Participle agrees with. A selection of rules: communion. Passive past participles in the predicative position
The participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form, denotes a sign by action. It should be noted that, being a verbal form, pr-e has some morphological features of the verb: aspect and tense for each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.
In contact with
Features of the part of speech
The sacrament answers the question:
- Which?
- Doing what?
- What did you do?
- What has done?
Here are some examples: melting snow (doing what?), melting snow (doing what), melting snow (doing what?), sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question "what?" can be set to all of the above, incl.
Since this part of speech answers the question "what?" And signifies action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.
This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:
- ushch (yusch) - ashch (box)
- vsh (sh)
- em-im (om)
- enn (yonn)
These suffixes distinguish it from other parts of speech.
In a sentence, it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.
For example:
- A melting snowflake lies on my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is the agreed definition and is underlined with a wavy line.
- snowflake melting. In this sentence, "melting" is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (modality of the present tense).
About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the short adjective form with the short participle form.
In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: real and passive.
Real Communion
The real participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.
For example: A running person (a person performs an action on his own), melting snow (snow performs an action on his own).
- Present tense suffixes: ush-yusch, ash-box.
- Past tense suffixes: vsh (sh).
These suffixes will help determine the time and type of the sacrament. All real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.
It should be noted that suffixes usch (yusch) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yash - from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: "sower" is formed from the verb "sow" of the first present tense conjugation using the suffix "yusch".
Passive Communion
The passive form denotes a sign according to the action of an object that does not perform this action itself (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).
For example: a reed swayed by the wind (a reed that is swayed by the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).
- Present tense suffixes of the passive pr-tion: am-em-im
- Passive past tense suffixes: n, t.
Passive present participle formed in the same way as the real, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle with the help of suffixes nn, t the stem of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.
Exception! When forming a passive participle from the verb to "it", the stem of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.
The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and led are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.
The passive form of the past tense is formed from full perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in Russian.
It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: seek, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the exclusive form "given".
It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the basis of the future tense.
- Example: Bring - reduced, spin - spun
A return postfix can be added to the passive lines of the present and past tense "sya"
- Example: Sold (books, buns), conceited (children, athletes).
Participial
Before finding out the role of these parts of speech in turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, participial is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences participial turnover can be:
- Before the word being defined;
- after the defined word.
It should be noted that participial turnover is always a single member of the sentence, namely the agreed common definition.
For example:
Painting, , hanging in the hall of our museum. IN this proposal participial " painted by famous artist» is in front of the defined word "picture" and is an agreed common definition.
We hope that our article has helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what full passive participle is.
The part of speech that combines the properties of an adjective and a verb is called a participle. This article describes characteristics participles, its morphological features, types, main differences from the adjective. Examples are also given for better assimilation of the material.
Participle- a special form of a verb that combines the grammatical properties of a verb and an adjective. Indicates a sign of an object by action and answers questions - Which? Which? Which? Which? Doing what? What did you do? What has done?
Examples of participles: lying, washed, paid off, collected, written, hugging, wishing.
The concept of participle as a grammatical unit
The grammatical description of the participle includes morphological features of verbs and adjectives.
Permanent grammatical signs of participles (signs of the verb):
- Type(real or passive);
- View(perfect or imperfect);
- Time(present or past).
Non-permanent signs of participles (signs of adjectives):
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- Form(full or short);
- Number(singular or plural);
- Genus(male, female, middle);
- case.
The initial form of participles is the full form of the singular, nominative case, masculine (seeking, replaceable, sorted out).
What are the sacraments?
Distinguish between active and passive participles. Each of the types has two subtypes - groups of words of the present and past tense.
| Types | Valid participles (denoting a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs) | Passive participles (denoting the sign of the object by the action that is carried out on the object) | ||
| Present tense | -usch-/-yusch-;
-ash-/-box- |
living, playing, trembling | -om-/-em-; | discussed, directed, persecuted |
| past tense | -vsh-/-sh- | knowing, dancing, frozen | -nn-/-enn-/-t- | carried away, described, brought down |
Participle as a member of a sentence
Participle in full form is usually used as a definition in sentences and agrees with nouns or pronouns. Participles in short form are the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Examples: Snow-covered fields were visible from the window (fields (what?) covered - definition). The fields were covered with snow (the fields (what did they do?) were covered - part of the compound predicate).
Adjectives and participles
Adjectives are often confused with the corresponding participles. To determine which word is used in a sentence, it is enough to replace it with a synonymous word or phrase:
- The participle can be replaced by a verb denoting the same action as the participle (seeds scattered by the wind - seeds scattered by the wind);
- An adjective can be replaced by another adjective (a distracted person is a forgetful, inattentive person).
Briefly, the differences between adjectives and participles are studied in grade 7.
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μετοχή ) is an independent part of speech, or (depending on the point of view) a special form of the verb, which has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. Indicates a sign of an object by action and answers questions what?, what?, what does he do?, what did he do?, what did he do? The verb signs of the participle are the category of aspect, pledge, as well as a special predicative form of time. The adjectival (associated with the adjective) signs of the participle are the categories of gender, number and case, the possibility of forming short forms in passive participles, the syntactic function of an agreed definition. In addition, participles tend to turn into adjectives: brilliant fire - brilliant performance.The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages (for example, in Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund, it forms a special part of speech - English. Participle, German Partizip.
In russian language
The question of the status of participles has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, however, linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfective verbs, and only past participles can be formed from perfective verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. The present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -usch- growing) And -ash- holding). Passive forms of the present tense are formed with the help of suffixes -om- , -eat- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) And -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).
Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed with the suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). With a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem into a consonant ( growing up).
Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles, such verbs include verbs in -st , during the formation of which the original basis is truncated ( shrunken). From verbs with suffix -Well- it is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.
Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs in -at : read, Lost), -enn- (from verbs in -it And -whose : baked), -T- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).
Passive participles, as a rule, have complete ( verified) and short ( verified) forms. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all passive participles of the present tense have a short form. Since the passive participles of the present tense ( slave, readable) refer mainly to book speech, there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) passive participles of the present tense are often not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.
Adjectivation
Adjectivation called the transition of various parts of speech into an adjective, but in more it is the participles that undergo adjectivation. When adjectivized, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to designate a permanent, static, unchanging sign, thus, participles are rethought. Allocate:
- participles that have turned into adjectives with a figurative meaning ( brilliant career);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with new ones, additional values (thinking being);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with a designation of purpose for performing some action ( typewriter);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be exposed to any effect ( inflected nouns);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).
Grammar signs
The participle changes according to the features of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfective and imperfective, past and present; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.
Examples of a valid participle
- Rain, watering earth.
- Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
- Human, having read book.
- Fallen leaves from the tree.
- Birch, declining over wet bushes.
Examples of the passive participle
- Earth, watered rain.
- Plant, cultivated in the garden.
- Book, read everyone.
Perfect
The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form the passive forms of the perfect: book read(present perfect) the house was built(past perfect) the road will be laid(perfect future tense).
Subjunctive participle
The question of the existence in the Russian language of the participle of the subjunctive mood, formed by adding a particle to the real participle of the past tense would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable turnover would do honor- many other authors.
Participial
The participle with dependent words is called participle turnover. In the sentence, participial turnover and participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.
In Russian, the participial turnover is often separated by commas. If the participial turnover is after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial turnover is in front of the word being defined, commas are not put, except when the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.
- Program, hastily written, performed an invalid operation.
- Hastily written The program performed an illegal operation.
Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:
- Woodpecker, gouging tree, growing In the woods, bombarded snow, falling from the branches, very frozen.
- from the Greek. Εὐχαριστία (Eucharist) - thanksgiving) - in which bread and wine are changed into the true Body and true Blood of our Lord, after which the believers consume them for remission and Eternal Life.
In the early Church, communion was also called koinonia, ( communication), i.e. communication of people with God and in God, i.e. stay in His and .
The Savior Himself said: “He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the Last Day” (). With these words, the Lord pointed out the need for all Christians to have the closest union with Him in the Sacrament of Communion.
Who can a priest not allow to receive Communion?
Those whose sins fall under the Church canons, which prohibit communion. The basis for a ban on communion for a certain period may be a serious sin (fornication, murder, theft, witchcraft, denial of Christ, obvious heresy, etc.), or a moral state that is completely incompatible with communion (for example, refusal to reconcile with a repentant offender ).
What is Communion?
Archpriest Evgeny Goryachev
Leading.
What is Communion? Is this a Mystery? Rite? priesthood? Magic or sorcery?
Father Eugene. Good question. speaks to some extent in a language that is very understandable to all people, but - up to a certain point. After this moment, the language of conventions begins, the language is iconic, the language is sacred. The term "Communion", as well as synonyms: the Eucharist, the Holy Gifts, the Body and Blood of Christ, refer precisely to this. Returning to your question, I would say that, of course, in history, people who were not inside the ritual circle, that is, those who perceived it from the inside, being ecclesiastical, the Sacrament of the Eucharist was perceived both as a rite, and as magic, and as witchcraft . The famous novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "Resurrection" directly indicates that this is something barbaric: "They eat their God." This is something connected with paganism, with some kind of infernal antiquity, it cannot be perceived by a modern person. But, of course, he does not relate to this in the way that external people think about it, and from some time Tolstoy became external in relation to the Church, but they perceive it in the way both Holy Scripture and tradition teach about it, and the Lord, the Installer of this Sacrament Jesus Christ. I have already said this word - "sacrament". The Church perceives this as something mysterious, which we cannot fully explain, but simply share the experience of experiencing in this sacred ceremony every Christian who absorbs the Holy Gifts. In short, I would say that the Sacraments differ from other commandments of God in that they do not talk about ethics, but about mysticism. They were given to us precisely in order to make ethics real, not an abstraction, which we look at and say: “Yes, it’s beautiful, yes, it’s right, but I can’t fulfill it.” Everyone probably remembers the fresco of the Sistine Chapel "The Creation of Adam", where the Divine hand reaches out to meet the human hand. So, I would say this: the Sacraments, including Communion, were given by God so that our human weakness would receive support in the Divine fortress. God from eternity stretches out his hand in order to support the weak hand of man. And all the Church Sacraments, starting with Baptism and ending with the Wedding and Unction - they are addressed precisely to this. God supports us, including through the Sacrament of the Eucharist.
Leading.
What does "Body and Blood" mean? What is cannibalism?
Father Eugene. This may be perceived as such, based on the linguistic context, but if we turn to the Biblical story, we see that the One who established this Sacrament, our Lord Jesus Christ, refers the listeners to the most ancient Biblical story: “Your fathers ate manna in the wilderness and died, the bread that I will give you will be for you into eternal life.” “Give us this bread every day,” said the Jews. “I am the bread that came down from heaven,” says the Lord Jesus Christ, “whoever eats the Body and drinks my Blood, he will have life in himself.” These terms sound: Body and Blood, but whenever we eat meat, no matter whose: pork, beef, venison, rabbit - we always taste dead separateness. And at the Last Supper, not the dead, but the living Christ pointed to the bread and said: "This is my body." Not the dead, but the living Christ pointed to the cup of wine and said, "This is my blood." What is the essence of the Mystery? In a way that is inexplicable to man, the whole living Christ was united with this bread and this wine, therefore we partake not of a dead separateness, but of the whole living Christ.
Leading.
Yet why - Communion?
Father Eugene. Indeed, it is very interesting. Participle. We see in this word, as it were, two sides: a prefix and, in fact, the very root “part”, that is, we join something, become parts of something larger. The apostle Paul said, "Don't you know that you are bodymates with Christ?" What does it mean? In the usual order of laws, we eat so that what we eat becomes us. If a person is not very picky about the amount of food eaten, then you can track on the scales how much he recovered after he sat at the table. In the Church Sacrament, the order of regularities is directly opposite. It is not food that becomes us, but we become what we partake of. That's why we say "Communion", we become part of something bigger.
Leading.
Can everyone take communion?
Father Eugene. Of course, yes, but for this it is necessary to meet several conditions. Of course, a person must be baptized, because the pass, forgive me for this image, to participation in the mystical life of the Church, the pass to the rest of the Sacraments, is precisely baptism. The Church cannot allow an unbaptized person to the Sacrament, because this would be violence against him. If he did not show his desire to be a Christian, to offer him a purely Christian pastime, spiritual mysticism, this would be a violation of his freedom. But, even if a person was baptized in childhood, but lost faith or perceives Communion as magical rite, or he has some other motives and considerations in this respect, then the Church recalls that Communion in this case may not only not ennoble and heal a person, but may be harmful to him. By the way, Judas, a participant in the Last Supper, also took communion, and it is said about him that "with this piece Satan entered him." Why? The greatest shrine, which should both ennoble, and transform, and heal, at the same time becomes for Judas a path to a worse life. Because in his heart he already carried the desire to betray the Savior. The priest, leaving with the Eucharistic chalice, always utters the same words: "Come with the fear of God and with faith." With faith that it is indeed the Body and Blood of Christ. And with fear, because one can take communion not for improvement, not for healing, but for judgment and condemnation.
As for reality, here, it seems to me, the Christian tradition was divided into two unequal camps, and Orthodoxy went in the middle between them. Protestants began to say that Communion should be perceived as a kind of symbol, behind which there is no reality, as a convention. Christ speaks of himself in the Gospel as a door, but we do not perceive him as a door. Talking about a vine, that doesn't mean He's a vine branch. So Communion is a convention and nothing more. There is another extreme, which perceives this as a naturalism of hypertrophied form: it is meat and blood. In this case, indeed, it is legitimate to speak of anthropophagy, this is cannibalism in its purest form. As I have already said, Orthodoxy chooses the middle way, which does not dare to say that it is only a symbol. It is a symbol, but behind this symbol is reality. And he does not dare to speak of naturalism, because in this case we partake of dead separateness. I repeat: the living Christ enters into a person in order to transform him, but everything depends on the state of the soul in which the person takes communion. Every person can take communion if he is baptized, but the fruits of this Communion depend on the moral component of each individual person.
Leading.
If a person is baptized and believes in the truth of the Holy Gifts, is it necessary to observe any additional conditions in order to receive communion?
Father Eugene. Quite right, such conditions are necessary. If a person is baptized, and if at the same time he does not doubt that this is the Body and Blood of Christ, the Holy Gifts, nevertheless the Church requires additional preparation from him. It consists in attending worship, reading the Holy Scriptures, and finally, in fasting. Why is this needed? When we sit down at an ordinary table, at best we read a short prayer, and at worst we just cross ourselves and eat food, nothing more. But the fact is that no matter how the Holy Gifts and any other products are related in their substantial form, this is food, in the end. We still say that this is a special food, and since it is special, then our preparation for it is expressed in the fact that we tune our soul in a certain way. After all, the body and soul are very closely connected. We commune in order to get a result in the soul, but before we partake, we act on our body and on our soul so that the Holy Gifts cause the necessary echo. Not in the sense that this is some kind of magic: I subtracted so many prayers or fasted, and then the grace of the influence of the Holy Gifts will be such and such, but if I did less, there will be less. No, but because we prove to God - as, say, we prove our love to the bride, our care to the sick mother - we prove to God that we tremble before this Sacrament. We are afraid to defile the gift that God has given us with our unworthiness. Although, of course, the painful perception of the topic of unworthiness should not lead us to the area where a person, due to pseudo-piety, does not receive communion at all. I think that if you perceive Communion as a medicine, then a person, approaching the cup, keeps in his mind one simple thought: “ I'm not worthy, Lord, make me worthy».
Leading.
How often do you need to take communion?
Father Eugene. If we talk about the church-legal side, then if a person prays, tries to fulfill the commandments, reads the Holy Scriptures, does good deeds, but does not take communion, then we are talking only about a greater or lesser degree of his falling away from church fullness. Because the Lord said: If you do not partake, you will not have My life in you.". If we talk about the technical side of things, then it seems to me that this mood, which I mentioned, the desire to meet with God, to meet in order to fulfill the commandment and receive renewal - it should be multiplied by an internal self-disciplining attitude ...
Patriarch Kirill:
Communion of the Body and Blood of the Lord. There are various prejudices about how often one should receive communion. Some say once a year, some four times a year. All this finds no confirmation either in the teachings of the Savior, or in the teachings of the Church, or in the canonical order of church life.
hegumen Peter (Meshcherinov):
The Gospel proclaims to us the words of Christ: I came that they might have life and have it abundantly (). I am the way and the truth and the life(). The Lord, wishing to join us to Himself, to give us this “abundant life”, chose for this not some kind of mental-intellectual or aesthetic-cultural way, but the simplest, most natural way for a person – through eating.
As food enters us and dissolves in us, penetrates to the last cell of our body, so the Lord wanted to penetrate us to our very last molecule, unite with us, partake of us, so that we would partake of Him to the end.
The human mind refuses and is unable to understand the terrible depth of this action of God; verily, this is the love of Christ, which surpasses all understanding (cf.).
priest Alexander Torik:
It should be noted that in some cases, usually for the lack of faith of a priest or those praying, the Lord allows a miracle to happen - bread and wine to become real human flesh and blood (such cases are even provided for in the priestly “Misal Book” in the instruction for priests called “Teaching News”, in the emergency section).
Usually, after some time, the flesh and blood again take on the form of bread and wine, but there is an exception: in Italy, in the city of Lanciano, for many centuries, the Flesh and Blood, which have miraculous properties, have been stored in which bread and wine were put on Divine Liturgy ().
“Discourse on the Body of the Lord” is a call to ensure that, approaching the Chalice, a Christian should remember the Last Supper, suffering on the Cross, the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as the Lord Himself said: Do this in remembrance of me ().
Besides, " discourse on the Body of the Lord”- this is all with its following, prayers, chants,. It itself includes a story about the Life of our Savior - from Birth to Death, Resurrection and Ascension. The order of liturgical worship prepares the person who has come to the most important thing - to the apogee of all life, namely: to the Eucharist and Communion. After all, reasoning is expressed in a word or in some actions that give rise to mental images, associations. And the liturgy gives us all this, so that a Christian approaches the Chalice consciously, realizing that he is partaking of the Body and Blood of Christ Himself.
archpriest
Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.
As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect kind and imperfect; present time and past; returnable And irrevocable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.
Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender.
The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form.
initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Active and passive participles.
Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action.
Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.
The formation of the sacraments.
When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
- Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
- Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
- Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.
Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament.
I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.
II. Morphological features:
1.
The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2.
Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3.
Irregular signs:
a) complete and short form(for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.
III. syntactic role.
| Parts of speech |
