ASSIMILATION

(from lat. assimilatio), assimilation, merging, assimilation. A. - the concept of the concept of intelligence by J. Piaget, which expresses the assimilation of material due to its inclusion in already existing patterns of behavior. It is carried out by analogy with biological assimilation. In the process of adaptation A. is closely connected with accommodation. In the early stages of a child's development, the encounter of a new object with an existing schema leads to a distortion of the properties of the object and to a change in the schema itself, while the thought becomes irreversible. When a balance is established between A. and accommodation, there is a reversibility of thought and a change from an egocentric position to a relative one.

Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is ASSIMILIATION in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
  (Assimilation) is the process of integrating external objects (people, objects, ideas, values) and unconscious contents into consciousness. “A. there is an assimilation of the new content of consciousness...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  - here: acquisition by investors of new valuable papers after a cycle of their complete sale in the course of ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedia of Biology:
  , the same as anabolism ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Ethnological Terms:
  (from Latin assimilatio - imitation, likeness, similarity) ethnic, partial or complete loss of culture in favor of another, usually dominant culture, including ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Popular Medical Encyclopedia:
  - uptake by the body of substances from the environment ...
• ASSIMILATION in Medical terms:
  (lat. assimilatio assimilation, assimilation; synonym anabolism) the process of assimilation by the body of substances entering it from the environment, as a result of which these ...
• ASSIMILATION in big encyclopedic dictionary:
  (from lat. assimilatio) ..1) likening, merging, assimilation ... 2) In ethnography - the merging of one people with another with the loss of one of them ...
• ASSIMILATION in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from lat. assimilatio), likening, merging, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or assimilation - the assimilation of substances by a plant or animal. See the articles Animal Physiology and Plant Physiology. Some phytophysiologists A. carbon plants ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from the Latin assimilatio), 1) likening, merging (for example, assimilation of sounds, assimilation of peoples) assimilation. 2) (Biological) assimilation nutrients living organisms, their...
• ASSIMILATION
  [from the Latin assimilatio likening, identification] 1) the assimilation by the body of substances external to it; assimilation in unity with dissimilation (disintegration ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  and, pl. no, w. 1. biol. The formation in the body of complex substances from simpler ones as a result of anabolism reactions; opposite dissimilation. …
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -i, f. (book). 1. see assimilate, -sya. 2. In linguistics: assimilation, the emergence of similarities with another, neighboring sound, for example. pronunciation...
• ASSIMILATION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ASSIMILATION (from lat. assimilatio), assimilation, merging, assimilation. (Ethnogr.) the merger of one people (or part of it) with another and the loss of their language, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
  or assimilation - the assimilation of substances by a plant or animal. See the articles Animal Physiology and Plant Physiology. Some phytophysiologists A. carbon plants ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from lat. assimilatio - assimilation) - one of the most common types of combinatorial changes in sounds: articulatory assimilation of sounds to each other in a stream ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  (lat. assimilatio - assimilation). Assimilation of one sound to another in articulation and acoustic relations (cf.: dissimilation). Assimilation...
• ASSIMILATION in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (lat. assimilatio likening, comparison) 1) biol. otherwise anabolism is the formation in the body of complex substances from simpler ones (in the end ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [1. biol. otherwise, anabolism is the formation in the body of complex substances from simpler ones (ultimately from elements of the external ...
• ASSIMILATION in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  assimilation, melting, merging, assimilation, assimilation, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
  and. 1) Assimilation of the articulation of sounds within one word or phrase (in linguistics). 2) The fusion of language, culture and national identity ...

A group of different languages, cultures and identities as a result of contact with a larger and more dominant community.

The first studies of assimilation date back to the end of the 19th century (L. Gumplovich). The scope of the concept of assimilation and its relationship with similar concepts has repeatedly changed in the history of assimilation studies. Different aspects of the assimilation process were expressed in terms of: acculturation, linguistic assimilation (transition to another language), structural assimilation (convergence of employment structures), miscegenation (mixed marriages), etc. Unlike acculturation, assimilation was understood as a unidirectional process, referential community in assimilating individuals or groups, as well as the willingness on the part of the dominant group to accept new members. The American sociologist M. Gordon singled out several components of assimilation: an increase in the number of mixed marriages, the replacement of the cultural models of the subordinate group by models of the dominant group, the incorporation of members of the subordinate group into the institutional structures of the dominant group and a corresponding change in its social identity, etc. He came to the conclusion that it is only necessary to speak about the degree of assimilation, since cases of complete assimilation are rare.

There are also natural and forced assimilation. The latter is a consequence of the policy of the dominant group or state aimed at suppressing the cultures and languages ​​of ethnic minorities (the so-called ethnocide and linguicide). In ethno-national theories of the state, natural assimilation was considered "progressive", creating conditions for stability and accelerated development (V. I. Lenin, American President V. Wilson). However, even in the case of natural assimilation, the apparently voluntary abandonment of language and culture is due to real inequalities between groups.

Since the end of the 20th century, instead of the term "assimilation", the terms integration, adaptation, incorporation, cultural syncretism, cultural hybridization, etc. have been more often used to refer to the processes of social rapprochement. The understanding of assimilation as a set of multi-qualitative and multidirectional processes that occur unevenly in different spheres, various aspects of which (social, demographic, political, psychological, ethnic, and so on) are considered as independent objects of study. The concept of “dominant culture” is also being reassessed, with emphasis on the plurality of centers of reference (the so-called segmented forms of assimilation). An important role is also played by the change of political orientations in a number of classical immigration countries (USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) from assimilationist and integrationist attitudes to multiculturalism, which occurred as a result of the activities of anti-assimilationist movements in these countries.

Lit.: Gumplowicz L. Der Rassenkampf. Innsbruck, 1883; Cultural assimilation of immigrants. L., 1950; Berry B. Race relations: the interaction of ethnic and racial groups. Boston, 1951; The cultural integration of immigrants. R., 1959; Gordon M. Assimilation in american life. N.Y., 1964; Kozlov V. I. Dynamics of the number of peoples. M., 1969; Glazer N., Moynihan D. Beyound the melting pot: the Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. 2nd ed. Camb., 1970; Eisenstadt S. N. The absorption of immigrants. Westport, 1975; Modern ethnic processes in the USSR. 2nd ed. M., 1977; Ethnic processes in modern world. M., 1987; Rumbaut R. G. Assimilation and its discontents: between rhetoric and reality // International Migration Review. 1997 Vol. 31. No. 4; Zhou M. Segmented assimilation: Issues, controversies, anil recent research on the new second generation // Ibid.

S. V. Sokolovsky.

"What is assimilation?" It is this question that we will try to consider in this article. This is a multifaceted concept, the meaning of which may vary depending on the field of application. Among the main varieties of assimilation are: biological, linguistic, sociological, ventilation, psychological, linguistic and even ethnic. Here we will get acquainted with the main types.

Phenomenon in linguistics

What is assimilation in linguistics?

Answering this question, we can define it as a phonological term that denotes the similarity of some sounds with others. This process occurs if there is a commonality in the structure of the device of sounds that belong to a common type. The phenomenon of assimilation is divided into:

• complete - the assimilation of a sound that completely coincides with the one to which the assimilation occurs;
• incomplete - a change in a certain number of features that characterize the assimilating sound.

In accordance with the direction of assimilation is divided into:

• progressive, in which the previous sound unit influences the next one;
• regressive, the influence is the subsequent sound on the previous one.

There is contact (assistance of participating sounds) and distant (for example, vowel harmony) assimilation.

Phenomenon in sociology

What is assimilation in sociology? In such sciences as sociology and ethnography, this phenomenon is defined as the loss by the society of its special characteristics, a set of features that have either been forgotten or replaced by borrowed ones. In a general sense, this is the implementation of an ethnocultural shift in the structure of the self-consciousness of a certain social community, which used to be a different cultural group. Most often, such questions affect the problems of language, creationism and cultural heritage.

Assimilation can be voluntary (an example is inter-ethnic and inter-confessional marriage, passion for other cultures, etc.) and forced (it is of a military nature, partial extermination, annexation, changes in legislative activity aimed at suppressing specific cultural phenomena).

Assimilation of peoples

What is assimilation in relation to a people or nationality?

This can be better understood by looking at concrete examples. For example, on the assimilation of the Jewish part of the population. In the course of such a process, the subject ceases to identify himself as a fragment of the cultural-religious, ethnic Jewish community. One of the reasons is the gradual influence of the social environment in which a person lives. Other examples of this phenomenon are Christianization, an event of cultural assimilation and Hellenization.

Assimilation and development of language

In linguistics, assimilation is a process during which the exploitation by any linguistic communities of their own form of language ceases. There is a transition to another, more prestigious language. As a rule, the reason for this is the surrounding of a certain linguistic community by a larger ethnic group.

Another reason for the acquisition of a new language by a particular people may be conquest, colonization, emigration, etc. As a result of the subjugation of the autochthonous populations, after a long period of time has elapsed, the bilingual system formed by the native language and the means of communication of the conquerors is replaced by a "monogamous" one. The language of the conquering people turns into the universal and the only means of communication.

The meaning of the word "assimilation" is closely related to the linguistic form of chauvinism. It serves as an efficient and effective tool to carry out the assimilation of other peoples, both culturally and ethnically. Language can be imposed by pressure political elite, penetrate into speech through trade, communication of administrations, various documents, etc.

Phenomenon in biology

What is assimilation in biology? In this science of living matter, assimilation means the process of biosynthesis of organic compounds, which consumes the energy of the body. It is possible to synthesize macromolecular compounds (proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids) only if there is an energy potential. Synonym - anabolism.

In this process, a simple series of substances (initially complex ones are destructurized to simple ones), non-specific for a certain creature, is transformed into complex ones, characteristic of it. It is important that the substance can be absorbed.

Dissimilation is...

Assimilation - what is it? If we are still talking about biological significance, then it would be useful to note the relationship between assimilation and dissimilation. These are two anabolic processes that balance each other with the amount and purpose of their processes.

Dissimilation is called catabolism (energy exchange) - the process of decomposition and / or decay of simple substances during metabolic processing. Also, the object of this phenomenon undergoes oxidation. Such reactions are accompanied by the release of energy resources that are stored in the body, taking the form of ATP or turning into heat.

Catabolism reactions underlie dissimilation, which in fact is the loss of a complex substance, its specificity for a particular organism. This is due to the breakdown of substances.

Considering catabolic reactions as an example, one can pay attention to the path of ethanol conversion through the stage of acetaldehyde, ethanoic acid, H2O, CO2 and glycolysis processes. The latter is the transformation of glucose (C6H12O6) into lactic or pyruvic acids and further decomposition to water and carbon dioxide due to the implementation of the respiratory cycle.

The regulation of activity and the predominance of certain processes of catabolism is carried out through hormones. An example is the effect of glucocorticoids, which increase the catabolism of protein and amino acid molecules and inhibit glucose catabolism. Insulin has an opposite effect on both glucose breakdown and protein synthesis.

Catabolism is the antipode of anabolism. The latter, in turn, is the synthesis or resynthesis of more complex substances, the formation of which consumes ATP (adenositriphosphoric acid).

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word assimilation

assimilation in the crossword dictionary

Economic glossary of terms

Dictionary of medical terms

assimilation (lat. assimilatio likening, assimilation; syn. anabolism)

the process of assimilation by the body of substances entering it from the environment, as a result of which these substances become integral part biological structures or deposited in the body in the form of reserves.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

assimilation

assimilation, g. (Latin assimilatio) (book). Action on verb. assimilate and assimilate. Assimilation of sounds (likening one sound to another in a word; lingv.). Assimilation of peoples.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

assimilation

In linguistics: assimilation, the emergence of similarities with another, neighboring sound, for example. pronunciation instead of a voiced b in the word grandmother of a deaf sound p [bapka] as a result of likening the deafness to the next k.

adj. assimilative, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

assimilation

Assimilation of the articulation of sounds within one word or phrase (in linguistics).

The fusion of the language, culture and national identity of one people with the language, culture and national identity of another people (in ethnography).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

assimilation

ASSIMILATION (from Latin assimilatio)

assimilation, fusion, assimilation.

In ethnography - the merging of one people with another, with the loss of one of them of their language, culture, national identity. A distinction is made between natural assimilation arising from the contact of ethnically heterogeneous groups of the population, mixed marriages, etc., and forced assimilation, which is characteristic of countries where nationalities are unequal.

In linguistics, the likening of one sound to another, preceding (progressive assimilation: Polish sfora from swora) or following it (regressive assimilation: Russian "wedding" from "svaba").

In the course of assimilation, simple substances.

Assimilation is balanced by the sum of dissimilation processes.

Assimilation

Assimilation(; from assimilare- to liken):

• Assimilation is a set of synthesis processes in a living organism.
• Assimilation is likening the articulation of one sound to the articulation of another.
• Assimilation is a process in which one ethnic group loses its distinguishing features and is replaced by features of another society; mixing of tribes.
• Assimilation - dilution of harmful concentrations of vapors and gases.
• Assimilation is the process of integrating external objects and unconscious contents into consciousness.
• Assimilation of Jews is a socio-cultural process of loss of identification by Jews as part of the Jewish community.
• Language assimilation is the loss by a language community of its mother tongue and switching to another, usually more prestigious language.
• In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, assimilation is the application of existing schemas of knowledge to new objects and situations.

Assimilation (linguistics)

Assimilation in linguistics - mainly a phonological term denoting the assimilation of one sound to another. Assimilation occurs between sounds of the same type. assimilation can be complete And incomplete. In its direction, assimilation can be progressive And regressive. assimilation can be contact And distant(a typical example is vowel harmony).

Assimilation is opposed dissimilation, the process of dissimilarity of two sounds. The source of assimilative processes is usually coarticulation.

Assimilation (sociology)

Assimilation in sociology and ethnography - the loss of one part of society (or an entire ethnic group) of its distinctive features and their replacement with those borrowed from another part. In general, this is an ethno-cultural shift in the self-consciousness of a certain social group, which previously represented a different community in terms of language, religion or culture.

Assimilation can be of a voluntary nature - a passion for another more attractive culture, interethnic and interfaith marriages, etc.; and forced nature - military annexation, partial extermination (genocide), forced resettlement, legislative activity aimed at suppressing certain cultural and linguistic phenomena.

The term "assimilation" can be perceived simultaneously as a process or as a state. First, it denotes the process of incorporating immigrants into the host society. Secondly, assimilation is understood as a state of similarity in behavior patterns, attitudes, values ​​among immigrants and representatives of the host society, nation.

A common term used in Europe.

Examples of the use of the word assimilation in the literature.

It is this factor assimilation rulers with those who were under their rule, due to the lack of a dominant political culture, as well as the unresolved problem of the successor to the great Khan, who founded the empire, eventually led to the death of the empire.

Active assimilation too good for these scammers,” Gates said.

As far as I know active assimilation already took place before the advent of Morak's plan.

The major was an empiricist: he saw that assimilation happens spontaneously, and hastened to take advantage of it.

It should not be forgotten that active assimilation originally served to solve the food problem, and was not, as is often believed, a kind of instrument for the conversion of hostile elements.

It is necessary that later life lead society to less mobility, it is necessary that confusion or assimilation gradually subsided on its own.

And can't be natural and normal assimilation in that environment, which is more than anything in the world, with all its thoughts, legalizations and instructions - this assimilation does not want and will not allow.

This reality not only legitimized Roman rule, but also persuaded those who obeyed Rome to assimilation and incorporation into the imperial structure.

In fact, the Mongol rulers showed themselves quite receptive to the gradual assimilation with the often more culturally advanced peoples they subjugated.

The Mongolian state became too large to be controlled from a single center, but an attempt to solve this problem by dividing the empire into several autonomous parts led to an even faster assimilation and hastened the collapse of the empire.

Such events, in turn, may complicate the process assimilation the international community of the new states of Central Asia, as well as adversely affect the security in the Persian Gulf, in which America plays a dominant role.

Therefore, America needs to create a geopolitical environment that would be conducive to assimilation Russia into an expanding framework of European cooperation and contributed to the achievement of an independence in which Russia's new sovereign neighbors could rely on their own strength.

A politically constituted Europe is also necessary for a progressive assimilation Russia into the system of world cooperation.

But we must not close our eyes to the fact that the first stages of mass assimilation is a severe occurrence.

From reliable sources it is known that some of the members of the Central Committee, who wished to remain anonymous for the time being, support the idea of ​​reviving the post-war policy of active assimilation, which was developed by Major Streiter in order to eliminate the then threat to the Moral Renewal.

), involuntary resettlement, legislative activity aimed at suppressing certain cultural and linguistic phenomena.

The term "assimilation" can be perceived simultaneously as a process or as a state. First, it denotes the process of incorporating immigrants into the host society. Secondly, assimilation is understood as a state of similarity in behavior patterns, attitudes, values ​​among immigrants and representatives of the host society, nation.

A common term used in Europe.

Encyclopedic YouTube

Cultural influence

A locality (state or ethnicity) can quite spontaneously adopt a different culture because of its political significance or perceived superiority. One of the earliest cases is the gradual adoption of the Latin language and culture by the majority of the enslaved peoples.

Cultural assimilation can happen by accident or by force. One culture may spontaneously adapt another culture, or a culture that is older and richer may forcibly merge weaker cultures. The term "assimilation" is very often used in relation to immigrants and various ethnic groups who settled in the new land. new culture and new approaches to the origin of culture are obtained as a result of contact and communication. Cultural change is not just a one-way process. Assimilation suggests that relatively weak cultures should be merged into one single culture. This process occurs through direct contact and adaptation between cultures. The current definition of assimilation is usually used when referring to immigrants, but as far as multiculturalism is concerned, cultural assimilation can take place throughout the world without being limited to specific areas. For example, knowledge of languages ​​gives people the opportunity to study and work internationally, without being limited to one single cultural group. People from different countries contribute to diversity and the formation of a "global culture", which means that culture combines elements different cultures. "Global culture" can be seen as part of the assimilation that causes the formation of cultures from different areas that influence each other.

Assimilation of immigrants

Assimilation of immigrants in the United States of America

The assimilation of immigrants is a complex process in which immigrants are not only fully integrated into a new country, but may also completely lose their identity and cultural heritage. Sociologists rely on four main benchmarks for assessing the assimilation of immigrants: socioeconomic status, geographical distribution, well-acquired second language, mixed marriages. . William A.W. Clarke defines immigrant assimilation as "a way of understanding the social dynamics of American society, and that this process often occurs quite spontaneously and unintentionally in the interaction of large and small groups."

Between 1880 and 1920, the US received approximately 24 million immigrants. This increase in immigration can be attributed to many historical changes. Later, during the Cold War from 1960 to 1980s and the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1990s, more than 1.8 million Jews emigrated from the former Soviet Union. The main countries of immigration were: Israel (about 1.1 million), the United States (over 400,000), Germany (about 130,000), and Canada (about 30,000). The beginning of the 20th century was also marked by an era of mass immigration. Sociologists are once again trying to assess the impact that immigration has on society and the impact that this process has on the immigrants themselves.

It is worth noting that some scientists believe that assimilation and acculturation are synonymous. This is not entirely true. According to the point of view of most sociologists, assimilation is "the process of interpreting and merging" one group or person with others. This fusion may include memories, behaviors, and feelings. By sharing their experiences and stories, they merge into a common cultural life. During assimilation, one people completely loses its language and culture upon contact with another, more dominant one, which does not occur during acculturation.

Theoretical models of immigrant assimilation

According to the first classical model, immigrants and locals become more and more similar to each other in the process of interaction. This theory considers immigrants who, over time, more quickly adapted to the norms, values, behavior and character of another group. This theory also suggests that immigrants and their descendants who have lived in a new environment for a longer time become more like a group than those who have lived for a short amount of time. The second theory, which is a model of racial or ethnic inferiority, argues that the chances of immigrants to assimilate are almost impossible. An example of this model is discrimination and institutional barriers to employment and other opportunities. To circumvent these barriers, some immigrant groups have formed ethnic enclaves. A third, segmented model of assimilation suggests that structural barriers such as poor urban schools, cut off access to jobs and other opportunities, often severe for the most vulnerable members of immigrant groups, can lead to stagnation and decline in mobility, even if the children of other immigrants follow the classical straight-line assimilation in completely different ways.

Main indicators of immigrant assimilation

The researchers determine that the assimilation that exists among immigrants can be measured by four main criteria. These basic aspects, formulated in the USA for the study of European immigration, are still the starting points for understanding the assimilation of immigrants. These aspects are: socioeconomic status, geographic concentration of the population, second language proficiency and intermarriage.

Changing an immigrant's name and acquiring a house as a form of assimilation

While changing the names of immigrants is not one of the 4 measurable criteria for assimilation outlined by sociologists, it nonetheless represents a clear rejection of the old. Thus, immigrants quickly understand the structure of the new society. Simplicity and comfort in communication have become another factor in the rejection of the former names. The names of many immigrants from other countries are difficult to pronounce, so changing the name to a new one will be another step towards speedy assimilation with the local population.

Buying your own home can also be seen as a step towards assimilation. William A.W. Clark explores this step in his book Immigrants and the American Dream Remarking the Middle Class. Clark understands that the process of assimilation is much more than just buying a house. But he argues that "home ownership" is one of the stages of assimilation. By purchasing a house, a person becomes a part of society and the neighborhood in which he lives, as well as part of daily activities.

Modifications for estimating immigrant assimilation

American studies of 19th-century immigrant assimilation concluded that immigrants to the United States struggled to catch up with the native population in terms of knowledge, education, work experience, and income. But 20th-century research suggests that immigrants eventually caught up with them. To date, scientists are investigating the factors that led to erroneous results. First, immigrants who arrived at a young age should be treated differently from those who arrived as adults. Secondly, the specifics of making a profit should be closer to the form of age-related income. Researchers point out that profit opportunities should also be considered already in terms of indicators set in the 20th century, and not in the 19th from the point of view of traditional development paths.

Naturalization of immigrants

Assimilation examples

Ethnographic

• armenization
• Bulgarization
• Latvianization
• Japaneseization

religious

• Buddification (Lamaization)

Phenomena that are result social group assimilation

phenomena, related to the process social group assimilation

Constant and frequent.

Usually, but not necessarily occurring.

Rarely encountered, in comparison with other types of assimilation.

see also

Notes

1. Assimilation- article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
2. Amitai Etzioni. 2003. "In Defense of Diversity within Unity." Responsive Community.
3. Waters, Mary C.; Jiménez, Tomás R. (2005). "Assessing Immigrant Assimilation: New Empirical and Theoretical Challenges".
4. Clark, W. Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class. - New York: Guilford Press, 2003. - ISBN 1-57230-880-X.