Compound infinitive in Spanish. Spanish verb forms. Impersonal forms of verbs in Spanish. Verb constructions with infinitive

In Spanish, there is such an interesting phenomenon as verb constructions. In a sentence, they are a compound predicate consisting of a personal verb and an infinitive, participle, or gerund.

Verbal constructions are interesting in that one of its parts (a verb in a personal form) can partially or completely lose its original lexical meaning and begins to perform the function of an auxiliary verb - it contains grammatical information, i.e. indicates the person, number and time of the construction.

The lexical meaning of the whole construction lies in the impersonal verb. Verb constructions are needed in order to indicate a specific time, stage of action or modality.

Verb constructions with an infinitive are used very often in Spanish. There are a huge number of them. To make it easier for you to remember the most common of them, we propose to divide all verb constructions into three groups.

ir + a + infinitivo (to be going to do something) - denotes an action that should happen in the near future. Most often used in the tenses of Presente de Indicativo. In Imperfecto de Indicativo, it conveys the meaning of the future tense in the past.

Voy a comprar una lavadora. - I going to buy washing machine.

acabar de + infinitivo (just finish doing something) - expresses an action that has just ended by the time of speaking.

* (used only in Presente and Imperfecto, in other cases it is similar to the verb terminar).

Acabo de aprender nuevas palabras. - I just finished teaching new words.

2. Species verb constructions with an infinitive:

a) denoting the beginning of the action:

empezar, comenzar - indicates the beginning of an action or state.

Todos los bancos empiezan a trabajar a las nueve. - All banks start working at nine o'clock.

ponerse, echar(se), romper, liarse + a + infinitivo(take on something) - in addition to the beginning of the action, they convey additional shades of meaning. Among themselves, they differ in the degree of suddenness of the onset of action.

Compare:

Se puso a estudiar. - He started to work. (subjective, intentional initiation of action)

Se echo a correr. - He started to run. (unexpected start of action)

Rompio a reir. He burst out laughing. (abrupt or difficult onset)

b) indicating the completion of an action:

terminar, dejar, cesar + de + infinitivo(quit to do something) - neutrally express information about the end of some action.

¿Por qué dejó de cooperar con nuestra empresa? - Why did he stop cooperating with our firm?

venir + a + infinitivo (finally happen) - conveys the result

Después de mucha reflexion wine a hallar la salida de la situación. After much thought, he finally found a way out of the situation.

llegar + a + infinitivo (reach something) - denotes an action that reaches its peak, the result.

Su sueño es llegar a ser cantante. – His dream is to become a singer.

acabar + por + infinitivo (end with that) - indicates an action that, on the contrary, loses its intensity towards completion.

Acabaras por ceder. - You you end up giving up.

A feature of this construction is that when forming a negative form, the particle no is placed not before the personal form of the verb, but before the infinitive.

Después de tantas disputas acabaron por no entenderse. After so many arguments they did not come to an agreement.

c) indicating a repeated action:

volver - expresses renewed, repeated action.

Vuelve a hacer sus preguntas tontas. He's asking his stupid questions again.

3. Modal verb constructions:

a) expressing an obligation:

tener + que + infinitivo (have to do something) - denotes a categorical, forced duty.

Tienes que resolver tú mismo tus propios problemas. You must solve your own problems.

deber + infinitivo (to have to do something) - indicates perceived need, duty.

Debes ayudar a tus padres. You must help your parents.

De (que) + infinitivo (something should be done) - expresses a need, but in a less categorical form.

He de poner orden en mi habitación. - To me gotta sort it out in the room.

hay + que + infinitivo (need to do something) indicates impersonal necessity.

Hay que limpiarse los dientes regularmente. - You need to brush your teeth regularly.

b) expressing the probability of action:

deber de + infinitivo (perhaps to do something)

Debe de venir pronto. - He may come soon.

venir + a + infinitivo - indicates an approximate match, for example:

Viene a tener cuatro mil duros de renta. – Rent will cost approximately 4000 duros (a coin equal to 5 pesetas).

Verb

Verb constructions with infinitive

Acabar de + infinitive- expresses an action that has just ended:

Acabo de volver de Cuba.- I just got back from Cuba.

Empezar (ponerse) a + infinitive- serves to express the beginning of an action:

Empezamos a estudiar el francés. We are starting to learn French.
El chico se puso a llorar. The boy began to cry.

Terminar de + infinitive- serves to express the end of the action:

Terminamos de trabajar a las 5.30.- We finish work at 5.30.

Volver a + infinitive- serves to express the resumption, repetition of an action:

Volvemos a leer el texto. We read (reread) the text again.

Deber + infinitive- expresses an obligation (with a touch of personal responsibility):

Cada hombre debe servir a su patria.- Every person must serve the Motherland.

tener que + infinitive- expresses an obligation (with a touch of categoricalness and compulsion):

Tengo que trabajar mucho.- I have to work hard.

Necesitar + infinitive(or noun) - to need something, to have the need to do something:

Necesito estudiar mucho.- I need to do a lot.
Necesito un manual english.- I need a Russian language textbook.

In Spanish, there are constructions that consist of a verb in a personal form and an infinitive, participle or gerund and play the role of complex predicates in a sentence.

There is, as it were, a kind of division of labor between the components of such constructions: the verb in the personal form to some extent, and sometimes almost completely, loses its lexical meaning and begins to perform the functions of an auxiliary verb, indicating the person, number and tense (i.e. grammatically formalizes the entire structure). The infinitive, participle or gerund, on the contrary, retain their lexical meaning and form the basis of the lexical content of the construction. The whole construction as a whole expresses, except for the indicated grammatical and lexical meanings, a certain additional temporal or modal feature. Formally, these structures can be divided into three types, each of which will be discussed below.
1. Constructions like "verb + preposition (or que) + infinitive"
a) Two constructions of this kind are the most grammatical and convey a purely temporal meaning:

ir+ a +infinitivo expresses an action to be taken in the near future.

This construction is very common in Spanish. Sometimes it is evaluated as an independent verb tense, which is called futuro inmediato. Preferred temporary forms of the component ir, acting as an auxiliary verb, are presente and imperfecto de indicativo. Naturally, when used in the form of the past, the construction conveys the meaning of the future in the past. Here are some examples of how this phrase is used:
Voy a pasar mis vacaciones en el Caucaso. I am going to spend my vacation in the Caucasus.

Me communicaron que Luis ibaA I was informed that Louis would soon

emprender un viaje de diez dias. going on a ten day trip.

Van a ser las doce. (J. MARTÍNEZ Soon twelve o'clock.

¿Como ibamosaesperarte si todo How could we wait for you if

el mundo te daba por muerto? did everyone think you were dead?

No voy a tolerar que te comportes I will not have you lead

de esa manner. (J. MARTÍNEZ himself in a similar way.

Thosevoyapresentar en casa de I will introduce you to the Cepeda house.

Cepeda. (PÍO BAROJA)
It should be emphasized that this construction changes its meaning when the verb ir used in difficult times. In these cases, it usually loses its auxiliary functions and expresses its main meaning. go, move:
Hanido a visitarte. - They went to you.
In modern Spanish, cases of using the construction in question in the first person have become significantly more frequent. plural in meaning imperative mood:
¡ Vamos a ver lo que pasa! Let's see what (there) happens!

¡Armando, vamos a trabajar! Armando, let's work!
In practice, this formula has become much more preferable than using the imperative form of the first person plural.
acabar + de + infinitivo- expresses an action that, in relation to the moment of speech or some

or another activity has just ended.

In some grammars, even this turnover is considered as a special tense, pasado inmediato. This paraphrase is very characteristic of Spanish speech and is used in a wide variety of contexts:
El avion acaba de salir destination and Praga. The plane had just taken off for Prague.

Acabo de prometerle a Leopoldina no fumar. I just promised Leopoldina not to smoke.

Acababamos de comer cuando llego Juan. We were finishing dinner when Juan came.

(A. SÁNCHEZ y otros)

para que acabe usted de conventionse For you to (finally) be convinced

de que mi sino es desdichado that my planida is to be

en el amor. Ie contaré mi unhappy in love, I'll tell you about mine

Ultima aventura. (J. ROMERO) last adventure.

Note. The considered turnover in the negative form is very often used to express a softened denial of something or a feeling of disagreement and dissatisfaction about something:

Esas ideas tuyas no acaban de convencerme. These ideas of yours did not convince me.

(R. FENTE y otros)

noacaboderecibir el dinero que debían I have not yet received the money that

enviarme. (IDEM) should have been sent to me.

In the cases just indicated, the preferred tense forms of the verb acabar are presente and imperfecto de indicativo.
b) A number of constructions indicate the beginning of the action. Their usual structural model is verb + preposition + infinitive. In Spanish grammars, such phrases are called perifrasis (construcciones) incoativas. They are synonymous with free phrases empezar, comenzar, principal+ a +infinitivo(start doing something), in which the named verbs realize their main meanings:
El primero de septiembre empeza We will start on the first of September

remos a assistant a las conferenceias. attend lectures.
Desde temprano comenzaron are- From early morning, various

unirse las diversas comisiones... commissions.

En el memento en que España em- At a time when in Spain

pezaba aindustrialization, se began industrialization,

marchaban al extranjero muchos many qualified

obreros especializados. workers went abroad.

(J. GIRONELLA)
In combination with the named verbs, the beginning of an action or state is reported without any subjective assessments. In the actual introductory paraphrases, not only the beginning of the action is reported, but additional semantic shades are also transmitted. These turnovers include:

echar(se) + a +infinitivo- to do something

romper(take on something)

liarse
In design with ponerse a certain interest of the subject of the action (if it is animate) is expressed in that it begins and is actively carried out. With an inanimate subject of action, the construction indicates a more intense than usual beginning of the action:

La mujer sepone otra vez a lavar The woman is accepted again

la rora. (starts) washing clothes.

Se puso apalear a los campesinos. He started (started) pounding

(J. IZCARAY) With a stick of peasants.

¿Cuando tus alumnos se ponderá n When will your students start?

Aestudiar?
Designs with echar(se) convey a similar meaning, but the degree of sharpness, the suddenness of the onset of the action is higher. However, their main difference from turnovers with ponerse is found in the fact that the combinability of the verb echar(se) more limited. echar(se) usually used with infinitives of verbs of motion (andar, correr, volar, nadar, etc.) and verbs indicating physical actions such as llorar, reí r, temblar and some others:
El perro echo a correr. The dog started to run.

Los patos echaronanadar cuando The ducks swam when the guys came up

los chicos se acercaron al estanque. to the pond.
Turnovers from romper semantically close to constructions with echar(se) , they are characteristic of book speech, and compatibility romper in modern language is practically limited to two infinitives reir And llorar and only occasionally found in combination with cantar, Gritar, andar and a few more verbs. The time range of this paraphrase is also limited, it is usually not used in complex tenses:
La chica rompyó allorar sin saber The girl burst into tears

por que. (R. Fente y otros) (suddenly burst into tears), not knowing why.

Estos hermanos gemelos rompieron These twin brothers started

Aandar a los nueve meses. walk when they were nine months old.
Designs with liarse characteristic of spoken language. They contain a mocking or derogatory assessment of the beginning of the action, because the subject of the action, due to circumstances, is “drawn” into it due to thoughtlessness, negligence, haste, or due to the peculiarities of his character:
Ayer melié atrabajar u no salí en Yesterday I got into work and didn't

todo el dia de la casa. left the house all day.
Let's compare the transmitted shades of initial constructions on the simplest phrases:
Empezo a nadar. (objective beginning of action as such)

Se puso a nadar. (subjective, intentional initiation of action)

Echo a nadar. (abrupt, possibly unexpected onset)

Se lio a nadar. (rash, reluctant, contingent initiation of action)

Rompio a reir. (suddenly abrupt or difficult onset)
c) Constructions expressing the end of an action (perifrasis o construcciones terminativas). They also have free synonymous collocations with verbs terminar, dejar, Caesar + de + infinitivo(stop, quit, finish, stop doing something). These turns are the most common. They convey emotionally neutral information about the cessation of an action or state:
El professor terminadeexplicar el The teacher finished explaining the new topic.

mi marido dejo de fumar. My husband quit smoking.
Properly terminative constructions are phrases like llegar+ a +infinitivo And acabar+ horn +infinitivo.

Design llegar+ a +infinitivo in many cases expresses an action, as if ascending to a certain limit and achieving its result:
Esta idea llegó aconvertirse en This thought gradually turned into

obsession. (R. PAYRÓ) into an obsession.

Estoy seguro de que nunca llegará I'm sure he will never

A hablar bien el ingles. speak good English.
Design acabar+ ror + infinitivo names an action, as it were, of a descending nature, which achieves a result, losing its intensity towards the end; the subject of speech evaluates the action itself as a kind of concession to circumstances:
Despues de tantas disputas acaba- After so many arguments, they finally

ron ror entenderse. came to an agreement.

Usted acabará porser de los noso - You will end up with

tros. (A. CASONA) us (join us).

Acabararor ceder. (M. MOLINER) He will eventually give in (end up

which will yield).
Design acabar+ ror + infinitivo forms a negative form by posing a negative particle no before the infinitive, not before the personal form of the verb: El alumno acabo ror nO hacer nada; Acabará nror no ceder uno a otro. This rule applies only to designs with acabar ror.

d) Constructions expressing the repetition of an action (perífrasis o construcciones iterativas o frecuentativas). They usually include turns volver, tomar+ a +infinitivo(do something again). Design volver+ a +infinitivo very useful:
Manolo volvió a visitarme. Manolo came to me again.

Unicamente alguna vez nos reso- Only once did he ask us

mendo que no Volvoé ramos instead of taking his boat anymore,

coger el "Cachalote". Al do- "Kashalot". For the next

mingo siguiente selovolvimos Sunday we took away again

a robar. (PÍO BAROJA) He has it.

La escena se volvía a repetir. The scene was repeated again.

(J. MARTÍNEZ REVERTE)
Design tornar + a + infinitivo in modern speech it was assessed as bookish and somewhat outdated:
Hecho esto, recogió sus annas u Having done this, he picked up the armor

torno a pasearse. (CERVANTES) and began to walk again.
Constructions expressing obligation (perifrasis o construcciones obligativas). They are formed mainly by verbs Tener And haber for the following models:

Tener + que

+ infinitivo- it is necessary, necessary, something should be done.

haber + de(que)

turnover Tener +que + infinitivo indicates the need or intention to perform an action called the infinitive:
El orden aquí en el campamento tie - Here in the camp, order must

ne que ser mantenido por nosotros supported by us around the clock.

dia y noche. (D. MUÑOZ)

Tendras que esperar a que te au- You must wait until you

toricen para ir al rio a bañarte. allowed to go to the river to swim.

(D. OLEMA)
The same meaning is conveyed by two constructions with haber. turnover haber+de+infinitive theoretically used in any person and tense:
D. Tiburcio había entendido ya que Don Tiburcio has long understood

Clotilde no habia de permanecer that Clotilde is not a century

siempre soltera, que el día must stay in girls

menos pensadole habrí an de and that in the most unexpected

entrar...deseos de casarse. moment may come to her desire.

(R. MEZA) get married
At present, this construction is characteristic of the literary language. True, in combination with an adverb Siempre, usually in exclamatory and interrogative sentences, it is also found in colloquial speech and conveys a modal connotation of a negative attitude either to the act or behavior of the person in question, or to some situation:
¿Pero es que siempre has de estar Do you always love (lit.: must)

dando la lata? (R. FENTE y otros) fool around?

¡Siempre ha de estar ella la que

meta la pata! (IDEM) wrong.
Design haber + que + infinitivo is usually impersonal and in the present tense of the indicative mood it uses a special form of the third person singular and plural hay. In other tenses, the usual forms of the verb are used: hubo, habia, habra and so on.:
Hay que estar alerta. You need to be vigilant.

Hayqueobservar atentamente sus

movimientos. (D. MUÑOZ) for their movements.

Habra que ir directamente a la cueva. Looks like you have to go straight to

(PÍO BAROJA) cave.
f) A construction expressing the possibility, the probability of an action (perírasis o construccion aproximativa). It's about the combination deber + de + infinitive. When translating this construction into Russian, introductory words or expressions are usually added: probably probably should be and so on.:

El director debe de Venir pronto. The director will probably be here soon.

-¿Dónde está el martillo? - Where's the hammer?

- Debe de estar en el cajon. - It must be in the box.
2. Constructions like "verb + participle"
a) Construction estar +participio expresses a state characteristic of someone (something), which is the result of an already completed action:
La comida está preparation. The food is ready.

Los combates no estan acabados. The fights are not over.
Since participio is passive participle past tense, sometimes the construction estar + participio acquires some resemblance to the form of the passive voice ser + participio.

However, both turns are fundamentally different in that the construction with the verb ser is always associated with an action expression, whether it is completed or not, and a construction with a verb estar conveys the state reached as a result of an already completed action.

La mesa está preparation. - The table is set. Before this vamenta, there was an action connected with the preparation of the table, but the construction está preparada expresses only the result of it, only the state reached and does not focus on the fact that there was some kind of action before that.

La mesa es preparation(se prepara). The table is being prepared, cover yourself at the moment; those. the process itself is called.

La mesa ha sido preparation(se ha preparado). - The table was prepared (prepared), was set (covered); those. it says that up to the present moment an action has been performed, which is now completed, and no attention is paid to the state, the result to which the action led.

6) Construction Tener + participio is formed with participles only from transitive verbs and always has a direct object, with which (and not with the subject!) The participle agrees in gender and number. The construction indicates the result of the previous action:
Tenemos preparations las lecciones. We have lessons.

Manana tendras hecha la falda. Tomorrow (your) skirt will be ready.
The expression of effectiveness is the main meaning of the construction, but in the context it can acquire additional semantic shades:
- duration of any state: Me Tienenprohibido que saiga. - I'm not allowed to go out.

Recurrence or persistence of action: Lo tenemosvisto muchas veces por ahí. We've seen him here many times.

As a rule, the turnover in question is not used in complex tenses.

c) Constructions with verbs of motion indicate the duration, duration of a state in time (moreover, verbs sometimes do not completely lose their main meaning):

+ participio

andar
Tu reloj siempre va adelantado. Your clock is always fast.

Manuel iba muy preparation para Manuel was quite prepared

cualquier sorpresa. for any surprise.

Andas muy preocupado por algo. You are very concerned about something.
The described constructions are close in meaning to the combinations estar +participio.
Note. Turnover ir + participio also used in a slightly different sense. The construction indicates the result of an action and is used mainly in the third person plural (not used in compound tenses, in the simple past and in the imperative mood):

El árbitro expulso al defense cuando iban The referee sent off a defender when

marcados cuatro goles. four goals have already been scored.

Hasta el mediodia vanvendidos casi to- By noon, almost all the tickets were

dos los billets. sold.
d) Construction hallarse + participio conveys the state, position of someone or something:
Después de largo camino el niño se After a long journey, the child felt

hallaba cansado. yourself tired.
e) The following constructions indicate that someone or something continues to be in the same state:

permanecer

seguir + participio

continuous
Los alumnos permanecian sentados. The students continued to sit.

Creo que todavia sigueenfadado I think he's still angry

con nosotros; on us.

La ventana continua cerrada. The window remains closed.
f) Construction quedar + participio indicates a state or position that was the result, a consequence of any action, deed or circumstance and which retain their significance at the moment of speech:

Aquellos sucesos quedaronolvida- Those events were (remained) forgotten forever.

dos para simpre.

La mesa quedó colocada donde The table was left where you are

usted queria. wanted.
This does not exhaust the possible constructions of the considered model.
3. Constructions like "verb + gerund"
Unlike revolutions with participles, gerundial constructions express not a state, but an action.

a) Construction estar + gerundio has a high degree of grammaticalization and indicates a long (long) or continuously repeated action that can take place in the present, past or future tense:
Las gotas de agua estaban cayen- Drops of water fell steadily.

do pausadamente.

Estoy escribiendo los ejercicios. I write exercises.

El tal escrito está siendo muy co- This message is widely commented

mentado en toda Spain. throughout Spain.

(M. DE UNAMUNO)

El consejo de la familia estaba sien- The family council was stormy.

do tumultuoso. (E. GALVARRIATO)

¿Cuantas horas seguidas estuvimos How many hours did we sleep?

durmiendo? (A.M. DE LERA)

Los pasajeros estará n legando and the passengers seem to be arriving

sudestino. to the destination.
Note. This construction is not used to express an instantaneous (one-time) action. You can't say: Algún chico está dando ungrito. In this case, you should say: Algún chico hadado (dio) ungrito.
b) Certain resemblance to turnover estar + gerundio have numerous constructions expressing a developing long-term action:
ir

seguir + gerundio

continuous

quedar(se)

permanecer
Los conferenciantes iban discutiendo Conference participants discussed

algunos problemas de los vuelos cosmicos. some problems of space flights.

Las muchachas continuan charlando. The girls continue to chat.

Un hombre extraño se quedó regis- Some strange person

trandom con la vista de arriba abajo. continued to look me up and down.

Ellos, los chicos, hubí anido c reception They, children, grew up at that time and

atsaliendo a la vida. came to life.

(E. GALVARRIATO)
It's important to remember that. after verbs seguir, continuous, permanecer the infinitive is never used. It is replaced by a gerund or participle.

Negation nO with paraphrases like seguir + gerundio not used. To express negation, if it is possible in meaning, it is necessary to transform the model as follows: seguir (continuous, permanecer) + sin + infinitivo: sigo sin trabajar; continho sin entenderlo, etc.

Let us dwell in more detail on the most frequent construction ir + gerundio, which expresses, first of all, a consistently developing action:
El bote iba haciendo agua... Water got into the boat... Recalde

Recalde miraba el agujero... looked at the hole,

que ibahacié ndose más gran- which became everything

de. (PÍO BAROJA) more.

La humedad y sol iban abriendo las Dampness and sun warped the boards

maderas y derritiendo la brea. and melted the resin.

They also have impersonal forms that do not change or conjugate. Their main feature is also that non-finite forms of verbs in Spanish do not have a person category. We are talking here, first of all, about the infinitive (infinitivo), gerund (gerundio), and also about the participle (participio).

Thus, the infinitive is an indefinite verb form in Spanish, which is implemented in practice within its two main types: simple and complex or compound.

Infinitive simple type demonstrates the original, invariable form throughout the entire Spanish verb system. The infinitive form is unable to express neither time, nor number, nor person and is formed according to the following scheme: verb stem + identifying inflection (– ar (cantar - to sing), - er (perder - to lose), - ir (subir - to rise), according to which determine the belonging of the verb to one of the 3 main types of conjugation.As for reflexive or, in other words, pronominal verbs, their simple infinitive form will end with a reflexive pronoun - se (batirse - to fight).

In addition, the simple infinitive in Spanish can be used in the corresponding verb constructions. Thus, within the framework of the construction al + infinitivo, the impersonal infinitive form is used to fix actions considered as simultaneous with the action conveyed by the predicate.

Al llegar hasta el lugar seguro, el llamó Monica. (After reaching a safe place, he called Monica)

In another construction (después de + infinitivo), a simple infinitive will denote an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate. —

Después de comer hasta hartarse, se durmió. (Having eaten his fill, he fell asleep)

And, finally, within the framework of the antes de + infinitivo construction, the action following the action expressed by the predicate is fixed by a simple infinitive. —

Antes de poner manos a la obra, debemos tentarse la ropa. (Before we get down to business, we need to think things through.)

Spanish verb type	Model of formation of a simple infinitive form
	verb stem + - ar
	verb stem + - er
verbs 3-	verb stem + - ir
	verb stem + ident. flexion (– ar, - er, - ir) + pronoun. return type - se
Verb constructions	1. al + infinitivo 2. despues de + infinitivo 3. antes de + infinitivo

In turn, the complex infinitive is formed on the basis of the indefinite form of the verb haber (auxiliary) + the participle of the main verb unit (haber comido; haber cantado, etc.). For pronominal verbs, the pronoun -se is added to the invariable form of the verb of the auxiliary type haber (haberse perdido).

Spanish verb type	Model of formation of a complex infinitive form
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs
verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs	indefinite auxiliary form verb haber + participle of the main verb unit
verbs 3-th type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs	indefinite auxiliary form verb haber + participle of the main verb unit
reflexive or pronominal verbs	indefinite auxiliary form verb haber + pronoun. reflexive type - se + participle of the main verb unit

The action expressed by the complex infinitive will precede the action expressed by the predicate. At the same time, for the purpose of stylistic editing, it is mainly used in subordinate clauses, in which we will talk about the same person as in the main one. —

No me alegro de haber emprendido un negocio. (I'm not glad I took the job)

Non-finite forms of verbs in Spanish are also represented by gerunds. The Spanish gerund, which simultaneously combines the features of both verbs and adverbs and has a certain similarity with the gerund in Russian, exists here within the framework of two main structural forms - simple and complex.

The first (simple), expressing actions performed simultaneously with the actions of the predicate, is formed according to the following scheme: verb stem + affix -ando (for verbs of the first type of conjugation) or -iendo (for verbs of the second and third types of conjugation). - errar (make a mistake) - errando; prever (foresee) - previendo; huir (to run) - huyendo (turns). —

Caminando por el parque, se encontró con Mario. (Walking in the park, he met Mario.)

In pronominal verbs, the formation of a gerund occurs by adding a pronoun in a specific person to the affixes -ando or -iendo (lavarse (to wash) - lavándome; ponerse (to be placed) - poniéndose)

Sale fuera poniendose la gorro. (He goes outside, putting on his hat = Going out, he puts on his hat).

A simple gerund, used together with some verbs of an auxiliary type, can form the corresponding verb structures that have additional values repeatability or duration of actions.:

Estar + gerundio - indicates an action that is directly implemented at the moment of speech.

Ya hace un mes que estoy esperando una carta de usted. (I've been waiting for a letter from you for a month).

Continuar, seguir + gerundio - emphasizes the repetition or duration of the action:

Sigue implicando en las finanzas. (He is still in charge of finance.)

Andar or ir + gerundio - indicates an action that has a character that gradually develops over time:

— ¿Que tal ? (-How are you doing?)

- Voy acomodándome a la aldea (- Gradually I settle down in the countryside).

Spanish verb type	Model of formation of a simple form of gerund
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs	verb stem + affix -ando
	verb stem + affix -iendo
reflexive or pronominal verbs	verb stem + affix -ando or -iendo + return. definite person pronoun
Verb constructions	1.estar + gerundio 2. seguir, continuar + gerundio 3. ir, andar + gerundio

The complex gerundial form, which expresses an action preceding another action expressed by the predicate, is formed by combining the auxiliary verb (haber) in the form of a gerund and the main verb in the form of Participio (comprender (to contain) - habiendo comprendido).

Habiendo explorado el terreno, me puse en camino. (After exploring the area, I hit the road)

The predominant area of ​​​​use of the complex form of the gerund is written speech, in oral speech it is used extremely rarely.

Such a Spanish impersonal verb form as participle, considered by some linguists as a kind of verbal adjective in view of its ability to define a noun and agree with it in number and gender, is formed according to the following model: the stem of the verb + -ado (-a, -os, or -as - for verbs of 1 conjugation - pint (ar - to write) - pintado) or ido (-a, -os, or -as - for verbs of 2 and 3 conjugations - perd (er - to lose) - perdido, recib (ir - receive) - recibido).

Los problemas solucionados (pl, m) difíciles de entender. (Problems solved (by us) are difficult to understand).

However, a number of verbs, including their derivatives, tend to form the so-called special or irregular participles (cubrir (cover) - cubierto (covered); recubrir (overlap) - recubierto (covered), describir (describe) - descrito (described); hacer (to do) - hecho (done); ver (to see) - visto (seen), etc.). Cases like this need to be remembered.

On the basis of the participle in Spanish, a peculiar construction functions

estar + participio denoting someone's state, which is the result of an action already completed at the time of speaking. —

Nikos escribió un libro (Nikos writes a book - action). - Un libro esta escrito. (The book is written - the result).

Spanish verb type	Communion Formation Model
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs	verb stem + -ado (-a, -os, or -as - except in cases of compound tenses)
verbs of the 2nd and 3rd type of conjugations. and adjoining irregular verbs	verb stem + - ido (-a, -os, or -as - except in cases of compound tenses)
exceptions (cubrir (cover), recubrir (overlap), hacer (make), etc.).	in a special way that requires memorization (cubierto, recubierto, hecho, etc.)
Verb constructions	estar + participio

It should also be noted that participles (participio pasado - only in the past tense), combining verbal and adjective features, are used in Spanish, along with the auxiliary verb haber, mainly with the aim of forming complex tense verb structures, without changing, when this, neither by numbers, nor by gender. (huir (to run) - subj. pret. perfecto forms: (haya huido, hayas huido, haya huido, hayamos huido, hayáis huido, hayan huido).

Let us summarize the features of the formation of impersonal verb forms in Spanish in the table.

Spanish verb type	Infinitive
	simple form	complex shape
		haber cantado
verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs
	subir	habersubido
	perderse	haberse perdido

Spanish verb type	Gerund
	simple form	complex shape
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs (cantar - to sing)	cantando	habiendo
verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs (perder - to lose), hacer (to do)	perdiendo	habiendo perdido
verbs of the 3rd type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs (subir - to rise), cubrir - to cover)	subiendo	habiendo subido
reflexive or pronominal verbs (perderse - to get lost, cubrirse - to cover)	perdiendome(te, se, nos, os, se)	habiendo perdido

Spanish verb type	Infinitive
	simple form	complex shape
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs (cantar - to sing)		haber cantado
verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs (perder - to lose), hacer (to do)
verbs of the 3rd type of conjugation. and adjoining irregular verbs (subir - to rise), cubrir - to cover)	subir	habersubido
reflexive or pronominal verbs (perderse - to get lost, cubrirse - to cover)	perderse	haberse perdido

List of actual material

1. Vinogradov V.S. Spanish grammar. - M .: Higher school 2007

2. Domashnev A., Shishkina I.P., Goncharova E.A. Interpretation of a literary text. M.: Education, 1993.

3. Gardner R. Between Speaking and Listening: The Vocalization of Understandings. 4. Applied Linguistics 19/2: 204-224. Oxford University Press. 1998

May J.L. pragmatics. An introduction. Oxford-Cambridge. 1993

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Details Category: Verbs and Tenses

Translation features haber+de+infinitive and hay que+infinitive

design haber+de+infinitive difficult to accurately translate. It can be used to express opportunity ("if my life should go on"), obligation ("if my life should go on") and necessity.
This design is softer than tener+que+infinitive(= obligation) and hay que+infinitive– (= need, “need”).

In Old Spanish construction haber+de+infinitive used quite widely in different verb tenses. Today it has a modal meaning (necessity, obligation).
Initially, it referred to the future. This value has been preserved to this day:

Vayamos, que mis padres ha de haber llegado ya a casa (= ‘es probable que mis padres hayan llegado ya’).

Basic values haber+de+infinitive:

• Often used as an equivalent ir a + infinitivo, especially in Latin America: Te he de decir que... (= ‘te diré que...). Salgo un momento. No he de tardar.
• Probability: Le han de haber invitado los padres de la novia [‘seguramente le han invitado los padres de la novia’]. Ha de ser tarde ('debe de ser tarde'). No han de haber llegado todavia (‘no es probable que’).
• Can be used as an equivalent tener que(Spain, especially Catalunya): He de reconocer que al principio me incomodó la idea de encontrármelo durante la travesía; Hubimos de esperar varios meses hasta conseguir recursos economicos; La imagen de la Virgen hubo de ser retirada.
• Sometimes used to express future action(Mexico, Lat. Am.): ¡No he de morir hasta enmendarlo!; Ni siquiera la guerra habría de aliviar el temor y el respeto que imponía aquel valle a trasmano.
• In terms of ' estar a punto de’ (Galicia, Argentina): Hube de decirlo, ‘estuve a punto de decirlo’; –Juan, ¿por qué has matado al raposo? -porque hubo de comerse las gallinas. Cuando un argentino dice que hubo de viajar a Europa, quiere significar que, habiendo estado a punto de hacerlo, no lo hizo.

Constructions haber+de+infinitive And hay que+infinitive different and used in different contexts. The first is less strict and more specific, while the second expresses generality. Design haber+de+infinitive can be used to express future action.

More examples

Todos hemos de cooperar.

Pronto lo has de saber.

Creo que es algo que habremos de tener presente.

Tú y yo algún día nos habremos de encontrar.

El cementerio es el lugar donde todos nos habremos de encontrar.

Habremos de ser lo que hagamos, con aquello que hicieron de nosotros.

Hube de soportarlo mucho tiempo.

Esto habria de influir en la evolution de la economia.

Hemos de ganar si queremos clarificarnos.

Recuerda que has de morir.

Un juez ha de ser una persona equilibrada y justa.

Un funcionario ha de cumplir las normas.

Hubimos de pelear mucho para conseguir el contrato.

Su caracter indómito había de causarle muchos problemas.

Su caracter indomito habría de causarle muchos problemas.

No he de caller. = No callare. = No voy a callar.

Salgo un momento, pero no he de tarder. = No tardare. = No voy a tardar.

Este dinero no nos ha de bastar. = Este dinero no nos bastara. = Este dinero no nos va a bastar.

No he de ser yo quien lo critique. = No sere yo quien lo critique. = No voy a ser yo quien lo critique.

¿Para qué preocuparse por lo que nunca ha de suceder? =
¿Para qué preocuparse por lo que nunca sucederá? =
¿Para qué preocuparse por lo que nunca va a suceder?

A continuación hemos de oír la Octava Sinfonia de Gustav Mahler. =
A continuación oiremos la Octava Sinfonia de Gustav Mahler. =
A continuación vamos a oír la Octava Sinfonia de Gustav Mahler.

Todos habrian de correr la misma suerte. =
Todos correrian la misma suerte. =
Todos iban a correr la misma suerte.

Los disgustos que me das han de llevarme a la sepultura. =
Los disgustos que me das me llevarán a la sepultura. =
Los disgustos que me das van a llevarme a la sepultura.

Esa mujer había de ser la madre de mis hijos. =
Esa mujer sería la madre de mis hijos. =
Esa mujer iba a ser la madre de mis hijos.

Haber de + infinitivo como tener que + infinitivo:

Hemos de ganar como sea si queremos ser campeones (= ‘tenemos la obligación de...’).

Hubo de soportarlo durante meses (= ‘me vi obligado a...’).

Ha de llover más para que no sequent los árboles (= ‘es necesario que llueva más...’).

Has de decirme cómo se hace puede hoy oírse fácilmente en el castellano hablado por un catalán, pero en español común lo normal es oír Tienes que decirme cómo se hace.

(‘probablemente’, ‘seguramente’).

Todo eso ha de haberselo figurado el solo.

Eso has de haberlo soñado.

Han de haber sido muy felices todo el tiempo en que estuvieron casados.

El examen ha de haber sido bastante dificil.

Ha de haber estado trabajando todo el fin de semana.

Esta durmiendo. Ha de haber tenido turno de noche.

In exclamations: 1) gain; 2) a hint of surprise or clarity
Examples:

-Parece que es muy rico. –¡Qué ha de ser rico! No tiene un centimo. (=–¡Qué va a ser rico!)

–¿Has aprobado? –¡Como no había de aprobar! [‘claro que aprobe’]

–¿Qué hay de comer? –¡Qué ha de haber!: lo de siempre.

¡Qué has de saber tú!

¡Siempre has de estar molestando!

¿Nunca has de estar conforme?

¿Siempre te has de estar quejando de todo?

¿Es que siempre me has de llevar la contraria?

Introductory words:

Si he de decir la verdad,...
Si he de serte sincero,...
Si he de serles sincero,...
Si he de serle sincero,...

replace accordingly:

A decir verdad...
Para serte sincero,...
Para serles sincero,...
Para serle sincero,...

Has de saber que... (= ‘sábete que...’).
Si he de decir la verdad, no lo sé con certeza.
Si he de serte sincero, no tenia intención de venir.

The Haber de + infinitivo construction is used in proverbs, For example:

Agua que no has de beber, déjala correr.