External factors influencing the development of tourism. Tourism factors. The main factors affecting tourist demand

The presence of favorable factors leads to the leadership of certain regions and countries in world tourism, and undesirable factors reduce the tourist flow.

The main factors influencing the development of tourism are divided into two groups:

§ staticthat have a constant value over time. This group primarily includes the recreational and resource potential of the territory, expressed in the quantity and quality of natural and cultural-historical resources;

§ dynamic - political, socio-demographic, financial and economic, material and technical. It should be noted that the stereotype of a person's life has changed from static to dynamic, and this phenomenon has a massive character.

Natural and climatic factors - tourists are attracted by rich and varied natural and recreational resources, the indented coastline and the presence of a large number of bays, bays, inland seas, kilometers of sea beaches, a dense river network, mosaic landscapes and a combination of coastal and mountain landscapes in neighboring territories.

Cultural and historical factors are various historical and architectural monuments, a high level of spiritual and material culture, a mosaic of national and confessional composition of the population, a high level of education, long-standing traditions of cultural and other ties both within the region and with other large regions of the world.

The attractiveness of holiday destinations is determined primarily by these factors. It is no coincidence that the southern regions with a warm climate have a positive balance on tourism / travel, while in all northern countries, even in the rich Scandinavian countries, the balance is negative. The value of historical and cultural resources increases with the growth of the level of education and the cognitive needs of people.

Geographic location factor acts in all its varieties: physical and geographical location, on which the set of natural and recreational resources depends; economic and geographical location, especially in relation to the main tourist markets; a transport-geographical position, the convenience of which is extremely attractive for tourists, a geopolitical position, since the proximity to hotbeds of international tension, and even more so military conflicts, is almost the main "deterrent" reason for tourists.

Political the situation in the country determines all other dynamic factors. Crises, political instability, militarization of the economy, toughening of tourist formalities, currency fluctuations, etc. - these are the consequences of state policy.

An important political factor is the policy pursued by the state in the field of interstate and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in the field of tourism and other international economic relations.

Special policy the state in relation to tourism is manifested in the establishment of norms for tourism activities, planning, advertising, control over tourism through administrative bodies.

Tourism policy is closely linked to the country's political regime and defines three levels of state intervention:

§ complete interference - states of a totalitarian type are established, where there are no democratic freedoms, the initiative of the private sector is not manifested. The state monopolizes all functions of tourism activities;

§ partial interference - observed in most democratic countries, characterized by active economic activity.

The state, through organizational structures, interferes to a greater or lesser extent in the procedure for the implementation of tourism activities and exercises control over them, leaving the private sector the freedom to create enterprises in the service sector based on a market economy; small interference is characteristic of political regimes that practically do not interfere in tourism activities, giving the initiative in this area to the private sector operating in a competitive market.

Socio-demographic factors - these are indicators such as age, employment, the presence of single people, childless couples, age tendencies towards marriage, retirement age, the expansion of the social composition of tourists, the level of education, culture, aesthetic requirements of the population, an increase in the duration of paid vacation, the ratio of material and spiritual needs in society, urbanization, etc.

Financial and economic factors - these are the economic situation in the country, financial stability, the level of income of the population, the share of funds allocated by society for travel expenses, prices of goods, etc.

Material and technical factors characterize the state and capabilities of the tourism industry base - accommodation, catering, transport, recreation, trade, etc.

A specific feature of transport links is their integration nature, since they turn the world into a single space. For international tourism, it is most important to provide links between different levels of transportation so that tourist travel does not have stops and breaks in transport links. The most important characteristics of the transport infrastructure are the speed of movement, the level of safety of vehicles.

Accommodation and catering enterprises occupy a special place in the tourism industry. The attractiveness of the region for tourists largely depends on the level of hotel and restaurant services. But the tourism industry, especially accommodation and catering enterprises, is subject to fluctuations in the demand for tourist services throughout the year (seasonality), which leads to an increase in the costs of maintaining accommodation and catering enterprises and an increase in the cost of their services.

Based on the above factors and analyzing the statistics of the World Tourism Organization, it is possible to make a forecast for the further development of tourism.

Tourism development across regions will be uneven: the highest rates are expected in Asia and the Pacific, in Europe and North America they will be lower than worldwide.

8) Russian tourism is gradually gaining a worthy place in the world tourism market. In the UNWTO1 ranking in 2012, Russia entered the top ten world leaders in terms of tourist arrivals, taking 9th place, ahead of all the dozens in terms of annual growth rates (12-14%). However, outstripping growth rates in tourist arrivals have become characteristic of our country only in recent years (Fig. 8.1.1). The restrained growth of foreign tourist flow to Russia in the previous period was a consequence of the rise in prices for transport services, the rise in the cost of a tourist product with a low level of quality of services in Russian destinations, inadequate security, visa formalities, etc. Another key indicator that determines the place of the country in the international national tourist market - income (receipts) from international tourism. This indicator reflects the relative productivity in tourism, but also depends on the contingent of tourists attracted, the length of their stay, travel costs, the cost of living and currency fluctuations. As can be seen from the table, according to this indicator, Russia is absent in the top ten leading countries, and although the growth of income from tourism in 2012 amounted to 22%, it is only among the top ten countries with an indicator of $ 11.2 billion. tourism are: USA, Spain, France, China. If the share of Russia in the European tourist market in terms of arrivals is 4.8% (7th place), then in terms of income from tourism only 2.4% (shares 13th place with Poland and Portugal). However, among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe for the same indicators, the Russian Federation (together with Poland) takes the first place. It is obvious that for Russia, with its tourism potential, which is no less than in countries that successfully make money on tourism, this is a very modest place. Germany is the leader in the number of tourist trips to Russia. China is in second place, ahead of the United States. Moreover, China shows the largest growth in the tourist flow in the world market and in Russia in particular. The top ten leaders include Great Britain, Finland, Italy, Turkey, France, Israel. However, in general, in the EU countries there has been only a slight increase in tourist flow to Russia in the last decade. Israel provides a large increase in the tourist flow in Russia. The number of tourists from countries such as Sweden, Australia, Spain is also increasing. Tourist flow from Australia is characterized by the greatest stability due to transit tourists. There is a positive tendency for tourists from Japan to visit Russia. The most representative geography of Russia's popularity in the world market reflects the coefficient of the intensity of the tourist flow, calculated as the ratio of the number of trips to the number of residents of the country of departure. Finland holds the lead in this indicator, 1 URL: 251 Estonia, Latvia and Israel (over 10 trips / thousand inhabitants) 1. However, it should be noted that Finland and Estonia have almost halved the number of tourists entering Russia over the last decade. A similar decrease in the influx of tourists since 2008 has been observed from Latvia. The top twenty countries in terms of the intensity of tourist flow to Russia (over 2 trips / thousand inhabitants) includes mainly Russia's neighbors (Lithuania, Ukraine, Norway) and the EU countries (Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Great Britain and etc.). The most stable growth in the flow of foreign tourists to Russia in the last decade is distinguished by Israel, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and a number of other countries. The greatest drop in the flow of tourists to Russia (more than 30 times) during this period was characterized by Poland, the greatest instability of the flow - Ukraine and Lithuania. According to UNWTO estimates, with an appropriate level of infrastructure development, Russia's potential can receive up to 40 million foreign tourists. However, today the number of foreign guests arriving in Russia for business, tourism and private purposes does not match its potential. One of the features of modern Russian tourism is its focus mainly on outbound tourism, despite the fact that in world practice the most profitable in terms of economic income are domestic and inbound tourism. According to experts, for a balanced development of the national market, the optimal proportion is: one inbound tourist - one outbound - four domestic. The development of a reverse trend is typical for the domestic domestic market. The growth of inbound tourism lags far behind outbound tourism in terms of rates, and as a result, the trend of a decrease in the share of inbound tourism in the total tourist flows of Russia is developing. The origins of this imbalance typical for Russia are both historical reasons (the long-term deficit of outbound tourism in the USSR formed an increased demand for an external tourist product, affordable), and the low level of quality of service and ensuring the safety of tourists in our country, perceived by foreigners. as risk factors. Tourists coming from non-CIS countries still perceive Russia as a mysterious and dangerous destination, and Moscow and St. Petersburg as the most expensive tourist centers. An important factor contributing to the advanced development of outbound tourism is the preference for this type of tourist activity to attract foreign guests to Russia by many tour operators. It should also be noted that foreign tourism products are more affordable for consumers of an average income level compared to domestic ones. Among other things, in the field of domestic tourism, the most significant rise in price is the cost of services in the field of air and land transport, accommodation in accommodation facilities, visits to museums and exhibitions. Turkey has been the leader in receiving Russian tourists for many years. The growth of tourist trips to Turkey has been observed since 2002 (690.1 thousand trips) and reached 2 million 516 thousand trips in 2012. The second most popular Russian tourists is Egypt. There is also an increase in the tourist flow throughout almost the entire period under consideration, while the maximum was reached in 2010 (2 million 198.3 thousand trips). But in 2012 this figure dropped sharply and amounted to only 1 million 906.6 thousand trips. The main reason for this decline was the political situation in the country, but the tourist market in Egypt is beginning to gradually recover. China takes the third place in terms of receiving Russian tourists, and the largest number of trips (2 million 59.3 thousand) was made in 2008 (Olympic Games in Beijing), in 2012 the number of trips was 1 million 328.8 thousand. Finland ranks fourth in receiving Russians. The number of visits by Russian tourists to this country in 2011 reached 912.1 thousand 253 trips, and is likely to exceed the 1 million mark in the near future. The decrease in prices for air travel made the countries of Southeast Asia more accessible for residents of the western part of Russia. First of all, this concerns Thailand, which came to the fifth place in 2011. During this period, it rose from the 20th place, and the number of Russian tourists received almost doubled since 2002 (to 780.2 thousand trips) ... Germany, Spain, Greece, Italy and the United Arab Emirates are in the top ten countries most popular for Russian tourists. In the first half of 2012, flows to Germany and Italy decreased markedly (the season for Italy was darkened by two earthquakes in the central part of the country and the bankruptcy of WindJet), while Spain rose two positions. The tourist flow of Russians to the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden) is growing. This is an active tourism destination, involving visits to the Norwegian fjords and ski resorts. As for Norway, this is an unprecedentedly high figure - this is the result, first of all, of clever advertising in Russia of holidays in Norway. The opening of a ferry service between St. Petersburg and Stockholm played a significant role in increasing travel to Sweden. Trips to the Czech Republic have become more popular in the last decade. The number of tourists entering Estonia has noticeably increased. The Pskov region also shows a high flow of tourists to this country. According to the results of the 2012 summer season, Greece became the most popular holiday destination for Russians. According to the popularity rating of destinations prepared by the BANKO Service as a result of the summer 2012 season, Greece accounted for 22.9% of the flow of Russian tourists. Further, in order of decreasing tourist flow, followed by Turkey, Spain, Egypt and Italy. A rather interesting picture is given by the relative indices of outbound tourism of Russians. Thus, the coefficient of intensity of the flow of Russian tourists (trips / population of host countries) in 2011 was the highest for Cyprus, Finland and Montenegro (over 150 trips / 1,000 inhabitants); the second three are created by the UAE, Greece and Malta (more than 50 trips / 1 thousand inhabitants), then in decreasing order of the indicator follow: Bulgaria, Latvia, Czech Republic, Turkey, Israel, Croatia and Austria (more than 20 trips / 1 thousand inhabitants. ). Also, a high coefficient (more than 10 trips / 1,000 inhabitants) characterizes the other two Baltic states, as well as resort countries popular for Russians: Switzerland, Egypt, Spain, Tunisia, Thailand, and the Dominican Republic. The flow of Russians vacationing in Cuba and the Dominican Republic is growing, which can be explained by the instability of the political situation in Egypt. At the same time, natural disasters and accidents at nuclear power plants in Japan reduced the number of Russian citizens wishing to visit this country at once by half. An analysis of the outbound flow shows that the tourist preferences of Russian citizens are expanding: along with the traditional interest in countries with warm seas, among Russians, countries are becoming more and more popular where beach vacations can be combined with an interesting cultural and educational program, as well as with treatment. Bus tours to Europe are of great interest; Asian destinations and exotic resorts have become popular. One of the fastest growing sectors of the Russian tourism industry is medical tourism. The preferred destinations for such tourists are the countries of the Middle East (58% of the market) and Europe (37% of the market). Forecast estimates of UNWTO indicate the development of the following situation in the world tourism market and the role of Russia in international tourism. International tourist arrivals globally are expected to increase at an average rate of 3.3% per year through 2030. Growth rates will gradually decline over time, from 3.8% in 2012 to 2.9% in 2030 In absolute terms, the flow of tourists by 2020. will amount to 1.4 billion and by 2030 - 1.8 billion people. International tourist arrivals in emerging economies (destinations in Asia, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, Eastern Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East and Africa) will grow twice as fast (4.4% per year) than in developed countries (2, 2% per year). Regionally, the largest growth is expected in the Asia-Pacific region (up to 535 million in 2030), the Middle East (149 million) and Africa (134 million). Incoming flows to the countries of Europe (744 million) and America (248 million) will grow more slowly. As a result, the share of the Asia-Pacific region will grow from 22% to 30%, the Middle East from 6% to 8%, Africa from 5% to 7%, and the share of the most developed destinations in Northern and Western Europe and North America will decline. According to experts, the growth of the Russian direction by 2020 will amount to 47.1 million.At the same time, according to expert estimates, the growth potential of the Russian direction is enormous, since the capacity of Russia's tourist resources can reach 100 million people per year with an average stay of 6 days. Naturally, due to its geographic location, Russia cannot become a place for mass summer beach recreation. Nevertheless, the country has what in the next ten years will be in the greatest demand among travelers - unique historical and cultural attractions and natural values, extreme and inimitable originality. As can be noted, the formation of international tourist flows is influenced by many natural, cultural, social, political and economic factors. With the development of international tourism, it becomes more and more urgent to study the complex patterns of its dynamics and territorial structure, to study the features of the formation of interregional tourist flows, and, consequently, the importance of research in the field of tourism geography, based on related areas of geographical science, increases.

9) A tourist cluster is a set of tourist and recreational special economic zones, created by the decision of the government of the Russian Federation and located on one or several areas of the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities determined by the government of the Russian Federation. The management company of a tourism cluster is a legal entity in the form of an open joint stock company, established on the basis of the principles of public-private partnership, to which, by decision of the government of the Russian Federation, certain powers can be delegated to manage the tourism and recreation SEZs that are part of the tourism cluster.
The bill also states that at the time of the creation of a tourist and recreational SEZ, which is part of the tourist cluster, the land plots forming this zone may be owned, used or at the disposal of citizens or legal entities. The life of a tourist and recreational SEZ, which is part of a tourist cluster, can be extended by a decision of the Russian government for no more than 29 years.
At the time of the creation of a tourist and recreational SEZ, which is part of a tourist cluster, the land plots forming this zone may be owned, used or at the disposal of citizens or legal entities.
The draft law proposes to expand the existing simplified migration regime for highly qualified foreign specialists involved in working in the cluster.
The purpose of creating a tourism cluster is to increase the competitiveness of the territory in the tourism market through a synergistic effect, including:
improving the efficiency of enterprises and organizations included in the cluster,
stimulating innovation,
stimulating the development of new directions.
The creation of a tourist (or tourist-recreational) cluster actually determines the positioning of the territory and affects the formation of the image of the region.
Initially, the cluster approach was applied to industrial production, and its founders were A. Marshall and B.S. Yastremsky, but the Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter became the popularizer of the idea of \u200b\u200bindustry clusters to increase regional competitiveness.
“The objective prerequisites for the emergence of a cluster were brought together by M. Porter into the famous“ diamond of competition ”. In addition to traditional factors - the competitive environment, demand conditions and the availability of supporting industries - such specialized factors as qualified personnel, infrastructure and capital must be created (and not inherited!) In a specific territory. Creating these specialized factors requires a long and sustained investment that is difficult to replicate. This creates a competitive advantage for the cluster, which is difficult to replicate.
We consider the following as the main characteristics of tourist clusters:
- the presence of cooperation between the subjects of the tourism cluster (business structures, authorities and government agencies, public organizations) operating in the tourism industry and related industries (in the form of public-private partnerships, associations, unions, etc.):
- joint use by the subjects of the tourist cluster of tourist resources of the territory on which the tourist attractors are located, with the existing tourist infrastructure (object of the tourist cluster):
- the presence of vertical (within the product chain of the tourism industry) and horizontal relationships (between the structures involved in the production of a tour product) between the participants of the tourism cluster:
- the presence of a single goal for the functioning of the tourist cluster, which consists in increasing the competitiveness of objects and subjects of the cluster, as well as meeting recreational needs through the formation, promotion and sale of the region's tourist product.
Cluster types:
According to the stage of the life cycle, they are distinguished: pre-clusters, nascent clusters, developing clusters, mature clusters, dying ones.
The types of tourist attractors are distinguished: museum clusters, entertainment clusters, sports clusters, ecological clusters, ethnographic clusters, health resort and other types of clusters. As a rule, several tourist attractions are combined in one tourist cluster.
The types of tourist resources are distinguished: water (sea, river, lake) clusters, forest clusters, mountain clusters, mixed clusters.
By scale, they are distinguished: local, regional clusters, national clusters, transnational clusters.
By the form of management, we propose to distinguish between the following types of clusters: managed by business structures, managed by a government body, managed on the basis of public-private partnership.
According to the method of formation, target and historical ones are distinguished.
The benefits of forming a recreational cluster include the following main aspects:
- entrepreneurial structures coming from other industries accelerate their development, stimulating the introduction of innovations and attracting investment resources for the implementation of new strategies in the recreational cluster;
- there is a free exchange of information, which leads to the rapid dissemination of innovations through the channels of resource providers or consumers of recreational services interacting with competitors;
- the relationships within the recreational cluster lead to the emergence of new ways in competition and create new opportunities for its development;
- new combinations of labor resources and entrepreneurial ideas appear;
- the recreational cluster dynamically reacts to changes in the external environment (depending on the market conditions and other influences of the external environment, it can expand, and under unfavorable conditions - decrease).
The configuration of the tourist cluster, according to S. Nordin, is (Fig. 1):
- a complex of tourist resources that attract non-indigenous residents of the territory;
- concentration of companies aimed at meeting tourist demand: restaurants, accommodation sector, transport services, crafts and travel agencies, etc .;
- sectors and industries aimed at supporting tourism services;
- environmentally friendly and cheap infrastructure (roads, fuel, sewage, medical services);
- companies and institutions that provide the necessary qualifications for personnel, information support and financial capital;
- internal agencies organizing and implementing the cluster concept;
- state bodies, regulating and coordinating structures influencing cluster formations.
For the cluster to take place as a viable, self-sufficient, successful and effective organization, according to Professor M. P. Voinarenko, five conditions are necessary - "5I":
1.initiative;
2. innovation;
3.information - availability, openness, knowledge exchange, creation of databases and web pages,
4.integration -
5.interest

10) Russia is represented in the List by 16 cultural and 10 natural sites. In terms of the number of natural objects, Russia is in 4th place, after China, America and Australia. 32 Russian protected areas have the status of a World Heritage Site, including 12 state nature reserves and 5 state natural national parks.

Currently, the following have the status of a World Natural Heritage Site in Russia:

· Virgin Komi forests;

· Lake Baikal;

· Volcanoes of Kamchatka;

· Golden Mountains of Altai;

· Western Caucasus;

· Central Sikhote-Alin;

· Ubsunur Basin;

· Wrangel Island;

· Putorana plateau;

· Lena Pillars.

National park Curonian Spit included in the List as part of a Russian-Lithuanian site according to criterion C (v) ("cultural landscape").

At the 24th session of the World Heritage Committee, a decision was made on the compulsory submission of Tentative Lists of natural sites from the States Parties to the Convention, starting from 2003. Nominations of natural sites can be accepted for consideration by the World Heritage Center only if they are applied in the Tentative List ... The preliminary list indicates natural complexes that are promising for nomination, while the state party does not bear any obligations to further submit them to the World Heritage List.

To form a balanced preliminary list of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia proposed the following natural objects, the nominations of which are under preparation:

· Magadan nature reserve;

· Commander Islands;

· Daurian Steppes;

· Great Vasyugan swamp;

· Krasnoyarsk pillars;

· Ilmen mountains;

· Bikin river valley;

· Bashkir Ural;

· The reserved Kenozero.

The choice of these objects was carried out on the basis of an analysis of their natural significance, carried out by scientific and public organizations, and approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. For all these territories, the executive authorities of the respective constituent entities of the Russian Federation sent proposals to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia for their inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Also in 1996, a natural and cultural site was included in the preliminary list of the Russian Federation Valaam archipelago.

Work is underway to submit the following natural objects to the List: Volga delta, Delta Lena,Green Belt of Fennoscandia, Kurile Islands, Valdai - Great watershed, Western Sayan, Beringia and Solovetsky Islands.

Russia is undoubtedly rich in unique and, which is very important, natural complexes not affected by economic activity. According to rough estimates of scientists, in our country there are about 20 territories worthy of the status of a World Natural Heritage Site. The list of the most promising territories was determined during a joint project of UNESCO and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) on boreal forests.

11) Tourist and recreational zone (TRZ) is a type of special economic zone created for the development and provision of services in the field of tourism.

Purposes of tourist and recreational zones:

Increasing the competitiveness of tourism activities,

Development of health resorts,

· Development of activities for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases.

Seven special economic zones of tourist and recreational type were created by the decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation:

1) in the Kaliningrad region - "Curonian Spit" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 73);

3) in the Stavropol Territory - "Caucasian Mineral Waters" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 71);

4) in the Altai Territory - "Turquoise Katun" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 69)

5) in the Altai Republic - "Altai Valley" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 67);

6) in the Republic of Buryatia - "Baikal Harbor" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 68);

7) in the Irkutsk region - SEZ on the territory of Listvyanka settlement (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 72).

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2010 No. 201, a tourist and recreational special economic zone was created on the territory of the Russian island of the Primorsky Territory. In 2012, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit will be held here.

The creation of tourist and recreational zones contributes to the provision of a favorable investment climate in Russia, the emergence of a competitive tourist product, the transfer of the recreation and travel industry to an innovative path of development.

In tourist and recreational zones, the development of deposits of mineral waters, therapeutic mud and other natural healing resources can be carried out.

Differences between tourist and recreational zones from economic zones:

They can be created in one or several parts of the territory of municipalities;

At the time of their creation, they may contain land plots used by citizens and legal entities;

In the tourist and recreational zones there may be infrastructure facilities, housing stock and other facilities in various forms of ownership, including private;

Land plots can be classified as lands of specially protected areas.

Tourist and recreational zones, in contrast to industrial-production and technology-innovative zones, will be of particular interest for small and medium-sized businesses, since all business here is associated with the service sector.

For organizations with the status of a resident of the tourist and recreational zone, tax benefits are established:

Removal of 30% restrictions on the carry-over of losses to subsequent tax periods.

The ability to apply a special coefficient to the main depreciation rate in relation to own fixed assets.

A reduced tax rate for income tax may be established.

According to the calculations of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, by 2026 the federal budget will spend 44.5 billion rubles on tourist and recreational zones, business will invest more than 270 billion rubles in them, and tax revenues will reach almost 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists to these territories will grow from 3 million to 9.7 million. And the contribution of tourism to GDP by 2016 will increase from almost zero to 2%, and taking into account the multiplier effect - up to 9%.

After the mechanism for creating tourist zones has been fully worked out, another competition will be announced for the creation of economic zones of a tourist type. However, according to the minister, this will happen no earlier than in 2 years.

12) A tourist center is an area that attracts tourists due to the availability of specific recreational resources, the conveniences of a transport and geographical location and information about it available to tourists.

three groups of factors in the formation of tourist centers:

Generating (related to need),

Implementing (resource related),

Localizing (related to public awareness).

In practice, it is the localizing information factors that have had the maximum impact on the formation of the geography of tourist centers in recent decades. This explains the rapid dynamics of the development of world tourism, the emergence of new world tourist centers on the periphery of the tourist space (Southeast Asia, Mexico, Oceania, Turkey, etc.).

By their functional structure, tourist centers can be classified as follows:

Climatic centers offering sunbathing - cold beaches (North, Baltic Sea) and hot beaches (Mediterranean, Caribbean);

Balneological - with mineral springs;

Natural - with national parks, untouched nature;

Sports - for traditional sports (swimming, winter sports, golf) and sports and adventure centers (safari, fishing, Olympic Games);

Historical, with architectural monuments (Egyptian pyramids, Louvre museums, Hermitage);

Religious, reflecting various religious events and being symbols of faith (Jerusalem, Mecca, Lourdes);

Folklore, based on national art, holidays, fairs, music;

Cultural, offering visits to exhibitions, concerts, seasons of opera, theater, cinema, conferences, conventions;

Business and trade, offering visits to fairs, various exhibitions, organizing business meetings;

Centers for congresses, seminars, symposia, offering the holding of these scientific and political forums;

Entertainment centers - zoological parks, casinos, amusement parks, etc.

A tourist region is a territory that has a commonality of various tourist resources (route, ethnic, historical, religious, architectural). This is an intra-national category, within a specific country, part of a constituent entity of the Federation, an area that covers several events (constituent entities, federations, for example, the Golden Ring, the Baikal region).

A tourist uses a range of services that are provided to him in a specific place in the region where the tourist event (event) takes place. This place, due to its attractive factors, is becoming a center of tourism. Tourist places differ in the reasons why the subject of tourism (tourist) is detained there.

When determining the content of the tourist region, the motivation of tourists should be put at the forefront. Depending on this, tourist places of a wide and a narrow profile differ. Finding a person in a tourist place of a wide profile is most often accidental, since the reason for the trip is not the place itself. Tourist places of a wide profile are educational centers, industrial and administrative complexes, as well as transport systems. In contrast to tourist sites of a wide profile, visiting tourist sites of a narrow profile is an end in itself. This includes areas with various tourist attractions, which ultimately attracts tourists to the region. All of the above allows us to present a tourist region as a kind of system, a set of interconnected tourist centers.

For tourist centers operating in the region, the most important factor is their accessibility to destinations. The actual time spent by tourists traveling to and from their destination is a waste of time.

Promotional activities for tourist centers are complex and multifaceted activities. They are essential for the successful development of tourist centers. It should be noted that the tourist center, being the purpose of tourist travel, is not itself directly part of the tourist product. As a rule, the entrance to the tourist center and its use as such are free services. Tourists do not usually pay directly for the use of factors and points of interest such as climate, landscape, culture, etc. In other words, tourist centers provide the tourist with a set of components from which he can compose his own product, i.e. the tourist can use these resources to meet their individual travel needs. Another feature is that the concept of "tourist center" can include different geographic levels: from a small area, a resort to a whole geographic region.

It should be noted that individual tourist centers in the tourist market can be promoted by different organizations, at different levels, and each of them has its own priorities. For example, entrepreneurs who are direct producers of tourism products are primarily interested in attracting tourists only to themselves. However, their capabilities are insufficient to promote the tourist center as such, and without the general promotion of the region as a whole and individual tourist centers in the tourist market, it is impossible to successfully promote your business at the proper level.

14) Tourism Center - a city, area or object where a complex of tourist and excursion services was created on the basis of tourist resources. Tourist center - an area that attracts tourists due to the availability of tourist resources, the convenience of the transport and geographical location and information about it available to the tourist.

The specialized literature offers a detailed typology of tourist centers, depending on what cycle of recreational activities can be implemented in them: cultural and historical; pilgrimage; resort; seaside; active and wellness; Alpine; commercial and business; ecological; festival and congress; water; sports; mountaineering; adventure; exotic; hunting and fishing; ethnographic; entertaining. Based on this typology, it can be seen that the cycles of recreational activities can also be combined.

The typology of tourist centers reflects the wide variety of tourist activities behind which the diverse needs of the people lie. On the other hand, it is associated with the availability of tourist resources in one place or another, without which tourist activity cannot exist in principle. Thus, the typology of tourist centers correlates the availability of tourist resources and the tourist motivation of the population.

I.V. Zorin distinguishes three groups of factors in the formation of tourist centers: generating (related to the need), implementing (resource related) and localizing (related to public awareness). It is the localizing information factors that in recent decades have a maximum impact on the formation of the geography of tourist centers both in the world and in our country.

In urban planning literature, the concept of "tourist center" is usually associated with the settlement system. It is more expedient to associate this concept with any geographical area of \u200b\u200binterest to traveling people. Tourist centers can be: any settlement or tourist service center, river, lake, sea, mountain range, unique and typical landscapes, specially protected natural areas, etc. Tourist centers are both point objects and landscapes of different levels, which necessitates the development of an appropriate taxonomy.

15) Life cycle

During the product introduction phase, sales grow slowly because there is not enough information on the product's benefits to overcome consumer inertia. Therefore, manufacturers begin an active campaign to promote the product through advertising, public relations and the creation of an effective sales network. At this stage, product offerings are concentrated in the hands of a few organizations that have a monopoly in the market. The price of the product is high at this stage.

The growth stage is accompanied by an expansion of the market and a relative increase in sales due to familiarization of customers with the product and recognition of its consumer qualities. At this stage, profits are higher than at the previous stage, due to the higher level of production standardization and cost reduction. The manufacturers of the product have competitors both domestically and abroad. At the stage of maturity, the introduction of a product into potential markets generates an increase in subsidies, higher standardization, an increase in the competitive value of the price factor, stabilization of profit or its decline. This stage is characterized by a high level of repeat purchases and a stable level of sales. Internationally, there is a decrease in the export of the product from the country and the development of production in other countries with low production costs.

At the final stage of the life cycle, the production of a product declines. Consumers in the country where the product was first produced lose interest in it. Sales are shrinking and fewer consumers are making repeat purchases. The production of a product is concentrated in another country, and the country that introduced the innovation turns into an importing country of the product.

Any tourist center has an inherent evolution similar to the life cycle of a product. The implementation phase begins with the trips of small groups of pioneer travelers who yearn to enjoy the beauty of untouched wilderness. During this period, tourism does not affect the locality and local population, actively contacts travelers and begins to attract them, offering them accommodation facilities. The further increase in the number of tourists stimulates local authorities to develop infrastructure, as has happened, for example, in the small islands of the Caribbean and the Pacific.

This is followed by the stage of development of the tourist center, when the number of tourists is growing rapidly, especially during the "high" season, and may even exceed the local population. Control over the development of tourism passes from the hands of the local administration to the hands of external companies, which are beginning to develop infrastructure at a higher rate, thereby changing the appearance of the tourist center. However, the rapid development of such centers also has a negative side, as the load on the places of life support increases.

At the maturity stage of a tourist destination, the growth of foreign arrivals initially slows down, although the total number of arrivals is still growing and exceeds the local population. The tourism center is becoming famous, and large transnational hotel organizations are creating their hotels there. Further, the development of this tourist center reaches its peak, then the fashion for it falls, and it continues to function only due to repeated arrivals, the organization of which is worth a lot of effort for this resort.

At the final stage of its life cycle, the tourist center becomes unattractive for most tourists and highly dependent on rare and small groups of tourists. Local authorities are trying to revive the former glory of the center by various means of attracting customers, using new sales and promotion channels, expanding the range of services offered; re-positioning of the tourist center. This happened, for example, with the famous American resort Atlantic City, which, at the stage of decline, was transformed into the center of the gambling business.

16) Tourism statistics is the first, very important section in tourism statistics.

The analysis of tourist flows between regions is the most important technique that allows you to compare the databases of inbound, outbound and domestic tourism.

A tourist flow is a form of interaction between a destination where there is supply (for example, tourist attraction or attractiveness), and a place of departure, where there is a demand or a shortage of such services and goods. In fact, it is quite possible to build objective models of tourist flows, since they do not arise spontaneously, but obey certain rules. In addition, they are influenced by primary and secondary factors.

Primary factors relate primarily to the stage of economic development of the place of departure and include such categories as the level of well-being of the population, its mobility and the right to rest.

Secondary factors are accessibility, attractions and amenities provided at destinations. The cost of travel is as important as the marketing and promotional activities of the host country.

Tourist flows are a rather complex phenomenon influenced by interrelated factors. Attempts have been made to identify the factors that affect tourist flows and to establish rules governing the magnitude of flows between countries. Thus, in 1970, 14 countries were selected that had a relatively stable flow of tourists for several years and which accounted for the bulk of the world's tourist activity (Williams and Zelinski). Scientists identified a number of factors that helped explain the stability of these flows: the distance between countries (the greater the distance, the less the flow), the intensity of international contacts (business, cultural ties between countries), the attractive advantages of one country for the inhabitants of another.

The next attempt to explain the regularity of tourist flows was to build the so-called gravity model, which includes two main elements. One of them is the primary and secondary factors explaining the origin of these flows. The gravity model shows that the more regions there are that give impetus for the formation of primary and secondary factors, the more numerous the flows of tourists between them. Another element (deterrent) is the distance between the place of departure and destination. At the same time, the duration and cost of the trip significantly affect the volume of flows. As distance and cost increase, the number of tourists visiting a given location decreases.

In recent years, the volume of flows has increased significantly, therefore, governments and international organizations have introduced a system for measuring flows of both international and domestic tourism. As early as 1981, Med-lik identified three main reasons for the importance of statistical measurement of tourist flows. First, statistics are necessary in order to determine the size of tourist flows and track any changes in it. This helps in making forecasts and identifying market trends. Second, statistics are the primary means by which tourism planners and development professionals can most effectively achieve their goals. Third, statistics are used by both the public and private sectors as a basis for marketing activities.

Statistics for measuring tourist flows can be classified as follows.

The first category is statistical data on the size of tourist flows, on the number of tourists leaving a given region or visiting a given destination in a certain period. Such information is the basis for determining the volume of tourism activities. The statistics also include information on the duration of the stay of tourists in holiday destinations.

The number of arrivals (departures) and duration of stay are the most important indicators of tourist flows. The number of arrivals (departures) is determined by the number of registered tourists who arrived in a particular country (left) for a certain period, usually a calendar year.

Due to the fact that a tourist can visit several countries not only within one year, but also during one trip, the actual number of tourists is less than the number of arrivals.

Arrival statistics quantitatively characterize the world's tourist flows. It shows that the volume of these flows is steadily increasing, despite short-term fluctuations and declines in some years.

Another important indicator of the statistics of tourist flows is the length of stay in the place (country) of destination. An overnight stay, or a tour day, is taken as a unit for recording the duration of stay - one day spent by one visitor in a given area or country (destination). The duration of the stay of all visitors for a certain time, i.e. the total number of tour days (7), calculated by the formula

T \u003d A + L, where A is the number of arrivals, people;

L is the average length of stay of one tourist in the country, days.

The statistics use the following scale of overnight stays recommended by the WTO.

1. 1-3 nights.

1.1. 1 night.

1.2. 2-Signs.

2.4-7 nights.

3.8-28 nights.

3.1. 8-14 nights.

3.2. 15-21 nights.

3.3. 22-28 nights.

4.29-91 nights.

4.1. 29-42 nights.

4.2. 43-56 nights.

4.3. 57-70 nights.

4.4. 71-91 nights.

5.22-365 nights.

5.1. 92-182 nights.

5.2. 183-365 nights.

Short-term trips (1-3 nights) are undertaken mainly for recreation and entertainment on weekends and holidays, as well as for business purposes. The second group (4-7 nights) includes trips with different motives and carried out mainly during additional holidays. This segment of the tourist market is developing at a faster pace. In Western countries, people prefer to hit the road for a short time, but relatively often. In the specialized literature, this phenomenon is called "interval travel".

Visitors make medium-term trips (8-28 nights) while on long holidays, mainly for recreation.

Most of the long term travel (29-91 nights and 92-365 nights) is international tourism. Some people, mostly economically inactive, undertake them for entertainment, recreation and recreation, while others - for business and professional purposes (installation of equipment, study abroad, etc.).

The statistics on overnight stays are grouped by calendar months, type and category of accommodation facilities, countries. The length of stay of visitors varies depending on the destination. The existing differences are due to the tourist specialization of the host country (business tourism or travel for entertainment and recreation), the level of prices in its domestic market, the nature of tourist flows (transit and final) and other factors.

In contrast to the statistics of arrivals, which allows you to get a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe volume of tourist flows, statistics of overnight stays provide a quantitative and qualitative characteristic of tourist travel. Statistical information on transit and final travel is used to study the demand of different groups of tourists for accommodation services.

the composition of tourist flows, this category provides information of a qualitative nature about tourists (gender, age, socio-economic background, etc.) and about their model of behavior (category of trip and attitude to the destination). Very often statistics of the first and second categories are collected simultaneously.

Third category- statistics on financial receipts and expenditures (discussed in section 11.6). Tourist flows are not just the movement of people, but a process that is of great economic importance to tourist departure points, destinations and the transport system involved in transporting tourists. It is quite understandable that tourism is accompanied by flows of money that are earned in one place and spent in another.

There are a number of methods for measuring tourist flows. Their number is determined when entering or leaving a specific location, and immigration authorities can provide this kind of information. Naturally, all these data relate to international tourism, but do not take into account the flows of domestic tourism. At destinations, the quantitative registration of tourists is carried out in hotels and other accommodation facilities by filling in registration cards by tourists. Unfortunately, this method is not entirely effective, since it does not take into account tourists who stay with their friends or relatives.

Despite the variety of available methods for collecting statistical data on tourist flows, these data are not "always sufficiently accurate. (The methods of statistical accounting in international tourism will be discussed in more detail below.) First of all, this is due to the very concept of" tourist. "Although there is a clearly formulated and internationally agreed definition of this term, not all countries use it.The problem is that survey methods are not the same not only in different countries, but also within one country (they change from year to year).

The statistics obtained from the polls are information about events, not about people, so a tourist who visits the same country twice a year will not be counted as one person who has arrived in the same country twice, but as two people who have arrived in a given country for a certain period. The weakening of border controls, especially in the Schengen countries, exacerbates the problems of tourist statistics.

The statistics of tourist flows is not limited only to the collection of information about the movement of tourists around the world. It is important to group the arrival data by region and country. In addition, statistics on arrivals are grouped by purpose of travel, type of transport used, months of arrival, regions and countries of origin of tourists.

In accordance with the methodology of statistical accounting, the WTO identifies five, somewhat different in composition from those adopted in domestic geography, the main tourist macroregions.

1. European, which includes the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including all the former republics of the USSR, as well as the states of the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey);

2. American, including the countries of North, South, Central America, as well as the island states and territories of the Caribbean;

3. Asia-Pacific - countries of East, Southeast and South Asia, Australia and Oceania (Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Macau, Indonesia, Republic of Korea);

4. African - African countries, except Egypt and Libya;

5. Middle East - Western and Southwest Asia, Egypt and Libya.

17) T uristic formalities in inbound tourism.

Formality -the Law establishes a condition or action required in the performance of one or another type of action.

VISA REGIME

For citizens of the CIS countries that have signed an agreement on a visa-free regime, entry is free. To obtain a visa, it is necessary to present to the Russian consulate a passport, an invitation (if it was not sent by telex), 3-4 passport photographs of standard sizes and fill out a form. The above requirements are common to all Russian consular offices, and each consulate can make changes and additions to these requirements without any prior notice.

Most Russian consulates require an original passport to apply for a visa. The invitation, by which a visa to enter Russia is issued, is issued exclusively by the Consular Service of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Only those Russian firms that are registered with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have the right to issue invitations. If you plan to visit Moscow, it is better not to use invitations issued by regional firms - it will not be easy to register such a visa at the Moscow office of the Visa and Registration Office.

Children under 16 do not need to apply for a separate visa if their names are included in the visas and passports of their accompanying parents or guardians. Persons intending to stay in Russia for more than 90 days, in order to obtain a visa, must present a certificate of absence of HIV infection, valid at the time of its presentation (the validity of the certificate is determined as 30 days from the date of its issue).

A tourist visa is issued as a single entry visa for a period not exceeding 25 days. To obtain a private visa, you will need the original invitation ("notice"), which can be obtained from the Regional Office of Visas and Registration (OVIR) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The notification procedure takes 45 days. Private visas are issued only for single trips to Russia and are valid only at the place of issue of the notification.

In addition to single-entry tourist visas, a business visa is also issued (single-entry, double-entry and multiple-entry, issued in the first place). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issues multiple-entry visas within up to 21 working days. The names of children are not included in the multiple entry visa, and visas for them must be issued separately. Accompanying family members can also obtain a multiple-entry business visa. Multiple entry visas for periods from 3 to 12 months are the most convenient for multiple trips to Russia.

A foreign passport is an official document certifying the citizenship and identity of a person traveling abroad. It is issued by the competent authorities of the state and serves as a confirmation that its owner is a citizen of a given state (a citizen if this state is a republic or - a subject if this state is a monarchy).

It should be noted that from the very beginning and up to the present, the issuance of passports pursued primarily the goal of controlling the departure of citizens of this country abroad. Government regulations stated that no one was allowed to leave the country without a passport. This is the main function of the passport to this day.

In accordance with Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation" dated August 15, 1996, 114-FZ, the main documents certifying the identity of a citizen of the Russian Federation by which citizens of the Russian Federation leave the Russian Federation and enter the Russian Federation are recognized:

diplomatic passport;

service passport.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the creation of a nationwide automated system for the production and control of passport and visa documents of new samples" dated August 10, 1993, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia began a phased introduction of new visa coupons developed on the basis of international standards as well as arrival cards. departure of foreign citizens for border statistical control. The card is filled in block letters in Russian upon arrival at the point of entry / exit and presented to the checkpoint staff.

When settling in a hotel or other accommodation facility, each foreign citizen fills out an appropriate special form where he indicates his setting data (surname, name, patronymic, date of birth, citizenship, address of permanent residence, purpose of arrival, duration of stay, etc.). As a rule, the main rules of residence and the regime of the hotel are also given here, including the rules of fire safety. The tourist's signature is evidence that he is familiar with the rules of prices for accommodation and services. Then the data from the form is entered into the customer registration log at the hotel, which is a kind of registration (registration). The journal and card forms are controlled by the police, immigration and other state services.

18) Occupies vast territories of the European part, conventionally located from 57 parallel north latitude.

Differs in richness and variety of natural resources and cultural heritage.

The southwestern part is densely populated, the rest of the territory has a low population density.

The territory is divided into 3 districts:

· Leningradskiy (Leningrad Region) - a developed resort area on the Gulf of Finland and a network of recreational facilities in the vicinity of Luga. The main specialization is educational and health tourism.

· Kola - Karelsky (Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia) - medium developed, with a specialization in sports and ecological tourism.

· Russian North (Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic) - underdeveloped, with a specialization in educational, sports and ecological tourism.

The main tourist centers of this zone: St. Petersburg, Petrozavodsk, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk.

Natural and recreational resources

· Recreational resources in this area are excessive in relation to the recreational needs of the local population.

· The landscapes of this area have great functionality.

The European north of Russia has rich water resources.

It is washed by 4 seas, has the highest lakes (Ladoga, Onega lakes), is characterized by increased water content (Neva, Svir, Northern Dvina, Pechora, connected by the Volga-Baltic and Belomoro-Baltic navigable canals)

Water cut is the ratio of the length of the water body to the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory.

The European North is located in several natural zones - Tundra and Taiga, rich in biological resources. High ornithological diversity. And a variety of fur animals. Rich opportunities for the development of licensed hunting. The zone includes several specially protected natural areas: Kivach, Kostamokshkiy and Kandalaksha. Reserves, national parks, out of 5 - international park Pasvik, Paanajarvii, Vodlozersky. Natural park - Valaam archipelago. And various natural monuments - Ladoga and Onega skerries. The Kivach nature reserve is home to the highest Kivach waterfall in Russia.

19) It is included in the second recreational zone and covers the most densely populated territories of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. Here is a significant part of the economic potential and population of the country - the largest urban agglomerations.

The central region is located in the very center of the European part of Russia and includes: Tverskaya, Yaroslavskaya, Vladimirskaya, Ryazanskaya, Tula, Kaluga, Smolenskaya. These regions directly border on Moscow, and their main cities are located at a distance of 160 - 230 km from Moscow.

Tourism and recreation in the Central Region is often associated with rivers, lakes and reservoirs. A large number of recreation centers and sanatoriums have been built on the banks of the main rivers Volga, Oka, Dnieper and their tributaries - Tvertsa, Moscow, Klyazma, Protva. On the warmest days, the water in rivers and lakes warms up to +20 ... + 24 ° С.

This area is sometimes called "the land of the headwaters", it is here that the largest rivers of the Russian Plain originate: the Dnieper, Don, Oka, Western Dvina and, of course, the Volga.

More than a thousand relatively large lakes are located in the Central Region. Many of them have long been mastered by tourists. However, none can compare in beauty, wealth and popularity with the pearl lake - Seliger.

The central region is extremely rich in historical and cultural monuments. The center of Russia is also famous for its famous "ancestral nests" - estates associated with the names of famous Russian people, and medieval architectural structures, and monuments of the heroic history of the Russian people.

The "Golden Fund" of the cultural and historical heritage of Russia is made up of numerous monuments of world significance located in the ancient cities of the "Golden Ring of Russia": Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Sergiev Posad.

Tourism development factors

Before analyzing the development of tourism in any country, it is necessary to highlight certain positions that affect tourism in general and slow down its development in all countries.

All experts in the field of tourism are the following factors affecting the growth of tourist flow:

political;

economic;

socio-demographic;

cultural;

Political factors. One of the most important factors in the development of the tourism business in the country is a stable political environment. Also, for the development of tourism in a particular country, the established international relations with other states are important; the state of the trade and balance of payments of a given country and its partners; international relations in the world or in a particular region.

Economic forces. The growth of incomes of the population in economically developed countries allows the population of these countries to spend more money on travel. An analysis of the income of tourists from a number of European countries revealed that the middle class prevails in the tourist flow of almost all countries in terms of material status, and the category of persons with high incomes is also widely represented, which creates a demand for highly comfortable accommodation and service conditions.

The development of tourism is significantly influenced by the foreign economic activity of states, the processes of integration and globalization taking place in all sectors of the world economy. This contributes to the emergence of various new types of business tourism.

However, such phenomena in the economy as the tightening of customs formalities, financial instability, economic strikes can significantly restrain the activities of organizations in the tourism industry.

Socio-demographic factors. The development of tourism is influenced by population growth, especially urban. The urban lifestyle, according to psychologists, is distinguished by stress, anonymity of life, lack of contact with people, and isolation from nature. In this regard, tourism for urban residents is a search for peace of mind.

For many countries of the world there is a tendency to change the ratio of working and free time. With the increase in free time in people's lives, two main trends have emerged - the fragmentation of the vacation period and the growth of short trips, i.e. tourist trips are becoming shorter, but more frequent.

Among other changes related to tourism, one should highlight the widespread involvement of women in the field of public labor. Many of them aspire to make a career. Accordingly, this leads to the fact that women later began to marry and bear children. Due to the desire to obtain material independence, the number of women traveling for business purposes is growing at a rapid pace.

Cultural factors. These include the satisfaction of cultural, educational and aesthetic needs, which contributes to the development of people's desire for knowledge, study of life, traditions, culture and history of other countries and peoples. Adherence to certain types of recreation and, accordingly, the satisfaction of their cultural needs vary significantly across countries.

Scientific and technical progress. Currently, thanks to scientific and technological progress, the travel time when traveling over long distances is decreasing; the service on transport is being improved, which becomes more comfortable for passengers; there are new direct flights, high-speed routes (automobile, rail), etc.

The development of tourism depends significantly on the awareness of tourists about places of rest and various travels. The rapid development of the media has allowed tourism organizations to promote tourism in general and individual tourism products or services.

Summing up a small summary, we can single out that all factors affecting the development of the tourism industry can be divided into two groups:

1) external factors that act regardless of the functioning of organizations in the tourism industry (political, economic, socio-demographic and cultural);

2) internal factors contributing to the development of tourism, actively used by tourism organizations in their functioning.

When servicing tourists, modern computer management technologies are used, the capabilities of global computer networks, which make it possible to form a tourist product for a client in a short period of time, taking into account various tariffs and incentive systems for regular customers.

Further development of tourism is impossible without the construction of new and reconstruction of existing tourism facilities, taking into account the latest achievements of science and technology; improving the culture and quality of service based on industrialization, technologization and computerization of the tourism industry; rational use of available material resources; application of modern technologies for serving tourists.

The structure of the international tourism market

Segmentation of the tourism market

Factors affecting the tourism market

Concept and scheme of the tourist market

Lecture 2. International tourism market

Plan:

In recent years, tourism has developed significantly and has become a massive social and economic phenomenon of an international scale. Its rapid development is facilitated by the expansion of political, economic, scientific and cultural ties between states and peoples of the world. The massive development of tourism allows millions of people to expand their knowledge of the history of their Fatherland and other countries, to get acquainted with the sights, culture, and traditions of this or that country.

From an economic point of view, tourism is a special type of consumption of material goods, services and goods by tourists, which stands out as a separate branch of the economy, which provides the tourist with everything necessary: \u200b\u200bvehicles, food, accommodation, cultural and household services, entertainment.

The market is the place where demand meets supply. this is not a specific place, but actually a meeting of supply and demand, where the following questions are resolved: a) what to buy? b) what to sell and at what price?

Market is a sphere of exchange of goods between producers and consumers, formed on the basis of the division of labor.

The tourist market is a system of relations (economic, social, legal) linking producers of a tour product and consumers who are interested in a certain type of tour product, who have the opportunity to sell and buy.

The tourist market can be considered as:

Collections of buyers and sellers of a tourist product;

A tool for reconciling the interests of buyers and sellers of a tourist product;

Spheres of implementation of the tourist product;

Areas of manifestation of economic relations between buyers and sellers of a tourist product.

The tourist market performs the following functions:

Realization of the value and use value contained in the tourist product;

Organization of the process of bringing the tourist product to the consumer (tourist);

Types of tourist markets: national and international.

The subject of the tourism market is consumers and manufacturers of a tourism product, intermediaries, government, etc.

The tourist market is characterized by its capacity, the level of balance between supply and demand, and the conditions for the sale of the tourist product.

The capacity of the tourism market is its ability to "absorb" a certain amount of a tourism product, that is, the possible volume of sales of individual tours, tourism services and goods for tourism and souvenir purposes at existing prices and supply

The tourist market is an economic system of interaction of four main elements: tourist demand, supply, price, competition.

Tourist demand is a confirmation by the solvency of the recreational needs of people, expressed in a certain amount of tourist products and services that consumers can purchase at certain prices for a tourist product.

Demand is an indicator reflecting the volume of sales of a certain tour product in a selected market segment.

Demand can be: inelastic, stable (regardless of price fluctuations), elastic (changing in one direction or another, depending on changing prices).

The demand can be:

negative (most of the market underestimates the like, and agrees to additional costs to avoid it),

absent (consumers ignore the proposed product),

open (consumers feel the need for a tour direction or something that the market for some reason cannot offer),

falling (loss of consumers' interest in certain things),

irregular (seasonal, daily, up to hourly fluctuations),

full-fledged (tourist company - the seller is satisfied with his trade turnover),

irrational (harmful or immoral goods and services).

The basis of tourist demand is a person's need for rest, knowledge, communication, which prompts him to travel.

As an element of the tourism market, demand is formed on the basis of many factors of an objective and subjective nature.

Dynamic development is due to the action of a complex of demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic, scientific and technical factors.

Along with them, a group of subjective factors stands out, including tastes, preferences, national traditions.

Tourism Product Offer - The amount of tourism products or services that are put on the market at a specific price level. If demand reflects the estimated capacity of the market, then supply is the actual volume of tourist and excursion services that are offered to the consumer in the market.

The relationship between supply and demand depends on many factors, one of which is price. Overpriced prices lead, with the exception of isolated cases, to a drop in demand, and understatement leads to loss of profits and unprofitability of the enterprise.

Price is a measure and regulator of the balance between supply and demand in the tourist market, this is the main criterion for choosing a tourist product for most consumers and therefore, first of all, it affects the volume of sales.

The price level may be influenced by factors:

Prices for the services of tour service providers (hotels, transport)

Prices for services provided by competitors in the market

Fluctuations in demand

Seasonality

Psychological factors related to fashion, prestige, etc.

There are three pricing methods:

Price setting based on market demand

Setting a price depending on the price level of competitors

Calculation of prices based on the cost price of a tour product (services / goods)

In tourism, differentiated prices are used, which vary depending on:

Time (season, off-season, congresses, Olympics)

Market segment

Forms of payment (preliminary with a discount or at a minimum period).

Competition is a mutual struggle of enterprises for a monopoly position in the tourism market.

The interaction of market elements leads to its cyclical nature. If the supply of a tourist product is greater than the demand for it, then prices fall, which causes a decrease in entrepreneurial activity in the production of this particular tourist product; if on the contrary, then prices increase and this situation stimulates the production of this product on the market. After a certain price fluctuation, there is a period of equilibrium between supply and demand. During this period, the market comes to an equilibrium state.

The tourist market is a service market. It has specific features that must be taken into account when organizing a tourism business.

The tourist market is highly dependent on various factors:

Natural and ecological factors:

Good climate and comfortable natural conditions

The presence of beautiful landscapes and natural attractions

The presence of rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water

Cleanliness and tidiness

Socio-economic factors:

The standard of living of the bulk of the population

Social freedom and rights that enable citizens to move inside and outside the state

Foreign economic relations of the state

Political factors:

Political stability

Peaceful relations between states

Availability of intergovernmental agreements in the field of tourism

Demographic factors:

Population growth

Increased life expectancy

Ethnic tourist streams

The influx of youth into tourism

Family Travel Increasing Trend

Tourism demand is highly seasonal, with peaks at certain times of the year and troughs in the rest of the months. In the countries of the northern hemisphere with a temperate climate, the main tourist seasons are summer (July-August) and winter (January-March), there is also an off-season (April-June, September), and the so-called off-season (October-December).

The seasonal nature of demand is manifested in the uneven workload of enterprises in the tourism industry. Seasonal fluctuations in demand are due to the influence of various factors: climatic, economic, social, psychological.

Hello everyone! Keep children, cats and other pets away from screens. Now you will be presented with a boring article containing a lot of beeches, diluted with my photos! Happy reading everyone! \u003d)

Tourism is an economic, political, social and geographical phenomenon characterized by the movement of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, as well as stateless persons from a permanent place of residence to a temporary one. The main tourist destinations are health, sports, religious and educational. In the course of such a movement, citizens do not conduct work activities and are not involved in the intentional receipt of financial profit.

The economy of tourism is a special system of relations that arises in the tourist area in the course of production, redistribution, exchange and consumption of the fruits of tourism. From the point of view of economic science, tourism is nothing more than a systemic object of study, which makes it possible to study in more detail its internal structure and factors of interaction with the external environment.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

The development of the tourist area and the achievement of high quality services for tourists are an additional source of income for the regional and federal budgets, which allows us to speak about the significant role of economic development of tourism for the country as a whole.

The essence of such development can be traced by examining the system of specific economic indicators reflecting the quantity and quality of tourist services, economic indicators of production and service activities of facilities employed in the tourism industry.

The scorecard consists of the following components:

• the size of the tourist flow;
• the quality of the material and technical base;
• financial and economic stability of operating travel companies;
• the degree of development of international tourism.

The economic development of tourism, as well as its beneficial effect on the economy of a particular region, is manifested, first of all, in the extent to which the funds spent by tourists for the purchase of a certain kind of services are involved in the industrial, agricultural and manufacturing sectors of the economy. Such involvement is possible provided that the money spent by tourists on the purchase of services and products of tourism production will fall into the state budget.

The state and development of the international tourism industry deserves special attention, the positive side of which is determined based on:

• the number of tourists traveling abroad;
• the number of days spent by foreign tourists on the territory of the state;
• the total amount of money spent by tourists during a tourist trip.

The development of economic tourism has its advantages associated with:

1. An increase in cash flows, expressed primarily in foreign currency.
2. GDP growth;
3. Creation of new jobs;
4. Reconstruction of the recreation structure, giving it a form suitable for use not only by tourists, but also by local residents;
5. Attracting fresh foreign capital.

Along with the listed positive aspects, economic tourism can also have negative consequences, the essence of which is as follows:

1. In a developed tourist region, prices for consumer goods, services, resources and housing are much higher, which is not always acceptable for local residents.
2. Tourist imports increase the outflow of money from the country.
3. The creation of objects of the tourism industry worsens the ecological and social situation, negatively affects the life of the local population.

An example of the negative impact of the economic development of tourism is the loss by the local population of its inherent cultural traditions and familiarization with values \u200b\u200bimposed from outside under the influence of benefits.

ECONOMIC FACTORS OF TOURISM

The economic development of the state and the volume of national income have a direct impact on the well-being of citizens living in its territory. Economic research in recent years has shown that the largest number of tourists come from countries with stable and well-developed economies. There are also a number of economic factors that have a direct impact on the development of tourism, namely:

1. inflation;
2. increase in interest rates on loans;
3. fluctuations in the exchange rate.

It is noted that the change in the exchange rate of buying and selling foreign currency in relation to the local, and vice versa, leads to the fact that tourists begin to use the services of travel agencies with caution, or even refuse to travel. Potential tourists prefer to spend time at the dacha until the economic situation changes for the better. The same effect should be expected with the growth of inflationary processes and the growth of interest on the payment of borrowed loans. An increase in the cost of a tourist ticket by only 5% leads to a drop in demand for it by at least 8-10%.

The tourism business reacts extremely negatively to the economic downturn, which is characteristic of both the national and global economies. For example, as a result of the events taking place in the late 80s of the last century, there was a decrease in the internal tourist flow in the territory of the post-Soviet states, which negatively affected the tourism industry as a whole.

ECONOMIC FACTORS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

The development of the economy affects the standard of living of the population, which is a kind of incentive for increasing tourist mobility. The economic development of the tourism sector is determined based on the following factors:

• political and social status;
• national political interests;
• the level of interethnic ties;
• involvement in the international tourism business;
• the level of government funding for the tourism area;
• availability of a material basis for the creation of a developed tourist region;
• the possibility of creating an attractive tourist product suitable for investment;
• financial availability;
• opportunities for the inclusion of local tourism business in the international;
• demography and social level of development of the population;
• the ability to maintain the required level of security;
• attracting specialists of the required level;
• other kinds of economic factors.

Factors influencing the development of economic tourism are also natural disasters, cataclysms of natural and man-made origin.

ECONOMIC TOURISM IN RUSSIA

Tourism is a specific sector of the national economy focused on the use of natural resources without significant transformation. The result of the tourism industry is the movement of consumers to the location of resources, the quantity and quality of which has remained unchanged over the years of its existence.

All of the above is quite fair and applicable to tourist sites located on the territory of foreign states. As for the level of development of economic tourism in Russia, the situation here is somewhat different. The country's tourism industry is underdeveloped, as a result of which the demand for the provision of tourism services is satisfied at the expense of the territory of foreign states, which allows us to speak of the prevalence of outbound tourism.

Russians who want to have a good rest, improve their health, spend a memorable honeymoon or vacation are forced to go abroad, since the local tourism business does not allow them to count on receiving the range of services that can be claimed on the territory of a foreign state.

As a result of the outflow of tourists, not only the reputation of the state suffers, but, above all, significant financial resources are lost, going to the budget of foreign states. To change the current situation, it is necessary to turn national tourism into an investment-attractive industry, which is impossible without the creation of a system of accounting, planning and use of existing tourist facilities. Until this is done, it is too early to talk about any development of the Russian tourism sector for the better. Thus, the cost of obtaining tourist services in Russia is at the same level as in the territory of such modern tourism centers as Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus and Greece, while the level of provision of these services is an order of magnitude lower. The situation was somewhat stabilized and changed for the better after the annexation of the territory of Crimea to Russia and the introduction by foreign states of certain sanctions preventing the mass departure of Russians abroad. And yet, one cannot speak of a significant leap in the level of economic development of tourism in Russia.

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Economic theory proceeds from the fact that tourism is capable of exerting both direct and indirect impact on the economy of the state.

The direct impact of economic tourism is a consequence of the tourist's expenses for the purchase of services and goods for tourism purposes. Travel expenses are calculated as the total amount of funds spent during a visit to a foreign country. According to the WTO, the following types of cash spending can be attributed to tourism expenses:

• payment for a tourist voucher, tour;
• hotel payment;
• buying food;
• payment of transportation costs;
• purchase of tickets for visiting entertainment and cultural events;
• shopping;
• payment for medical services;
• purchase of insurance;
• other expenses.

Direct influence manifests itself in the form of obtaining a result from the money spent by tourists, by investing them in the development of the tourism business, encouraging those involved in it, creating new jobs. Money. received from tourists are a significant investment in the local budget.

The indirect influence of economic tourism, or the multiplier effect, manifests itself in the form of a cycle of tourist spending in a particular region, region, state. The spending of tourists triggers a chain cyclical reaction, as a result of which practically all spheres of the economy are involved in the process of circulation of tourist funds. The magnitude of the multiplier effect is directly related to the amount of revenue generated by the tourism industry.

By calculating the direct and indirect impact of spending in the tourism sector, it is possible to determine the degree of impact of tourism on the economy of the state, manifested in the form of the impact of tourism on the ability to pay, employment and the development of individual economic entities and the population. In addition, the tourism industry has an indirect impact on the balance of payments, which is expressed in the presence of a difference between the expenses incurred by foreign tourists on the territory of the state and the expenses of the local population outside its borders.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF TOURISM

To ensure sustainable indicators of the tourist flow, it is necessary to create suitable economic conditions that allow providing high-quality tourist services to a large number of both foreign and local citizens.

Conditions are composed of the following indicators:

1. Creation of a network of hotels and hostels, the services of which could be used by tourists with different levels of financial security.
2. Creation of a large number of eateries, affordable in terms of price and quality, in which tourists could have a good time, leave some money, but not become impoverished.
3. Creation of extensive tourist areas, including entertainment, cultural, historical and social complexes.
4. Development of a general tourist concept, the basis of which should be a certain idea.

Not a single tourist will come to a country where there is nowhere to sleep, nothing to eat, the proper level of security is not maintained, and there are no funds to achieve the required level of comfort.

ECONOMIC ROLE OF TOURISM

The importance of the tourism industry to the economy is undeniable. Modern tourism affects almost all areas of economic activity, as well as:

• takes an industrial form;
• acts as both a tourist product and a service that is not subject to transportation and accumulation;
• helps to lower the unemployment rate;
• contributes to the development and foundation of new sectors of the national economy;
• contributes to the redistribution of income between countries for which tourism is the main source of replenishment of the state budget;

Thus, the role of economic tourism is undeniable. Thanks to the development of the tourism sector, the necessary financial resources are freed up that can be directed to economic, social and humanitarian needs. I am very glad that you have read the article to the end, I hope you found a lot of useful information in it. Ask your questions in the comments, good luck to everyone! \u003d)

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1. Factors of tourism can be divided into static and dynamic. Static factors are a combination of natural and geographic factors. They have an enduring, unchanging meaning. Recreational resources that adapt to tourist consumption change slowly. Relief, climate, mineral waters (and other natural resources) are those factors of tourism that are more permanent than others. Cultural and historical resources (monuments of architecture, history, etc.) can also largely be attributed to static factors.

Dynamic factors include demographic, socioeconomic, logistical and political factors. They can have a different assessment, meaning, changing in time and space.

2. Factors affecting tourism are divided into external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous). External factors influence regional tourism through natural, social and economic changes. This group of factors includes: age of the region's population; increase in the number of working women, change in income for each family; an increase in the proportion of single people; tendencies towards later marriage and family formation; an increase in the number of childless couples in the population of the region; reducing immigration restrictions; increased paid travel and more flexible working hours; earlier retirement, increased awareness of tourism opportunities.

Almost all of the above indicators to one degree or another affect the structure of the population's free time, which creates objective socio-demographic conditions for the development of tourism.

The external factors affecting regional tourism include economic and financial factors: improvement (deterioration) of the economic situation, increase (decrease) in personal income: higher (lower) tourist activity depending on the part of income allocated for recreation, increase (decrease) the share of publicly allocated funds to cover the costs of tourism and travel.

The socio-economic factors influencing the increase in the scale of regional tourism include an increase in the level of education, culture, and aesthetic needs of the population. As an element of aesthetic needs, one can consider the desire of people to get acquainted with everyday life, history, culture, and living conditions in different countries.

In addition, external factors include changes in political and legal regulation; technological changes: development of transport infrastructure and trade, and changes in travel safety conditions.

Internal (endogenous) factors are factors that affect directly in the field of regional tourism. These include the material and technical factors that are essential for the development of tourism in the region. The main ones are related to the development of accommodation facilities, transport, catering, recreation, retail, etc. The factors of the tourism market are also related to internal factors:

• -processes of demand, supply and distribution of tourist products (as a feature of modern market factors, one can single out, for example, the transformation of demand for tourist products into constant demand, as well as the growth of individual tourism);
• - the growing role of market segmentation (the emergence of new intraregional tourist segments, an increase in travel distances, a variety of forms of vacation spending, an increase in short-term stays, an increase in the diversification of tourist development in the established tourist space, etc.);
• - the growing role of coordination of activities in tourism and monopolization processes (strengthening of horizontal integration, i.e. the growth of partnerships between large firms and small and medium-sized businesses, vertical integration through the creation of strategic tourism unions, etc.);
• - the growing role of the media and public relations in the promotion, advertising and sale of developed tourism products;
• -increasing the role of personnel in tourism (increasing the number of employees, developing a professional and qualification structure, increasing the importance of vocational training, improving the organization of labor, etc.);
• - the growing role of the private tourism business (creating conditions under which a limited number of large transnational operators and a significant number of small enterprises operate on the market, the effective sale of tourism products is carried out on the basis of professional marketing, which generates the need for staff training).
• 3. Factors of tourism development can be classified into natural (physical and geographical) and socio-economic.

Natural factors. The nature of the natural conditions has a great influence on the choice of the route or travel area by tourists. Tourists take into account climatic and landscape features, richness and uniqueness of flora and fauna, natural opportunities for active recreation. As a rule, the desire to relax, to change the environment is combined in many people with the desire to get acquainted with the exotic. Exotic natural sites are one of the most important tourist resources. The most widely used to attract tourists is the unique nature and its attractions.

The geographical position of the region or the country plays a very important role for tourism, first of all, here it should be noted the proximity to the sea, to the mountains and forests, the nature of the coastline, the position of the country in relation to the main suppliers of tourists, the location of the region on important transit routes, etc. etc.

Striving for good rest, tourists prefer routes and seasons characterized by favorable weather conditions. The frequent vagaries of nature inherent in areas with an unstable climate, as well as natural disasters, contribute to a decrease in the number of visitors to such places.

Taking into account the requirements of tourists to weather and climatic conditions, the main tourist regions are located in the temperate zones of both hemispheres, as well as on the islands of the hot zone, where the high air temperature is compensated by sea winds. However, in recent decades, the interest of tourists in exotic corners of the world has increased, which contributes to the expansion of the international tourism zone. The presence of sea and ocean coasts in the country favors the development of tourist regions. In conditions of a comfortable climate, well-warmed sea water near the shores and the presence of convenient beaches, sea resorts can form. The sea coasts provide convenience of communication, the possibility of cruise travel, and are a magnificent natural decoration of the landscape.

Rivers and lakes are also important recreational resources. They decorate the landscape, form a favorable microclimate, provide tourists with the opportunity to relax on the water, practice water sports, and provide tourist centers with water. Currently, lakeside resorts and recreation areas in Finland, Poland, Hungary, Switzerland and other countries are popular tourism areas.

Recreational resources include forests, thanks to which an environment is created in recreation areas that allows one to "isolate" from the outside world and "civilization". The forest is very important for health improvement, it reduces the noise level in recreation areas.

For most tourists, the nature of the animal world of the area visited does not play any role, however, in a number of places to attract guests, great attention is paid to their interest in exotic animals. Many national parks, nature reserves and areas open for hunting have become real tourist centers.

In some regions, mineral waters and mud, which have healing properties, are an important recreational resource. Resorts on mineral waters attract fairly steady flows of tourists (Caucasian Mineral Waters, Belokurikha).

Note that the greater the number of various natural resources suitable for recreation, a certain area has, the more opportunities it has to attract tourists.

Socio-economic factors occupy a special place in the development of tourism. N.S. Mironenko and M. Bochvarova conditionally subdivide factors into two large groups: generating the need for the organization of recreational activities and realizing, that is, providing the opportunity to organize recreation. It is necessary to distinguish between the influence of these factors on the organization of recreational activities in general and on the territorial localization of recreation systems in particular.

Attempts to systematize socio-economic factors have been undertaken by many researchers. Among the leading factors, first of all, the development of the country's productive forces, an increase in the material well-being and the cultural level of the population were named.

The development of the productive forces affects the growth of the total budget of non-working and free time. A decrease in the time spent on work and an increase in the time spent on rest is dramatically changing the sphere of service and tourism. In addition, the free time of retirees and students and their percentage should be taken into account. It should be borne in mind that the budget of free time is extremely heterogeneous. It includes vacations and vacations, weekends and holidays, free time on weekdays, time before school and after retirement.

The development of the productive forces and their territorial concentration is reflected in the increase in urbanization. Since about half of the world's population lives in cities, such a congestion of people in cities and, especially in large agglomerations, where the air is highly polluted, the microclimate is changed, very noisy, little sun and greenery, negatively affects their health. As a result of the irreversible process of urbanization, the recreational needs of the population are increasing. In countries experiencing a tendency towards urbanized life, the role of outdoor recreation is increasing.

The age structure of the population has a significant impact on the development of recreational activities, in particular on the functional diversity and location of recreational systems. For example, tourists aged 20-45 prefer seaside vacations. On the other hand, observations show that a number of other types of recreational activities (summer cottages, hiking in the mountains) are more popular among the population over the age of 45. Between the ages of 45 and 65, there is the most noticeable increase in income, and more expensive recreational activities may be associated with this. Spa resorts are more likely to be visited by older people when people's mobility is reduced.

The ratio of individual age groups affects the total amount of recreational needs and the functional diversity of recreation systems.

The occupational structure of the population influences recreational activity. It is believed that, first of all, workers and employees are in need of recreation due to the relatively more intensive work, followed by students, and in last place - employed in agricultural production and pensioners. Depending on regional differences in the ratio between these occupational groups of the population, new recreational systems should be predicted and designed.

It is very important that the living standards of the population cross the border, above which the structure of consumption is stable and is not subject to changes. In Russia, in recent years, the majority of the population did not have the necessary income to normally maintain their physical condition. The development of the tourism industry was at the expense of wealthy people. And the large gap between the very rich and the poor cannot lead to sustainable tourism development.

It is necessary to take into account the differences in the dynamism of socio-economic factors. Motorization and educational attainment, for example, are more dynamic than income levels and the age structure of the population.

A significant factor is the ratio between foreign tourists and holidaymakers in the country. Moreover, foreign tourists often use the country for transit or visit the most advertised or equipped areas for tourism. To assess the volume of needs of foreign tourists, the trip duration indicator is important.

Socio-economic factors that fulfill recreational needs. Most of the authors are unanimous in defining the main socio-economic factors that determine the implementation of the needs for recreational activities: transport accessibility; the availability of recreational enterprises in a quantity that meets the demand and peak season; development of infrastructure focused on spending free time; availability of labor resources, etc. The network of recreational services, on the one hand, acts as one of the main implementing socio-economic factors, and on the other hand, is the result of the combined impact of all other factors.

Optimal transport accessibility of recreational areas is one of the important factors. For example, in Altai, most of the tourists visit the well-accessible areas through which the Chuisky tract passes. The main number of hotels and tourist complexes is also concentrated here.

Cultural and historical factors are also attributed to socio-economic factors. Museums and art galleries, exhibitions, architectural monuments and historical sites attract tourists. Interest in the history, culture, life and traditions of other peoples is the most important catalyst for the development of tourism. In this regard, cultural and historical factors are closely intertwined with ethnic factors.

The socio-ethnic prerequisites for the development of tourism are that our planet is inhabited by a large number of different peoples, each of which has its own history, culture, traditions, customs, and religion. Many people, due to the growth of the educational and cultural level, strive to get acquainted with the life of different peoples in the fullest possible extent.

Economic and geographical factors are an object conducive to tourism, in the sense that the economies of different countries and regions are quite different in structure and level of all sectors of the economy, in their territorial distribution and combinations, the specifics of technological processes, etc., which causes interest from representatives of business and industry. The growing demands of the world economy are driving the growth of international contacts. Often, the travel program for businessmen and industrialists includes visits to scientific centers and industrial enterprises in order to get acquainted with the results of the achievements of this region in the scientific and technical field, study experience, technologies, improve professional level and qualifications.

Economic and geographical factors as a means of promoting the development of tourism are determined by the growth of tourist infrastructure and accommodation funds, the development of international and domestic communications, and the improvement of vehicles.

The most important role in the development of tourism belongs to transport. In recent decades, as a result of scientific and technological progress, transport has become faster, safer, more capacious and comfortable.

4. Factors of tourism development can be divided into development-promoting and development-constraining factors (limiting factors). The problem with this classification is that one and the same factor can both contribute to and limit the development of tourism in the region.

Let's dwell on the factors that contribute to the development of tourism. Study of trends in tourism development throughout the 20th century. allows us to talk about the great importance of the overall socio-economic development of countries for tourism. An increasing role is played by the activation of economic ties between states on the basis of the international division of labor. The expansion of international trade and the improvement of vehicles were an important material prerequisite for the development of tourism.

The growth of social wealth. In the 20th century. in developed countries there has been a significant increase in social wealth. Growth of gross domestic product in Germany, Japan, USA and other countries.

Free time growth. The expansion of the social composition of tourists has a positive impact on the development of tourism, which became possible due to the improvement of wage conditions, an increase in the duration of paid leave, the provision of various social guarantees and benefits to workers and employees at the expense of enterprises and trade unions.

The ongoing reduction in working time is accompanied by an increase in the intensity of labor, as a result, stress develops, and a person needs a change of environment, rest.

In the 1970s, there was a tendency in industrialized countries to divide vacations into two parts, which makes it possible to make two trips per year - one in winter and one in summer.

The development of tourism is also facilitated by the lowering of the age threshold for retirement, which (taking into account the increase in life expectancy) has led to the emergence of the so-called "third age" tourism. Young people also take part in travel, which contributes to the activation of adolescent and youth tourism.

Development of transport and increased mobility of people. Material and technical factors have a great influence on the growth of tourism and the expansion of its social base. The main ones are associated with the development of means of transport, accommodation, communications, catering, retail, and service.

A specific feature of transport links is their integration nature, since they transform the world into a single space, unite individual countries and continents into a single whole. For tourism, the most important thing is to ensure links between local, national and international means of travel so that tourist travel does not have interruptions in transport links. Along with these requirements, the importance of quality indicators is increasing - speed, technical safety of vehicles, which turn into factors that are decisive in the choice of one or another means of transportation by tourists. The main modes of transport in tourism are aviation, buses and cars, sea and river vessels, trains. The material base intended for the accommodation of tourists occupies one of the main places in the formation of the tourist infrastructure. We are talking about hotels, motels, boarding houses, campgrounds, tourist villages, private apartments. The rapid development of tourism in the second half of the 20th century. led to the accelerated construction of accommodation facilities in many regions.

During tourist travel, catering for tourists plays no less important role than accommodation conditions. That is why, along with the expansion of the accommodation fund, a wide network of catering establishments was created in all tourism centers. When organizing food for tourists, serious problems arise due to the seasonal nature of tourist travel. Usually, the most massive flow of tourists falls on the summer months, which requires preliminary accumulation and storage of certain types of products. This requires specialized refrigeration units. Modern technology makes it possible to preserve, freeze, pack many food products, which to a certain extent solves the problem of food for tourists.

Demographic factors also have a significant impact on the development of international tourism. As a result of the growth of the world's population, the global tourism potential is increasing, and new human resources are being drawn into tourism activities. Demographic factors also include: the constantly growing mutual interest of peoples in different countries that have a common or related language, or are linked by a common history and culture (ethnic tourism); increased demand for participation in specialized trips of persons of the same profession or social function (specialized tourism). In addition, the development of tourism is facilitated by the growing number of single adults, an increase in the number of working women, a tendency towards later marriages, and an increase in the number of childless families.

Urbanization process. In most developed countries, a significant proportion of the population lives in cities. Such a society experiences stress due to the separation from the natural environment. Tourism allows you to return to your natural roots, to find a natural, healthy life.

The socio-economic group of prerequisites for the development of tourism can also be attributed to an increase in the cultural level, the desire of people to learn, to familiarize themselves with the life, culture, history of other countries and peoples.

The development of foreign economic relations, the desire to use the advanced experience of other countries in the creation of material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bis manifested in the expansion of scientific and business contacts, the expression of which is the development of new types of international tourist relations - scientific (congress) and business tourism.

In the second half of the 20th century. the very stereotype of human life has changed. The one that could be described as static, when the bulk of the population has not left their homes for years, is being replaced by a new, dynamic stereotype of life. A change of scenery becomes extremely necessary in the modern conditions of the hectic urban rhythm of life. The larger the city, the more clearly this need is felt, since recreation at the place of residence does not restore strength well.

With today's pace of work and life, spending on leisure, especially travel-related, is quickly becoming essential. In recent years, there have been shifts in the structure of the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof society.

Groups of political factors can actively contribute to the expansion of international tourist relations. One of the main factors is the internal political stability of the host country. In addition, peaceful, friendly, good-neighborly relations between states play an important role.

A serious political factor is the existence of interstate and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in the field of economy, trade, scientific, technical and cultural relations, tourism and exchanges.

In the 90s of the 20th century. Several very important events influenced the development of tourism in Europe: democratic processes in Eastern Europe, the unification of Germany, the collapse of the USSR, events in Yugoslavia and the military conflict in the Persian Gulf region. All these factors have caused serious changes in world politics and largely contributed to the reorientation of tourist flows.

Restraining (problematic factors, main limiting) factors of tourism development. These factors are the main problems of tourism development. Moreover, an essential feature of the situation in Russia is that crisis phenomena have arisen mainly in domestic tourism, while outbound tourism continues to develop. In conditions of imbalance between these types of tourism, foreign currency is exported from the country, which could be invested in the development of the material and technical base of domestic tourism. Urgent measures are needed to overcome the factors that have a negative impact on the development of tourism at the moment.

The limiting factors that negatively affect the development of regional tourism include: crises; political instability; rising prices for consumer goods; unemployment; lack of good neighborly relations between states; military conflicts; strikes; crime situation; financial instability (inflation); reduction in personal consumption; unfavorable ecological situation; bankruptcy of travel companies; toughening of tourist formalities; failure of travel agencies to fulfill their obligations, etc.

Seasonality takes a special place among the factors influencing the development of tourism. Depending on the season of the year, the volume of tourist activity can vary greatly. Seasonality in international tourism is influenced by factors of both climatic and social nature (for example, climatic factors are primarily caused by the fact that in most parts of the world the weather conditions favorable for tourism and recreation are not the same for months, so people tend to get holidays during the most comfortable seasons of the year).

Tourism develops most of all in summer, but there are categories of tourists who prefer winter sports, the winter months are suitable for them. In some areas, autumn and spring are quite suitable for recreation. Nevertheless, in the summer months there is an intensity of tourist flows and a decrease in them in winter and in the off-season.

A "season" for a particular tourist area is considered to be the period of the year when the monthly number of tourists arriving exceeds their average monthly number for the year. If there are two seasons (for example, summer and winter), "off-season periods" occur between them. If the arrival is higher in the year, the term "hot season" is used; the period of almost complete absence of tourists, which for many regions is due to extremely unfavorable weather conditions, is usually called the “off season”. Clear phenomena of the seasonality of tourism have now been identified in almost all tourist countries and regions. For Russia, with its characteristic geographic location, the problems of seasonality are clearly manifested. Especially unfavorable conditions for winter tourism are observed in Asian Russia. So, low temperatures on some days in Altai (-35 0С) limit opportunities for the development of winter types of tourism.

Seasonality creates serious problems in serving tourists. In the "hot" season, difficulties may arise with transport, accommodation, catering, excursions for numerous tourists. The negative consequences of seasonality include the fact that during most of the year the bulk of hotel rooms in tourist complexes and resorts remains practically unclaimed. Altai travel agencies have an established opinion that in most tourist complexes the "season" lasts only 2 months a year, and the rest of the time they are half empty or completely closed. Another peak season is New Year's, when most tourist complexes are overcrowded. There are known examples of sanatoriums in the resort of Belokurikha, when on New Year's they vacated all possible auxiliary rooms for tourists.

To attract tourists out of season or to develop tourism in winter, travel companies are forced to pursue a flexible pricing policy, reduce prices for accommodation and transport services, and invest heavily in advertising for winter travel.

The expansion of the tourist season is also facilitated by the intensification of business tourism, expressed in the holding of international exhibitions, conferences, symposia, etc. As a rule, they try to hold all these events in winter, spring or autumn.

The development of mountain winter resorts, such as the Alps in Austria and Switzerland, the Tatras in Poland, the Caucasus in Russia and others, also contributes to the expansion of the tourist season. For the Altai-Sayan region, a positive example is the development of ski tourism in Gornaya Shoria.

Political factors are of great importance for the successful development of the tourism industry both in a single region and internationally. These include the internal policy pursued by this state; international relations that develop between countries; military conflicts (for example, the military events in the Persian Gulf in 1990-1991, 2003), acts of terrorism (in Egypt, Turkey, the United States - September 2001, Thailand, etc.); terrorist actions in the Republic of Chechnya. All this significantly affects the development of tourism both in a particular region and on an international scale: tourist flows are reduced, which leads to the ruin of companies serving tourists.

Economic factors also play an important role in the development of tourism. As a rule, the better the country's economy is, the better is tourism (both domestic and international), since, on the one hand, the country has a well-developed material and technical base (transport, accommodation and catering facilities for tourists, infrastructure, modern technologies), on the other hand, the level of well-being of the population is quite high.

The negative influence of natural factors is considered in connection with various natural deviations. For example, a rainy summer at a seaside resort or a snowless winter at a ski resort can greatly affect tourist activity. Winter season 2006-2007 was the warmest in the history of climate observations. As a result, many European ski resorts were closed for most of the season. The most significant damage to the development of tourism is caused by natural disasters: floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, hurricane winds, fires, etc. All this not only destroys the infrastructure, but also disrupts the ecology of the area, which can lead it out of the region of tourist activity for a long time. Various industrial accidents also hinder the development of tourism, as they violate the ecology of the region (for example, a shipwreck that resulted in a large amount of fuel spills). Currently, ecology plays an important role in the development of international tourism. In addition to the considered global factors, there are many other restrictions that are derived from these factors and also negatively affect the production activity of tourism industry enterprises, hindering the increase in their efficiency. These restrictions can be classified as follows:

• - restrictions in tourist demand: any organization that offers its goods and services to tourists is limited in its production activity to meet customer demand, since this demand is associated with the economic opportunities of tourists to buy goods;
• - restrictions in the tourist offer: they are associated with the availability of the necessary tourist resources. Natural resources are perhaps the most important of all resources. This is easy to see when examining the geographic distribution of regions as a whole. Obviously, some tourist regions are more attractive to tourists than others;
• - environmental restrictions: they are usually associated with environmental pollution. This applies to certain regions in which a lot of tourists gather, causing harm to the environment (setting up campgrounds in prohibited places, making fires, leaving trash, etc.). In this regard, a restriction may be imposed on visiting this destination;
• - time constraints: the free time that is at the disposal of each tourist automatically creates certain restrictions on what he can fill it with. A relatively short period of tourist activity has a negative impact on the production activity of a tourist company and, therefore, reduces the possibility of increasing profits. It also reduces the amount of tourist turnover received by the state from the use of the country's natural resources;
• - legal restrictions: for example, laws on the protection of the environment, on construction, laws defining various zones for the development of tourism, etc.;
• - limitations due to lack of knowledge: many activities in tourism are limited due to the lack of specific knowledge in the field of tourism among businessmen. They are reluctant to take risks in an area that is unfamiliar to them. Exactly the same situation arises in the activities of the state in relation to tourism, when it is necessary to solve this or that problem, and the knowledge of the decision-makers is not enough;
• - restrictions due to lack of resources: restrictions exist not only in relation to natural resources, but also in relation to the resources on which the activities of the tourism industry are based. Such resources include, for example, money capital, specialized personnel, hotels, restaurants, transport, etc. The scarcity of such resources reduces the possibility of meeting the needs and wishes of tourists.

Without a doubt, we can say that in addition to the above factors, there are many less significant restrictions. It should be emphasized that various limiting factors can be combined with each other and create new complexes of limitations in tourism.

In addition to the above factors affecting the development of tourism, many scientists agree that the factors of entrepreneurship and information science are extremely important. The first determines the properties of the person himself. The entrepreneur is characterized by two important characteristics: innovation and risk.

The second, informational factor, in modern society is in many respects decisive when choosing a place of rest. A huge stream of information (only one advertisement) falls on a person in our time. As a result, the information that a person receives not only allows him to judge the recreational resources of a particular region, but also determines the person's choice. Ultimately, its success will depend on the optimal information flow about the tourist region in donor countries. For sustainable tourism development, an optimal combination of basic and additional factors is required.