Salt depends on. What does the salty of sea water depend on? Why saline oceans
Sea water has an unpleasant bitter-salty taste, which is why it is impossible to drink it. However, it is not the same in all the seas. Many are interested, from which the salinity of water depends, and experts find a lot of explanations.
Water in all seas on the planet has a different composition. Salty, which is measured in ppm depends on the geographical location of water bodies. According to experts, the north the sea is, the higher this indicator. Consequently, the sea and oceans of the southern part of the planet are less salted.
However, in any rule there are exceptions - water in the oceans is much straw than in the seas, and independently of the region. Researchers do not explain to such geographical division. Maybe the answer lies even at the very beginning of the development of life on our planet?
It is known that the salty of water is influenced:
- sodium chlorides;
- magnesium chlorides;
- other salts.
Probably certain areas of the earth's crust are rich in seals such substances, in contrast to neighboring regions. Although such an explanation is rather fragile: if you consider the seafood factor, the level of saltness is sooner or later it should still be aligned.
Causes of elevated saline
Scientists put forward several theories that explain this phenomenon. Some argue that an increased amount of salt is the result of evaporation of water flowing rivers. Others are supporters of the theory, which explains the high salinity to washing the stones and rocks. And some bind such a composition of water with existing volcanoes.
Many may seem a strange hypothesis that claims that the increased amount of salt in the sea appears with water of rivers flowing into it. Nevertheless, any river moisture contains salt in itself. Of course, it is much smaller than, let's say, in any ocean.
Therefore, when the river gets into the sea is despered its composition. But after evaporation of river water, salt in the reservoir remains. Of course, the number of river impurities is small, but if we consider that the process lasts millions of years, there are many of them in seawater. They settled on the bottom, millennia forming huge rocks and blocks there. But the seaside flow is very strong - it can destroy any stones. This process is quite long and permanent. By the way, it is he who is a culprit of the bitter taste of seawater.
For explanations indicating which the saline of sea water depends on what depends on the presence of underwater volcanoes. Periodically, they throw away a large number of different substances, including salts.
Volcanoes were very active during the formation period of the Earth. They were thrown into the atmosphere of acid. It is assumed that, due to frequent acid rains, water in the seas and oceans was first at the beginning. However, when interacting with magnesium, calcium or potassium, salts were obtained. It is in this way that the water acquired the habitual saline.
There are other assumptions that can be attributed to:
- Salt winds.
- The soil, which, passing through themselves, enriches its salts and thrown into the ocean.
- Solding minerals, which, while under the bottom of the oceans, penetrate through hydrothermal sources.
What kind of sea is the very saline
Sea water is perhaps the most common substance on Earth. Many people have a full and healthy rest associated with warm waves and sunshine beaches. As mentioned above, all reservoirs have their own mineral composition. But what of the seas is the most salty?
Scientists came to a consensus that this is the Red Sea. The composition of one liter of its water includes 41 g of salts. Compared to other reservoirs, this is a very high figure. For example, in the Mediterranean Sea, it is 39 g, much less salts in the Black Sea -18 g, and in the Baltic and is less - only 5 g. But in the water of the oceans, it equals 34 grams.
Why the sea is salted: video
The main feature distinguishing water Ocean from the water sushi, is their high salinity. The number of grams of substances dissolved in 1 liter of water is called salinity.
Sea water is a solution of 44 chemical elements, but a primary role in it is played by salts. Cooking salt gives water salty taste, and magnesium is bitter. Salinity is expressed in PROMILL (% O). This is a thousandth share. In the liter of ocean water, an average of 35 grams of various substances is dissolved, which means that the salinity will be 35% about.
The number of salts dissolved in, will be approximately 49.2 10 tons. In order to clearly imagine how large this mass is, the following comparison can be given. If the entire seaside salt in a dry form is distributed over the surface of all sushi, then it turns out to be coated with a layer of 150 m thick.
The salinity of the ocean water is not the same everywhere. The size of salinity is influenced by the following processes:
- evaporation of water. In this case, the process of salt with water does not evaporate;
- ice formation;
- loss lowering salinity;
- . The salinity of the ocean of the ocean in the continents is significantly less than in the center of the ocean, since the water is despicable;
- melting ice.
Processes such as evaporation and gland formation contribute to the rise of salinity, and precipitation falling, river water flow, melting ice lowered it. The main role in changing salinity is played by evaporation and precipitation. Therefore, the salinity of the surface layers of the ocean, as well as the temperature depends on the breadth-related.
The main feature of the water of the oceans and the seas is her salinity. In science, it is customary to measure the salinity by the number of grams of salts contained in a kilogram of sea water. Since a kilogram is equal to a thousand grams, then, measuring the salinity with grams per kilogram, we, in essence, express it in thousandths of promilla. Therefore, they say that the salinity "is expressed in PROMILL." Salon agreed to denote the large Latin letter S, and PROMILL - ° / 00.
The salinity of the surface water of the Black Sea is equal to eighteen ppm. This means that in one kilogram of the Black Sea water contained eighteen grams of various salts.
The average salinity of the water of the World Ocean is equal to thirty-five ppm (s \u003d 35 ° / 00). In surface water of the oceans and seas, quite significant deviations from this average value are observed. It depends on the fact that the amount of water evaporated from any part of the surface of the ocean, and the amount of precipitation dropping out for the same time on the same surface, on different latitudes of non-EINACO. In the Equatorial Strip over the year there is a layer of precipitation with a height of about 2 m, water evaporates less; Therefore, an excess of fresh water is obtained, which lowers the salinity of surface water to about 34 ° / 00.
In the subtropical strip on the latitudes between 30-35 ° dominates clear, dry weather, there is little precipitation, and evaporation is very large. The predominance of evaporation over the fallout of precipitation leads to the fact that the salinity of the surface water of the world ocean in subtropics above average: in the northern hemisphere 38 ° / 00, and in southern - 37 ° / 00.
In moderate latitudes, the amount of precipitation is greater than in subtropics, and evaporation is less; Therefore, when the tropists are removed from the tropists to the north in the northern hemisphere and south of south, salinity is gradually approaching normal. In the sugar zones, where evaporation is sharply lowered, the salinity of surface water is less than the average salinity of the oceans. It does not exceed here 33-34 ° / 00
Thus, on the surface of the world ocean, there is a reduced salinity in the equatorial zone and elevated - north and south of it - in subtropical zones. In the direction of the poles, the salinity gradually decreases, becoming normal in moderate latitudes (S \u003d 35 ° / 00). This pattern is somewhat violated by ocean flows. Cold flows are carried out from the supremor zones to moderate latitudes of water reduced salinity, and the flows running out of the subtropics carry into moderate latitudes of more salted water.
In the coastal parts of the World Ocean, especially near the mouth of large rivers, such as Amazon, Congo, Yenisei, Lena, Ob, the salinity of water on the surface drops sharply.
All differences in the salinity of the ocean water, which we talked about, are observed only on the surface of the world ocean. They can be seen in the water layer with a thickness of several hundred meters. The salinity of the depths of the ocean is almost the same everywhere and is equal to 35 ° / 00.
How did they get into the sea water in her salts? In its path of the river, the salts are solved in the composition of rocks, and then bring salts to the oceans and the sea.
Careful chemical tests have shown that in seawater contains all the chemical elements common on land. Interestingly, the relations between them in different parts of the world's ocean are the same, that is, the chemical composition of the plans of the world ocean is constant.
It turned out that salts dissolved in seawater are located in the following proportion (in%):
Chlorides (hydrochloric acid salts). . . 88.7
Sulfates (sulfuric acid salts). . . 10.8.
Carbonates (carbonic acid salts). . . 0,3.
The remaining salts .......... 0,2
In all oceans, these ratios are saved. This once again shows the unity of the ocean and indicates that the water of the oceans is well mixed.
In river water, in contrast to the marine, most of all chlorides, but carbonates. What happens to them in the ocean? They are used living creatures living in seawater to build their shells and skeletons.
Sea water temperature
From physics, it is known that water compared to air has a very large heat capacity. To heat at 1 ° one cubic centimeter, or one gram, water, you need to spend one calorie heat. The same calorie can heat 1 ° more than three thousand cubic centimeters of air.
Therefore, the temperature of the water surface in the world ocean strongly affects the air temperature over it, and consequently, the climate of those areas where this air penetrates thanks to the dominant winds.
The highest water temperature on the surface of the world ocean away from the shores is observed in the equatorial zone. The average annual temperature reaches 28 °. At the shores in shallow water, water warms up even more. Interestingly, during the year, the temperature of the oceanic water is almost no change in the equatorial zone. The highest temperature is usually above average no more than one degree. So below the average turns out to be the minimum temperature. This is because in the equatorial zone, the arrival of solar heat during the year is very uniform, since the duration of the day is equal to about 12 o'clock, and the sun at noon turns out to be near the zenith.
From the equatorial zone and north and to the south, the average annual surface temperatures of the surface of the water begin to fall in the subtropics reach 20 °. In the subtropical zone, the Sun at night rises almost to Zenith. At this time, the day is much longer than the night. In the winter, the day is shorter and the sun at noon does not rise so high. Therefore, the difference in the arrival of solar heat in summer and winter is significant. The highest and lowest water temperatures may differ from the average annual up to 5 °. For example, the average annual water temperature is 22 °, the highest (maximum) 27 °, and the lowest (minimum) 17 °. Accordingly, the temperature of the air changes.
From the subtropics towards the polar circles, the average annual surface water temperature is quickly reduced and, finally, in winter it comes to a temperature at which ice is formed,
I happened to ride the seas for life. True, all different! Somewhere you can calmly swim and even dive - and even the eyes practically not a pinch. And somewhere even with your head you will not plunge, otherwise the hair from salt will turn into a straw, and the eyes will be red until the next day. But what is the reason for such difference in the salinity of water of different seas?
What depends on the saline of sea water
For some time it seemed to me that it was just self-deception. Indeed, why should there be any differences between the seas!
But long hours on the Internet and books suggested to me: the salinity of water is really its own for each sea. AND it depends on the following things:
The ratio of all these parameters and determines how salty will be the sea.
Which sea is the most salty and why
Most the most salty is the dead sea- where for each liter of water accounts for about 200 grams of salt.
Such a high concentration of salts leads to its consequences. In the sea simply cannot dwell live organisms - Do not withstand salinity waters. That is the sea and got its name.
The reasons for such a cluster of salt is banal. Here only one river flows- Jordan. AND no river stemsfrom the Dead Sea. In addition, near the Dead Sea very hot.
It turns out that the salts simply have nowhere to go from the sea. Water evaporates, salt does not disappear - and the concentrated solid solution is obtained.
But there is another plus due to such salinity in the Dead Sea almost unreal to drown. Water will push you on the surface.
Seventy percent of the surface of our planet is covered with water - most of it falls on the oceans. Water of the World Ocean is heterogeneous in their composition and have a bitter-salt taste. Not every parent can answer the child's question: "Why is the sea of \u200b\u200bsuch a taste?" What determines the amount of salt? There are different points of view on this.
In contact with
From which the salinity of water depends
At different times of the year in different parts of the hydrosphere, salinity is not the same. For its change, several factors affect:
- formation of ice;
- evaporation;
- precipitation;
- currents;
- stock rivers;
- melting ice.
While the water from the surface of the ocean evaporates, salt does not destroy and remains. Its concentration increases. Similar effect - the freezing process. The glaciers contain the greatest stock of fresh water on the planet. The salinity of the World Ocean during their formation increases.
The opposite action is characterized by the melting of glaciers, in which the content of salts is reduced. The source of salt is also rivers flowing into the ocean and atmospheric precipitation. Than the bottom closer, the smaller the salinity. Cold flows reduce salinity, warm - increase.
Location
According to experts, salt concentration in the seas depends on their location. Closer to the northern regions, the concentration increases, to the south - decreases. However, in the oceans, the salt concentrate is always greater than in the seas, and the location does not affect it. This fact is not explained by anything.
Salinity is caused by the presence in it magnesium and sodium. One of the options for explaining various concentrations consider certain areas of sushi enriched with deposits of such components. However, such an explanation is not very believable, if you take into account the sea currents. Thanks to them over time, the salt level should stabilize all over the volume.
World Ocean
The salinity of the ocean depends on the geographical latitude, proximity of rivers, climatic features of objects etc. The average of its meaning according to the measurement is 35 ppm.
Near the Antarctic and the Arctic in the cold areas, the concentration is less, but in winter, during the formation of ice, the amount of salt increases. Therefore, the water in the Northern Arctic Ocean is the least salted, and in Indian - the salt concentration is the largest.
In the Atlantic and Pacific, approximately the same salt concentration, which decreases in the equatorial zone and, on the contrary, rises in tropical and subtropical areas. Some cold and warm flows of each other are balanced. For example, the salt flow of the Labrador and the unsalted Golf Stream.
It is interesting to know: how much does it exist on earth?
Why saline oceans
There are different points of view that reveal the essence of the presence in the ocean of salt. Scientists believe that the cause is the ability of the aquatic masses to destroy the rock, leaching easily soluble elements from it. This process takes place constantly. Salt satishes the sea and gives a bitter taste.
However, on this issue there are diametrically opposite opinions:
Volcanic activity has decreased over time, and the atmosphere cleared of vapors. Acid rains dropped less and approximately 500 years ago, the composition of the ocean water surface stabilized and became such as we know it today. The carbonates that fall with river water into the ocean, for marine organisms are excellent building material.
