Sentences with nicht and kein. Word order in a German negative sentence. Negation in German with KEIN

Negation with the negative pronoun "kein" takes place exclusively in combination with nouns. " Kein"Used in German speech to negate nouns that are used in affirmative sentences with zero (no article at all) or indefinite articles.

The declension of the considered negative pronoun in the singular completely repeats the declension of the indefinite article, and in the plural - the definite article, for example:

• Barbara hat nur einen Reisenden gesehen. Barbara saw only one traveler.
• Barbara hat keinen Reisenden gesehen. Barbara didn't see any traveller.
• Manfred hat Gästezimmer in seinem Sommerhaus. Manfred has guest rooms in his summer country house.
• Manfred hat keine Gästezimmer in seinem Sommerhaus. Manfred has no guest rooms in his summer country house.

Negative particle "nicht"

Most often, negation in German speech is made through the use of the particle "nicht". With the help of this particle, any member of the German sentence can be negated. If a simple predicate is denied, then the negative particle goes to the very end of the sentence. If a compound predicate is denied, then the indicated particle takes place immediately before the conjugated part of the used predicate, for example:

• Sigmund wiederholt diese Regeln nicht. - Sigmund does not repeat these rules (simple predicate).
• Sigmund wird diese Regeln nicht wiederholen. - Sigmund will not repeat these rules (compound predicate).

If the negation refers to any other member of the sentence, then the negative particle "nicht" is given a place immediately before the affected member of the sentence, for example:

• Heute wiederholt Sigmund diese Regeln zu Hause. – Today Sigmund repeats these rules at home (affirmative sentence).
• Nothing heute wiederholt Sigmund diese Regeln zu Hause. - Not today Sigmund will repeat these rules at home (denial of a temporary circumstance).
• Heute wiederholt nothing Sigmund diese Regeln zu Hause. – Today it is not Sigmund who repeats these rules at home (denial of the subject).
• Heute wiederholt Sigmund nothing diese Regeln zu house. – Today Sigmund repeats not these rules at home (negation of the direct object).
• Heute wiederholt Sigmund diese Regeln nicht zu Hause. - Today Sigmund repeats these rules not at home (negation of the circumstance of the place).

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In negative sentences German most often used negation nein, negative particle nicht, negative pronoun kein. The pronouns niemand, keiner, nichts, adverbs nirgends, niemals, nie, conjunction weder ... noch are also used to express negation.

Negation nothing in German it can refer to any member of a sentence. The place of negation depends on which part of the sentence it refers to. Most often, the negation of nicht comes before the negated word:

Ich arbeite nicht hier. - I don't work here.

Nicht alle Studenten antworten heute gut. — Not all students answer well today.

Ich brauche nicht dieses Buch. “I don't want this book.

When negating a nominal predicate, the negation nicht comes before the nominal part of the predicate, that is, in the penultimate place:

Diese Ubung ist nicht leicht. This exercise is not easy.

When negating the predicate (when, as a rule, the content of the entire sentence is denied), nicht in German stands:

• in last place if the predicate is expressed by the verb in a simple tense form (Präsens or Präteritum):

Ich verstehe diese Regel nicht. I don't understand this rule.

• if there is a noun with a preposition in the sentence, the negation of nicht, referring to the predicate, usually stands before this prepositional group:

Wirgehen heute nicht ins Theater. We are not going to the theater today.

• in the penultimate place, if the predicate is expressed by a verb in a complex tense form or a verb with a separable prefix:

Das haben sie gestern nicht gesehen. They didn't see it yesterday.

Die Vorlesungen und Seminare werden morgen nicht stattfinden. — Lectures and seminars will not take place tomorrow.

If the negation of nicht in German refers to a compound predicate expressed by a modal verb and the infinitive of another verb, then it can also be placed after the modal verb:

Ich kann heute nicht kommen. Ich kann nicht heute kommen. - I can't come today.

negative pronoun kein in German, refers to a noun and comes before it. Such a noun in the corresponding affirmative sentence would be used with or without the indefinite article:

Das ist eine Universität. — Das ist keine Universität.

Wieressen Obst. — Wir essen kein Obst.

Kein replaces the article and agrees with the noun in gender, number, and case. The negative pronoun kein has the meaning "none", "none" and is translated into Russian by the negation of "not" with the predicate:

Dort steht kein Schrank. - There is no closet.

Wirschreiben heute keinen Test. We are not writing a test today.

Only one negation can be used in a German sentence:

Ich sehe dort keine Zeitung. I don't see any newspaper there.

Kein is often used with the adversative union sondern (to express opposition):

Das ist kein Fichtenbaum, sondern eine Tanne. - This is not a pine, but a spruce.

To express negation, in addition to nicht and kein, negative pronouns can be used in German: keiner(no one, none) niemand(nobody), nothing(nothing, nothing) and negative adverbs: niemals, nie(never), nirgends(nowhere).

These parts of speech, acting in the sentence as various members of the sentence (subject, object, circumstance), also serve as negations. If there are negative pronouns and adverbs in the sentence, other negations are not used:

Niemand sint hier. Nobody sings here.

Keiner hat uns davon erzählt. “No one told us about it.

Pronouns and adverbs are also used to express negation in German: keymal(never, never) keyesfalls(no way, no way) keinerlei(no), nimmer(never):

Ich habe keinmal davon gehort. “I have never heard of it.

Wir werden das nimmer vergessen. “We will never forget this.

A negative conjunction is also used as a negation. weder … noch(no no). When using this union in a German sentence, the presence of any other negation is also excluded:

Weder ich noch mein Freund gehen heute auf die Eisbahn. Neither I nor my friend are going to the skating rink today.

Negation nein in German it does not refer to any of the members of the sentence, it is of a general nature. It is an introductory word and is separated by a comma:

Lernt ihr morgen? — Nein, wir lernen morgen nicht. Are you studying tomorrow? No, we don't study tomorrow.

East das ein Museum? — Nein, das ist kein Museum. This is museum? No, this is not a museum.

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ÜBUNGEN ZUM THEMA "DIE VERNEIGUNG"

1. Setzen Sie die Verneinung "nicht" oder "kein" ein.

1. Das Mädchen hat … Groβ mutter. 2. Seine Antwort ist … gut. 3. Er versteht leider … alles. 4. Die Studenten haben heute … Seminare. 5. Wir fahren jetzt … nach Hause. 6. Meine Wohnung liegt … im dritten Stock, sondern im vierten. 7. Im Hörsaal unserer Fakultät gibt es … Stühle. 8. Peter fährt zur Arbeit … mit der U-Bahn. 9. Dieses Buch ist … interessant. 10. Warum sagst du mir… Wort darüber. 11. In unserem Gebaude gibt es … Sprachlabor. 12. Das ist… meine Zeitung. 13. Gibt es hier… Bibliothek? 14. Ich lerne ... Deutsch, sondern English. 15. Ich habe…Personalcomputer. 16. Ich verfüge über … Information. 17. Vor Aufregung bringt Uta … Wort hervor. 18. Die Aussprache des Redners ist nicht besonders gut und wir verstehen … jedes Wort. 19. Anton steht ... um 7 Uhr auf, er ist schon um 6 Uhr morgens wach.

2. Verneinen Sie in den Sätzen die fettgedruckten Wörter.

1. Gunter arbeitetwenig .

2. Erschreibtdie Ubung .

3. Mein Vaterarbeitet heute.

4.MaxistPostgraduate .

5. Heute besuche icheine Vorlesung .

6. Die Kinder fahrennach house .

7. Wir haben morgeneinen freien tag .

8. Die Studenten gehenzum Unterricht .

9. Dieser Junge istaufmerksam .

10. Die junge Familie hatkinder .

11. Das istschon .

12. Ich finde diesen Wagencontemporary .

13. Seine Schwester übersetztBucher .

14. Meine Groβ elternleben in Russia.

15. Kurt Spielt Tennisschlecht .

16.Ichcann Deutschsprechen .

17. RudolfistSportler .

18. Diese Frau hateinen Mann .

19. Der Unterricht beginntum 9 Uhr .

20. In der Pausegehen die Studenten in die Mensa.

21. Auf dem Tisch stehenBlumen .

22. Ich besuche meine Tanteoft .

23. Dieter hatden Wunsch , ins Kino zu gehen.

24. Der Vater ist mit seinem Sohnzufrieden .

25. Annaliet dieses Gedicht.

3. Beantworten Sie die folgenden Fragen verneinend.

1. Bist du sechzehn Jahre alt?

2. Beginnt der Unterricht jeden Tag um 9 Uhr?

3. Gehst du zum Studium zu Fuβ ?

4. Hast du einen Personenkraftwagen?

5. Hast du täglich vier Stunden Unterricht?

6. Gibt es im Institut zwei Lesesäle?

7. Gehst du abends ins Kino?

8. Wohnst du im Studentenheim?

9. Sind die Horsäle im Institut klein?

10. Bist du im zweiten Semester?

11. Studierst du auch am Abend?

12 Lernst du Englisch?

13. Kannst du Auto Fahren?

14. Kannst du gut Schach spielen?

15. Besuchst du deine Eltern selten?

16. Hast du Kinder?

17. Wohnst du indieser Stadt?

18. Erfüllst du die Hausaufgaben schlecht?

19. Ist dein Vater Jurist?

20. Trinkst du Kaffee gern?

21. Stehst du immer fruh auf?

22. Brauchst du ein Wörterbuch?

23. Hast du zu Hause eine Bibliothek?

24. Sammelst du Briefmarken?

25. Treibst du Sport regelmäβ ig?

Negation in the German language has one feature that makes it fundamentally different from the Russian language. Despite the fact that any member of the German sentence and almost any part of speech can be negated, there can be only one negation, double negation is not allowed in this language. For example:

Meine Grossmutter ist nie im Ausland gewesen. – My grandmother has never been abroad (one negative in German, two in Russian).

Gestern hast du keine Zeitungen gelesen. – You didn’t read any newspapers yesterday (one negative in German, two in Russian).

Gestern hast du dein Abendbrot nicht gegessen. You didn't eat your dinner yesterday.

Negation in German can be expressed using various words and constructions with a negative meaning: nein, nicht, kein, niemals, nie, niemand, nichts, weder ... noch, etc.

German negation with the particle NICHT

With the particle nicht, verbs can be negated; nouns with a definite article, possessive and demonstrative pronouns; adjectives, participles, pronouns, etc. The particle nicht can never take the first place in a sentence and comes before the word that it negates. The only exception is verbs.

If a simple verbal predicate without separable prefixes is denied in a sentence, then the particle nicht takes the very last place in the sentence, for example:

Wassermelonen esse ich nothing. - I don't eat watermelon. (Here we deny a simple predicate).

If a predicate with a separable prefix is ​​used in the sentence, then the negation of nicht takes the penultimate place in the sentence before this prefix, for example:

Am bevorstehenden Wettkampf nimmt er nicht teil. He will not take part in the upcoming competitions.

If the sentence uses a compound verbal predicate, constructions with modal verbs, complex tense forms, then the particle nicht again takes the penultimate place before the semantic verb in the invariable form (Infinitiv, Partizip II, etc.), for example:

Ich will dieses furchtbare Kleid nicht anziehen. I don't want to wear this awful dress.

Meine Schwester hat diese Nachricht noch nicht gehört. My sister hasn't heard the news yet.

When negating a noun with the preposition particle nothing takes the position immediately before the preposition, for example:

Er ist nicht nach Tokio abgeflogen. Er ist nach Hongkong geflogen. He didn't fly to Tokyo. He flew to Hong Kong.

When denying the circumstances expressed by adverbs, the particle nothing takes the position immediately before them, for example:

Willst du ihn unbedingt heute besuchen? – Nein, ich will ihn nicht unbedingt heute besuchen. (Nein, nicht unbedingt heute). “Do you want to visit him today?” No, I don't want to visit him today. (No, not exactly today).

If there is a need to negate any word in a sentence or part of a sentence, then the particle nothing is placed immediately before the word or part that is being denied. Often, with such a negation, it is necessary to indicate an existing alternative to the negated word. To indicate alternative either an explanation is given in the following sentence, or the construction is used"nicht ..., sondern" ("not ..., but"), for example:

Dein Pulli liegt nicht auf dem Stuhl. Er liegt unter deinem Bett. Your pullover is not on the chair. It lies under your bed.

Dein Pulli liegt nicht im Schrank, sondern unter dem Sofa. - Your pullover is not in the closet, but under the sofa.

If adjectives or participles are denied, then the particle nothing stands in front of them, for example:

Unser nicht sehr höflicher Begleiter ist plötzlich verschwunden. - Our not very polite escort suddenly disappeared.

Das Klima in eurer Gegend ist nicht schön. The climate in your area is not good.

Warum ziehst du immer die nicht gebügelten Kleider an? Why do you always wear unironed dresses?

Negation in German with KEIN

The negation of kein replaces the indefinite or zero article before the noun and is declined in exactly the same way as the indefinite article. Consider the declension kein using the example of the nouns "lie - die Lüge", "motto - das Motto", "thief - der Dieb", "hedgehogs - die Igel":

Kasus	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Femininum	keine Luge	keiner Luge	keiner Luge	keine Luge
Neutrum	kein motto	keines mottos	Keinem Motto	kein motto
maskulinum	Kein Dieb	Keines Diebes	Keinem Dieb	Keinen Dieb
Plural	Keine Igel	Keiner Igel	keinen Igeln	Keine Igel

For example:

Zuerst habe ich gedacht, dass es eine Blume war. Das war aber keine Blume. At first I thought it was a flower. But it was not a flower.

Wir haben keine Sauna auf der Datscha. - We do not have a sauna in the country.

Trinkst du Rosewein? — Nein, ich trinke keinen Rosewein. Do you drink rose wine? No, I don't drink rose wine.

Negation in German using various negative words

negative word NEIN = no serves to negate the entire sentence as a whole. A single word NEIN can serve as an independent sentence, which is a short negative answer to some question. For example:

Bist du ein Dolmetscher? — Nein. (Ich bin kein Dolmetscher). - You are a translator? - No. (I am not a translator).

Ist er mit einem Schnellzug angekommen? – Nein. (Er ist nicht mit einem Schnellzug angekommen). Did he arrive by express train? - No. (He didn't arrive on the express train).

negative word NIEMAND = nobody serves to negate the face and is the antonym for jemand (someone), for example:

Hat jemand meinen neuen Kugelschreiber gesehen? – Nein, niemand hat deinen neuen Kugelschreiber gesehen. Has anyone seen my new ballpoint pen? No, no one has seen your new ballpoint pen.

negative word NICHTS = nothing used to negate any object, quantity. For example:

Habt ihr wenigstens etwas behalten? – Nein, wir haben nichts behalten. – Do you remember anything? No, we don't remember anything.

The negative word NIRGENDS = NIRGENDWO = nowhere is used to negate location (circumstances of place). For example:

Wo sind sie am letzten Wochenende gewesen? – Sie sind nirgends gewesen. Where were they last weekend? “They were nowhere.

negative word NIE = NIEMALS = never used to negate time. For example:

Wir sind noch nie in Australien gewesen. We have never been to Australia before.

Allied constructions with the meaning of negation in German

"weder ... noch" - "neither ... nor":

Heute habe ich weder Fenster im Kinderzimmer noch die in unserem Schlafzimmer gewaschen. Today I didn’t wash the windows in the children’s room, nor the windows in the bedroom.

"ohne ... zu" - "without doing, without doing something":

Heute habe ich Fleisch überbacken, ohne es eingespickt zu haben. Today I baked meat without stuffing it.

The means intended in German for negating something are not limited to negative words only. There are still all sorts of linguistic possibilities for expressing negation: suffixes and prefixes with the meaning of negation, the use of words, in lexical meaning which the negation was originally laid down, the use of the subjunctive mood with an unrealistic meaning, denying the possibility of any action. For example:

Suffixes with a negative meaning:

Frei: "impeccable, impeccable - einwandfrei"

Los: "unintentional, unintentional - absichtslos" / "intentional, premeditated - absichtlich"

Prefixes with a negative value:

un-: "irregular - unregelmässig" / "regular - regelmässig"

de-: "assembly, installation - die Montage" / "dismantling, dismantling - die Demontage"

miss-: "to suspect, to distrust - misstrauen" / "to trust, to believe - trauen"

Words with negation inherent in semantics:

"to hate - hassen"

“to listen, not to hear - überhören”, etc.

Subjunctive mood with inherent unreality of action, denying the possibility of what is happening:

Wenn ich du wäre, könnte das nicht passieren. If I were in your place, this would not have happened.