Adverbial turnover without commas. Participle and participle turnovers: learning to distinguish. Consolidation of the received information about the adverbial turnover

The participle turnover is an independent part of speech, which includes the participle and dependent words. In a speech construction, this turnover is always distinguished by commas, with the exception of a number of cases. In this article, in the form of a table, all the rules for separating the adverbial turnover with examples are given.

When is the adverbial turnover separated?

Participial turnover- a speech construction, which is a gerund with dependent words. In a sentence participial turnover is always separated by commas and performs the syntactic role of a circumstance. The conditions for separating the adverbial turnover in written speech are given in the table.

rule	Sentence examples
The adverbial turnover is separated by commas, regardless of the position in which it is used in relation to the predicate verb. It can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.	Answering the teacher's question Sasha sat down at the desk. Andrey, catching a big pike decided to return home. The man did not listen to the interlocutor, thinking about plans for the day.
If the adverbial turnover is after the union or allied word, it is separated by commas on both sides (in cases where the turnover can be rearranged to another part of the sentence without losing its meaning).	The woman prepared a salad, but, remembering seasonings added some black pepper. Kate heard that choosing the right chords, in another room they played the guitar.
The adverbial turnover is not separated by commas if it is closely related to the predicate.	They lived not knowing anyone. The man was walking limping on the left leg.
The adverbial turnover is not isolated in cases where the gerund with dependent words is part of the phraseological turnover.	We listened to him hanging ears. They always work slipshod.
Two adverbial turnovers (or adverbial turnover with a gerund), which in the sentence are homogeneous members of the sentence and are used through the union And, are separated by commas as a single construction.	Retelling the news And collecting things, Masha was talking on the phone with a friend. Smiling broadly And hugging tightly Sasha, Anya began to ask how he was doing.
If the gerund is a homogeneous member of a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance and is used through the union And, then it is not separated by a comma.	The traveler walked along the road cheerfully and rejoicing in the first rays of the sun. Loud and sometimes shouting over the interlocutor she tried to get her point across.
The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it has a union word in its composition which.	Vanya chose a computer, having bought which he can play his favorite games. A friend told me a secret knowing which I can win the competition.

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A participle at the beginning of a sentence is always set off with a comma. However, there are a number of cases where the separation of turnover does not occur. The article discusses exceptions to the rule, provides illustrative examples.

Commas in adverbial turnover at the beginning of a sentence

The adverbial turnover at the beginning of a sentence before the word being defined (the verb on which the gerund participle depends) is always isolated - separated by a comma. The same rule applies when it is used in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

Examples of the use of adverbial phrases at the beginning of a sentence:
Taking off my shoes he entered the room. Winning the Olympics, she received the gold medal. whistling a song Sasha descended the stairs.

When is the adverbial turnover at the beginning of a sentence not isolated?

Comma after adverbial phrase at the beginning of a sentence not put under certain conditions:

• If the adverbial turnover is a homogeneous member of the sentence and is used through the conjunction And with another gerund (participle turnover).

  Examples: Having melted the stove And hanging wet clothes The guys decided to have a snack. Flipping through every book And carefully reading the pages Katya was preparing for the exam.

• If the adverbial turnover is part of a phraseological expression.

  Examples: They worked tirelessly and got great results. boys listened to old man holding breath.

An additional action performed by a pronoun or noun in Russian is called a participle turnover. The article contains the rules for writing it in a sentence, exceptions to the rules, as well as various options use of adverbial turnover.

What is a participle in Russian?

Participial turnover- This is a speech construction consisting of a gerund and words dependent on it. The adverbial construction indicates an additional action that is performed by a noun or pronoun (represented by the subject in the sentence), and usually refers to a verb (predicate). Answers the questions - What do you do? Having done what?

Suggestion example: Without opening your eyes I enjoyed the morning birdsong.

The green line underlines the adverbial turnover, and the red line - the verb-predicate to which it refers.

The participle as a part of speech, as well as the rules for using participles, are studied in the 7th grade.

What is an adverbial phrase in a sentence?

As a rule, in a sentence, the adverbial turnover performs the syntactic role of a circumstance and is separated by commas.

Examples:
Smoke, enveloping houses, went up (rose up - how? - enveloping houses).
I take notes while reading a book (I make notes - when? - while reading a book).
I thought problem solving (thinking - when? - solving the problem).

Simple sentences with adverbial phrases are usually called sentences with a complicated isolated circumstance.

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Spelling of adverbial turnover

In sentences, the adverbial turnover is distinguished by commas on both sides (separated) regardless of the position it is in relative to the verb-predicate. In addition, adverbial phrases in a sentence are always separated from conjunctions by commas.

Examples:
I took the book going to closet.
drinking water I quenched my thirst.
We have worked hard and done with business decided to take a break.

Exception. If the adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit, then in the sentence it is not separated by commas. Examples: I ran headlong. They work slipshod.

Note! The adverbial turnover is used only in cases where it denotes an additional action of the same person (object, phenomenon) as the main verb. In other cases, the adverbial turnover is not used. An example of a violation when using a participial turnover: Choosing fruits, I liked red apples(subject - apples, predicate - liked, participial turnover choosing fruits semantically refers to the secondary member of the sentence to me).

As many people know, the adverbial turnover has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated, highlighted by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the adverbial turnover does not need to be separated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participle turnover(most often this is a turnover with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) does not denote an additional action, but, on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly stretched out, sad and thoughtful.(the main thing is that he did not just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched out).

She usually read with her head tilted and the tip of her tongue stuck out.(meaning how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the meaning is in exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call rescuers for help.

The printers worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: sleeveless, barely catching his breath, screaming without taking a breath, rush with his tongue out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with his sleeves rolled up, rush about without remembering himself, listen with his ears hanging out others.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

In all honesty, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already go on the road.

3. When there is an amplifying particle I before the adverbial turnover.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the result of the exam.

4. If the adverbial turnover is broken by the word, which is part of the subordinate clause or in the composition simple sentence. This usually applies to relative attributive clauses with an allied word which. Similar cases can also be found in some poetic texts.

To the left was a door, leaving through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Yesterday, a new film by Jim Jarmusch came out on the screen, after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Perched on the spruce tree, Crow was about to have breakfast, but she thought about it ... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A. K. Tolstoy).

5. The participle may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not reaching Vosstaniya Square.

Universities accept applicants under the new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task from tomorrow.(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turnover with the word beginning is not related to the concept of time or serves to clarify, explain, then it separates.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

Captain from Crimean War, participated in all military operations, except for the Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Turnovers based And according to in most cases they are not included in the adverbial construction and are not isolated.

The task is based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The adverbial turnover acts together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and did not look back.

The lieutenant answered inoenomu and not embarrassed.

However, in this case, isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

In the dark sky, wearily and not sparkling, little yellow droplets of stars appeared. (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something is not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

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Separation (separation by commas) of circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.

A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds

1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds (you can ask morphological questions to the gerund doing what? having done what?) and participles (that is, participles with dependent words), as a rule, stand apart regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the verb-predicate:

Example: Spread your arms wide, sleeping grimy bulldozer(Peskov). Xenia had dinner spreading a scarf on a rod (Peskov).

If a circumstance expressed by a participle and a participle is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:

And then to the break leaving your bulldozer Nikolay ran up(Peskov). The bird, startled, picked up its wings(Permitov).

Separate circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participles, are close in meaning to a secondary predicate (but they are never independent predicates!). Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.

Wed: And then to the break leaving your bulldozer Nicholas ran up. - Nikolai left his bulldozer and ran up to the cliff. The bird, startled, picked up its wings. - The bird shuddered and picked up its wings.

Note!

1) Restrictive particles are only, only included inside a separate structure and stand out along with it.

The match struck only for a second illuminating the face of a man.

2) The participle and participle turnover after the coordinating or subordinating union / allied word are separated from it by a comma (such a turnover can be torn off from the union, rearranged to another place in the sentence or removed from the sentence).

Wed: He threw down his pen and leaning back in the chair, began to look at the clearing flooded with moonlight(Permitov). - He dropped his pen and stared at the moonlit clearing; Life is arranged in such a way that without knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love.(M. Gorky). - Life is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to sincerely love, unable to hate.

3) A union, an allied word is not separated by a comma with a gerund and participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction cannot be torn off from the union, allied word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the coordinating union a.

Wed: He tried to read books unnoticed, and after reading, he hid somewhere(impossible: He tried to read books unnoticed, but hid them somewhere); But: He did not name the author of the note, but, after reading it, put it in his pocket. - He did not name the author of the note, but put it in his pocket.

Two homogeneous gerunds or participles connected by single coordinating or disjunctive unions and, or, or , are not separated by a comma.

The telephone operator sat with his knees clasped and lean on them(Baklanov).

If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members, in compound sentence etc.

Wed: 1. I took the note and after reading it put it in my pocket. Single union and connects predicates ( took and put) and a comma is placed after the union;

2. He stopped, thinking about something, And , turning sharply, called the sentry. A single union and connects two predicates ( stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial phrases refer to different predicates ( has stopped , thinking about something; called, turning sharply ). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.

2. Not isolated circumstances expressed by participles and participles in the following cases:

adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:

He worked carelessly; He ran headlong.

Note. Most often, the following phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, run headlong, work slipshod, work roll up your sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, rush with your tongue out, listen with bated breath, shout without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rush about without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes, listen with ears wide open. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word ( to be honest, frankly, frankly, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we have to do everything ourselves.

before the participle there is an intensifying particle and (not a union!):

Can live and not boasting of the mind;

Note!

The participle in modern Russian is never a predicate, therefore verb and gerund cannot be homogeneous members!

the gerund participle is part of the subordinate clause and has the allied word which as a dependent. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the participle and the allied word:

We face the most difficult tasks without deciding which we will not be able to get out of the crisis;

adverbial turnover includes the subject.

In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and participle are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:

On the fir tree the crow perched, had breakfast quite assembled...(Krylov); compare: Crow, perched on a spruce going to have breakfast;

the gerund acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it by the union and:

He walked quickly and did not look around.

3. Do not isolate participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation parsing. They require special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.

Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have passed into the category of adverbs or have acquired an adverbial meaning in this context are not separated:

She looked at me without blinking(it is forbidden: stared and didn't blink); We drove slowly(it is forbidden: we were driving and not in a hurry); The train was running do not stop (it is forbidden: walked and didn't stop); He answered sitting(it is forbidden: he answered and sat); He walked with his back(it is forbidden: he walked and bent).

Such single gerunds, less often gerunds, are usually circumstances of the mode of action (they answer questions How? how?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause and most often stand immediately after the predicate:

looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, spoke yawning, chatted incessantly, sat ruffled, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked limping, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money without counting and etc.

Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.

Wed: He talked about it smiling. - He talked about it with a smile; The train was running do not stop. - The train went without stopping.

In all such uses, the participle does not indicate an independent action, but the mode of action expressed by the predicate.

For example, in a sentence: He walked bent over- single action walked), and the former gerund ( hunched over) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.

If, in this context, the verbal meaning is preserved, then the single gerund participle or the gerund participle are isolated. Usually in this case, with the verb-predicate, there are other circumstances; the gerund takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and intonation stands out.

Wed: He walked without looking back. He walked hurriedly without looking back.

The degree of prevalence of the participial turnover can contribute to the strengthening of the verbality in gerunds.

Wed: She sat waiting. She sat, waiting for an answer.

Not isolated former gerunds that lost their connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: starting from (in the meaning of "from such and such time"), based on (in the meaning of "based on"), depending on (in the meaning of "in accordance") :

Everything has changed since last Monday; The estimate is based on your calculations; Act according to circumstances.

However, in other contexts, turnovers may stand apart:

turnover with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:

The word beginning in such contexts cannot be dropped without damaging the meaning of the sentence;

the turnover with words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it corresponds to the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:

We made a budget based on your calculations (we proceeded from your calculations);

turnover with words looking at is isolated if clarification or attachment matters:

I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert "namely"); Leave can be used for work various types sports, depending on the season (attachment).

B) Circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Always separate concession circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of. Such turns can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the union though.

Wed: Despite the rainy summer, the harvest was excellent(Pochivalin). - Although the summer was rainy, the harvest was excellent; Despite heavy shelling, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post. - Although the shelling was strong, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post.

2. Can separate circumstances:

reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations owing to, owing to, in view of, due to lack, due to absence, in accordance with, due to, due to etc. (can be replaced subordinate clause with union since ).

Wed: Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion advised to return. - Since Savelich agreed with the opinion of the coachman, he advised to return; children due to infancy, have not identified any positions(Turgenev). - Since the children were small, they were not assigned any positions;

concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union though).

Wed: his life, despite the severity of his situation, went easier, slimmer than the life of Anatole(Herzen). - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier, more harmonious than the life of Anatole; Against his instructions, ships put out to sea in the early morning(Fedoseev). - Although he gave instructions, the ships were put out to sea in the early morning.

conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, in case etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union if).

Wed: workers, in case of refusal decided to go on strike. - If the workers are refused, they decide to go on strike;

goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union to).

Wed: Money, to avoid delay, translate by telegraph. - To avoid delay, transfer money by telegraph;

comparisons with union like .

Wed: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like elder brother Paul (Turgenev).

However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.

More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:

Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion advised to return.

In addition, isolated constructions are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:

Thanks to great weather and especially holiday , the street of the village of Maryinsky revived again(Grigorovich).

As a rule, the indicated turns at the end of the sentence are not isolated.

Wed: workers, at the direction of the master, went to the neighboring shop. - The workers went to the neighboring shop at the direction of the master.

In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several adverbial meanings (temporal and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.).

For example: Peter, after a resounding rejection, went to his room(L. Tolstoy).

In this case, the circumstance combines the values ​​of time and cause ( when did you leave? And why did he leave?). Pay attention to the fact that the turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.

Note!

Separate circumstances expressed by nouns are always distinguished intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that are at the beginning of the sentence are always highlighted intonation.

Wed: In St. Petersburg / I was last year; Last year / I was in Petersburg.

However, a comma after such a circumstance is not put!

C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs

Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them, if they have the meaning of a passing remark, etc.:

A moment later, in the yard, no one knows where, a man ran out in a nanke caftan, with a head as white as snow(Turgenev).