumstance is comma-separated singular gerund or participial turnover.
The participles and participles answer the questions WHAT DO YOU DO? WHAT DID YOU DO? and denote an additional action with the main, expressed by the verb-predicate.
Examples: When I received a letter from a friend, I immediately wrote him a reply. (I wrote an answer (what did I do?) Having received a letter from a friend. RECEIVING A LETTER FROM A FRIEND - this is a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover.)
He laughed as he ran towards me. (I ran (what was doing?) Laughing. LAUGHING is a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund.
Single gerunds and participles are separated regardless of their place in the sentence..
Separate circumstances can be expressed not only by adverbial phrases, but also nouns with prepositions DESPITE, DESPITE OF.
Separate circumstances
Words or groups of words isolated as part of a sentence, having the syntactic function of circumstance.
Separation of circumstances is determined by:
1) common conditions;
2) private
3) additional conditions, taking into account which three groups of isolated circumstances are distinguished:
1) isolated gerunds, for which the adverbial function is basic. Relationships of gerunds with a verb predict shades of time, conditions, concessions, reasons, goals. The gerund does not lose the meaning of the process, which is the basis of the additional statement and the condition for isolation: Having returned home, he found everyone in good health. The adverbs are not isolated in case of loss of the meaning of the action: He doesn't like to do everything later sleeves. We headlong rushed to Magas; b) single adverbs with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an action, close to qualitative adverbs, are not isolated: We didn't go in a hurry;
2) common circumstances with values causes, conditions, concessions, time stand apart at an unusual location relative to the word being defined: a) in a position in front of the predicate; b) at the beginning or end of a sentence; c) in the case of a distant location relative to the main member: She made up her mind and finally, after much trouble, achieved the desired result. The core of the additional message is an abstract noun chores. Indicators of adverbial meanings are prepositions: a) causal: from, from, behind, because of, in view of, thanks to; b) conditional: at, when; c) concessions: despite, despite; d) temporary: By, after;
3) clarifying circumstances, singled out on the basis of the fact that one circumstance clarifies another and through it the dominant member explains: He started working on his dissertation in the evening, at ten o'clock. Only the meaning of the refinement, realized by the speaker intentionally, determines the emphasis. Without relations of refinement, a single adverbial group arises.
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Syntax: Dictionary-reference book. - Nazran: Pilgrim LLC. T.V. Foal. 2011 .
See what "isolated circumstances" are in other dictionaries:
isolated circumstances- Words or groups of words isolated in the composition of the sentence, having the syntactic function of the circumstance. Separation of circumstances is determined by: 1) general conditions; 2) private and 3) additional conditions, taking into account which three ... ...
Separate circumstances
Separate circumstances- 1. The adverbial turnover, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb predicate, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looked at him with curiosity and surprise (Bitter); The joy of entering into one... A guide to spelling and style
isolated circumstances- Highlighted intonation and punctuation members of the sentence, acting as a function of various circumstances. Morphologically they are expressed; a) gerunds or participles; b) prepositionally case forms of nouns: c) ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
separate members Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Words or groups of words isolated as part of a sentence in a rhythmic intonational or semantic aspect, having a weakened syntactic connection with other members, expressing an additional message about one of the words or the entire sentence. ... ... Syntax: Dictionary
Sections: Russian language
Lesson Objectives:
- development of skills to distinguish derivative prepositions from synonymous parts of speech;
- correctly punctuate when separating circumstances expressed by gerunds, participles and nouns with prepositions;
- use adverbial phrases correctly in speech.
I. Presentation of the topic of the lesson
The topic of our today's lesson is isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and nouns with prepositions.
II. Repetition of the spelling of prepositions
1. Work with the table.
But first look at the blackboard and say what parts of speech are written on the blackboard?
Can you answer this question out of context? (No)
Board:
Table #1
Of course, you cannot answer this question out of context. Then choose the words so that it is clear that these are prepositions.
Write these words in table number 1.
What are these suggestions called? (Derivatives)
Why? (Because they are derived from independent parts of speech).
Write in your table from which parts of speech these derived prepositions are formed.
What is the peculiarity of writing prepositions in the first column? (at the end is written e , in contrast to synonymous nouns, in which in the form of gen., dat., preposition. cases are written at the end And )
What is the peculiarity of writing prepositions in the second column? (Written together, as well as prepositions despite And regardless of )
How to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech? (Derived prepositions can be replaced by another preposition, an adjective can be inserted between the preposition and a noun or a question can be raised, for example:
Go out to meet guests
go out to a (friendly) meeting with friends
Go out (towards whom?) towards the guests
go out (where?) towards
Go out to meet (long-awaited) guests
Go out to meet (to) guests
Derivative prepositions formed from |
||
|---|---|---|
nouns with prepositions |
gerunds |
|
apart |
||
| Throughout the year (when?) | Due to error = due to | In spite of privileges (= though) in spite of what? |
| During the month (when? | Because of the rain = because of | Despite the downpour (= though) in spite of what? |
| At the end of the article = at the end, in the end | Like a raft (like) | Thanks to labor (= because of) what? |
| Unlike others | About the excursion (= about) | |
| Towards a friend (= to) | ||
II. Analysis of proposals using table No. 2
Carefully study table number 2
Find the circumstances in the sentences and explain the punctuation with them, using the table. Highlight the grammatical foundations of sentences, make sentence schemes
Separation of the circumstances expressed |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
gerunds |
Nouns with prepositions |
||
Isolate themselves |
Not isolated |
Isolate themselves |
Not isolated |
| 1. Participles with dependent words, as well as two or more gerunds, related to the same verb.
From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, swaying and sparkling, regiments are moving. |
3. Participles in dependent words, turned into stable turns of speech, which have become integral expressions (usually they come after the verb to which they refer: sleeveless, rolled up sleeves, headlong, breathless, etc.): We will work rolling up our sleeves (together, hard) But : Father, rolling up his sleeves, thoroughly washed his hands. |
10. Nouns with pretext despite
:
The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Darya Alexandrovna got ready to go. |
14.Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. |
| 2. Single gerunds, if they adverbs do not matter (usually they come before the verb):
Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks. |
4. Single gerunds that have the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as a circumstance of the mode of action (usually come after the verb:
Jacob walked not in a hurry. (slowly) |
11. More often the whole circumstance reasons with suggestions due to, according to, in view of, due to, due to, or with prepositional combinations due to, on occasion, due to lack of, due to, etc. | |
| 5. Participles in dependent words, closely related in meaning to the verb:
The old man sat with his head down. |
12.Circumstances conditions with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, under the condition, etc. | ||
| 6. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of an adverb and a participle:
The boy answered questions frankly and not at all embarrassed. |
13.Circumstances concessions with a pretext contrary to | ||
| 7.If the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate attributive clause: To the right was a door, through which one could get into the corridor leading to the stage. | |||
| 8. Turnover with words based on (meaning based on), looking at ( meaning "according to something"): We will act according to the circumstances. | |||
| 9.If before the adverbial turnover there is an intensifying particle and:
You can leave without waiting for an answer. |
|||
1. One of the monks left the boy in the monastery and, having cured, began to prepare for monasticism.
Comment: a single gerund is isolated, because. has the meaning of an additional action and comes before the verb.
2. He began to bring books and tried to read them unnoticed, and after reading, he hid them somewhere.
Comment: the adverbial construction cannot be torn off from the union, removed from the sentence, or rearranged from another place without destroying the structure of the sentence.
3. One gets the impression that, in describing the genre of the short epic in the article, Gogol largely analyzed the main work of his life.
Comment: the adverbial phrase after the subordinating conjunction is separated from it by a comma.
4. The hero, without hesitation, decides to get a job not building a dam, because of which the island will be flooded.
Comment: a single gerund participle closely merges in meaning with the verb, we can replace it with the adverb “quickly”
5. The soldiers listened to Vasily Terkin with bated breath. [-=]
Comment: the adverbial turnover has turned into a stable phrase.
6. Oblomov, due to his upbringing with mothers and nannies, turned into a weak-willed, incapable of work person.
The group of minor members has a large number of subspecies, is considered the most voluminous. This diversity is explained by the important role assigned to them by the grammatical and stylistic norms of linguistics. An important place is occupied by the circumstance: links parts of the text
In contact with
What does
Where? (Place),
Where? (Direction),
When? (Time),
Where? (Direction),
Why? (Cause),
For what? (Target),
And How? (Way).
main questions
- : thinks (how?) correctly;
- : beautiful (how?) very;
- : strong (how?) too much.
Attention! Examples O
distinguish 8 types
Important!
Sometimes you can put right away several types of questions
- When?
- in what setting?
What part of speech is
such parts of speech:
- : Went (where?) there, came (where?) from there, found (where?) there.
The most difficult to understand is the first option.
The difficulty also lies in the fact that the study of cases and sentence members in some programs occurs almost simultaneously.
Children do not have time to learn case questions, they begin to confuse the addition with the circumstance. How the error occurs:
the purpose of its use:
- to determine the case;
Separation in writing
All adverbial turnover
form several words
Important!
D means it has the form of time.
The group of minor members has a large number of subspecies, is considered the most voluminous. This diversity is explained by the important role assigned to them by the grammatical and stylistic norms of linguistics. An important place in the proposal is occupied by the circumstance: links parts of the text, complements and characterizes all members except the subject.
What does
It has the largest number of meanings compared to other minor groups of words. The circumstance in the sentence answers certain questions that are easy to remember using the poetic form:
Where? (Place),
Where? (Direction),
When? (Time),
Where? (Direction),
Why? (Cause),
For what? (Target),
And How? (Way).
Not all are listed here, but only main questions, but they help to understand what a circumstance is, which parts of speech it reveals and explains:
- verb: thinks (how?) correctly;
- adjective: beautiful (how?) very;
- adverb: strong (how?) too much.
Attention! Examples O Circumstances in Russian are easy to find. Any common combination of words can contain several such constructions.
Classification - division into subgroups - is carried out by value. Total distinguish 8 types, each of them answers a specific question and differs in meaning:
- Where, where, from where? - specify the location or direction.
- When, since when, for how long? - specifies the time parameters.
- Why, why, for what reason? - explains the reason causing the event, indicates the reason.
- Why, for what purpose, for what? What is the purpose of a particular action?
- One group combines three characteristics: image, measure and degree. The meaning of the group is the quality and the way. How, in what way, in what way? - what is required to commit, the manner of action. To what extent, to what extent? In what degree? – scope of action, its degree.
- How, like who (what)? comparison is used.
- Under what condition? - an explanation of the conditions.
- In spite of what, in spite of what? - despite what problems, everything happened - concession
Important! Knowledge of the features of meaning is necessary to know for the correct construction of speech turns.
Sometimes you can put right away several types of questions(place, time, mode of action). This is more often seen in texts about nature. They are classified as a separate type - situational or situations: in the sun (diminutive form - in the sun), in silence (truncated form - in silence), in darkness, in the wind, in fog, in a shroud. List of questions that can be asked:
- When?
- in what setting?
What part of speech is
The role of circumstance can be played such parts of speech:
- The noun is used in speech in the form of an indirect case, a preposition is often required, but you can do without it. Example: He spoke (how?) with humor, walked (where?) through the forest.
- Adverb. Most often used to express the circumstance of a course of action. Answers the same question: how? He sang (how?) loudly, moved (how?) slowly.
- Pronoun: Went (where?) there, came (where?) from there, found (where?) there.
- German adverb: Lying (how? what doing?) thinking, moving (how? what doing?) jumping.
- Indefinite form of the verb: Went (for what purpose?) For a walk.
The most difficult to understand is the first option.
WITH primary school teachers explain to children that the question should be asked from an independent part of speech, and not from a preposition, but mistakes still occur.
The difficulty also lies in the fact that the study of cases and sentence members in some programs occurs almost simultaneously. Children do not have time to learn case questions, they begin to confuse the addition with the circumstance. How the error occurs:
- walked along (what?) road. Indirect date. case - addition (wrong decision).
- walked (where?) along the road. Circumstance with the meaning of place.
Case questions can be put to any noun, but you need to learn how to determine the purpose of its use:
- to determine the case;
- to clarify the role of the word in the sentence structure.
There are other errors as well. For example, it is necessary to indicate in which sentence the circumstance is expressed by an adverb. Difficulty is caused by cases when the adverb is formed from a noun. Example: It became scary and cold at night. The right question will prompt the answer: When? At night. If you ask a question in the instrumental case, then a mistake is possible. What should be followed in this case? semantic meaning.
Separation in writing
High school students learn syntactic constructions that require knowledge of the rules for setting commas. So, participial turns or single participles are necessarily distinguished on both sides by punctuation marks. That is why it is called an isolated circumstance, that is, highlighted by signs. All adverbial turnover is one member - circumstance: Relatives gathered for dinner, having prepared in advance delicious dishes.
An exception that complicates the study is the rule of isolation of phraseological units. They are considered integral expressions, one minor member, but are not separated by commas: Ran headlong. Worked through the sleeves.
Common circumstance form several words, united by one semantic meaning: The girl, getting lost in the taiga, was very frightened.
If it consists of one word, then it is not common: The girl, getting lost, began to call and scream for help. Both cases require highlighting with signs on both sides, since there is a gerund in the construction. In this case, it will be possible to ask questions: how, how? and doing what? having done what?
Important! Due to the presence of circumstances, speech becomes brighter and more expressive, do not be afraid to use different groups and correctly coordinate all parts of the text.
How to correctly describe the circumstance in a sentence? Firstly, you need to put the question correctly, and secondly, analyze the entire proposal by members. You should start with the definition of the category, and then the part of speech.
Examples of tasks and work order
Task 1. Describe the types of circumstances in the sentence: A few months ago we learned about special occasions writing words.
We found out (when?) a few months ago. Denotes a specific period d means it has the form of time.
We determine what part of speech each word is: “several” is an indefinite pronoun, “months” is the gender form. pad. noun, “back” is an adverb.
Task 2. Describe the types of circumstances: Despite being tired, the travelers decided to move on.
“Decided to go” (despite what?) despite being tired - a separate circumstance, expressed by a noun with a preposition (derivative). View - concessions. The role in the text is an additional clarification of the nature of the action.
Circumstance in Russian, examples
Circumstance in Russian
Conclusion
During school course knowledge is gradually expanding, more and more often in essays and speech, students use adverbial constructions, as this helps to make speech bright, expressive and rich. Offers from using figurative expressions demonstrate erudition and understanding of the peculiarities of the Russian language.
