Khomchenko tasks. Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry for high school. Khomchenko I.G. Why was the Reshebnik created?

Chemistry is a very interesting, albeit difficult science, and even more so for children 14-17 years old. Sometimes even the teachers themselves forget how to solve certain tasks. Reshebnik to the textbook "Chemistry Grade 8-11 Collection of problems and exercises Khomchenko New Wave" - this is an easy way to deal with tasks that were too tough for you. But you should not use this memo constantly, as it was created so that you can find the answer to the question that you yourself could not figure out.

Why was the Reshebnik created?

There is nothing shameful in the event that you do not understand any task, since all people are different. Someone literally "grasps on the fly", while someone needs to sit a little longer and understand an incomprehensible topic.

But some tasks are very difficult to solve only with the help of your mind, and it makes no sense to ask parents. Use resolver only when it is impossible to solve any problem.

What is the function of this book

The resolver was created to enable the student to:

Find an answer to an incomprehensible task.
Expand your knowledge in the field chemistry.
Learn to solve problems on your own.

And these are not all possibilities. GDZ.

You are starting to get familiar with a new subject called chemistry. Since ancient times, people have tried to understand what the world around us consists of, how one substance is transformed into another. You will find answers to these and many other questions in the school textbook for the entire chemistry course from grades 8 to 11. And to make it easier for schoolchildren to perceive new information, the well-known specialist Khomchenko I.G. I disassembled the textbook and posted ready-made answers to my reshebnik.

Collection GDZ in chemistry for grades 8-11 collection of problems Khomchenko reveals the essence of all tasks and exercises from the textbook. The material of the manual fully meets the requirements of the school curriculum and is approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for general education institutions. Ready-made answers will help students to deal with incomprehensible tasks and test themselves on their own. In addition, such a publication is also useful for parents, who will find it easier and faster to check the child's homework and explain incomprehensible topics to him. And for teachers, such a manual will act as an additional material for classes.

In total, the GDZ in chemistry grades 8-11 includes thirty chapters. And first, students will be introduced to the basics of the subject. In the second chapter, they learn about oxygen and its radicals. The students in the next chapter will understand how hydrogen is involved in the formation of acid and salt. Next, eighth graders will discuss the topic of solutions, water and bases. The fifth chapter will bring knowledge about the classes of inorganic compounds. From the sixth chapter, ninth-graders finally learn about the law of D.I. Mendeleev and figure out the structure of the atom.

The ninth grade involves the study of chemical bonds and features in the structure of substances. The eighth chapter is completely devoted to Avogadro's law. Ninth graders from the next chapter will learn to solve all the exercises and problems on halogens. An equally important topic of electrolytic dissociation will be discussed below. In the eleventh chapter, students will have to deal with p-elements of group VI of the periodic table, which are a subgroup of oxygen. The twelfth chapter tells about the laws governing the course of chemical reactions.

Pupils will learn about the elements of group V of the periodic table, which are a subgroup of nitrogen, from the thirteenth chapter. The n-elements of the IV group of the periodic table of the periodic table from the carbon subgroup will not remain unclear. Students will learn about the general properties of metal from the fifteenth chapter. And the sixteenth chapter will talk about metals as elements of the main subgroups of the periodic table. But about metals, as elements of side subgroups, will become known from the next chapter.

Tenth graders will also have to master the theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds. In chapter nineteen they will talk about saturated hydrocarbons. But the twentieth chapter will tell about all unsaturated hydrocarbons. The tenth grade also deals with the topic of aromatic hydrocarbons. You can learn about natural sources of hydrocarbons from chapter twenty-two. About alcohols and phenols will become known from the twenty-third chapter. And now the eleventh graders will begin to get acquainted with aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

Graduates will learn to solve problems and design laboratory work on esters and fats. Reactions with carbohydrates are discussed in chapter twenty-seven. The twenty-eighth chapter will bring information about all nitrogen-containing organic compounds. And at the end of the chemistry course, schoolchildren will consider high-molecular compounds. And the thirtieth chapter is completely devoted to the repetition and deepening of knowledge in the course of chemistry. The authors did not forget to give answers to all calculation problems.

2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: 2011 - 214 p.

The collection includes tasks and exercises in chemistry, fully consistent with the school curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for general education institutions. The book is intended for teachers of chemistry as a teaching aid.

Format: pdf

The size: 23 MB

Watch, download: 1 .10.2018, links removed at the request of the publishing house "New Wave"

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 3
1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 5
Chemical phenomena. Substances 5
Relative atomic and molecular weights. Consistency of composition of matter 6
Chemical formulas and calculations based on them 7
Valence 8
Chemical equations. Types of reactions 9
The amount of substance. Mole. Molar mass 10
Calculations with chemical equations 11
2. OXYGEN. OXIDES. BURNING 14
Oxygen production and properties 14
Air. Burning 15
Heat effect of chemical reactions 16
3. HYDROGEN. ACIDS. SALTS 18
Production and properties of hydrogen 18
Acids and salts 19
4. SOLUTIONS. WATER. BASES 21
Solutions 21
Water 23
Base 24
5. GENERALIZATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT CLASSES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 27
Oxides 27
Bases 28
Acids 29
Salt 30
Relationship Between Classes of Inorganic Compounds 31
6. PERIODIC LAW OF DI MENDELEEV. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 35
Periodic law and periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev 35
The structure of the atom. Isotopes. Nuclear reactions 36
The structure of the electron shells of atoms 37
7. CHEMICAL BOND AND STRUCTURE OF SUBSTANCE 39
8. LAW OF AVOGADRO 42
9. HALOGENS 45
Chlorine 45
Hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid and its salts 46
General characteristics of halogens 47
10. ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION 50
Electrolytes 50
Ion exchange reactions 52
Redox reactions in solutions 54
Hydrolysis of salts 57
11 .p-ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF D. I. MENDELEEV (oxygen subgroup) 59
General characteristics of the elements of subgroup 59
Sulfur 60
Sulfuric acid and its salts 62
12. REGULARITIES OF THE PROCESS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 64
Chemical reaction rate 64
Chemical equilibrium 65
Sulfuric acid production 67
13. ^ -Elements of Group V of D. I. Mendeleev's Periodic System (nitrogen subgroup) 69
Nitrogen 69
Ammonia and ammonium salts 70
Nitric acid and its salts 72
Phosphorus 74
Phosphoric acid and its salts 75
Mineral fertilizers 76
14.n-ELEMENTS OF THE IV GROUP OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF D. I. MENDELEEV (carbon subgroup) 78
Carbon 78
Carbon oxides. Carbonic acid and its salts 79
Silicon and its compounds 82
Silicates and silicate industry 84
15. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 86
The structure of atoms of metal elements and their position in the periodic system 86
Obtaining metals 87
Electrolysis 89
Physical and chemical properties of metals 91
Alloys. Corrosion of metals 94
16. METAL ELEMENTS OF THE MAIN SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D. I. MENDELEEVA 96
Alkali metals 96
Magnesium. Calcium 99
Aluminum 102
Tin. Lead 105
17. METAL ELEMENTS OF SIDE SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D. I. MENDELEEVA 107
Iron and its compounds 107
Metallurgy. Cast iron and steel 110
Titanium and Vanadium 112
Chrome 113
Manganese 115
18. THEORY OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 117
19. LIMIT HYDROCARBONS 122
Alkanes 122
Cycloalkanes 126
20. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS 127
Alkenes 127
Alcadienes 132
Alkyne 134
21. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 138
22. NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS 142
23. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS 145
Saturated monohydric alcohols 145
Polyhydric alcohols 149
Phenols 150
24. ALDEHYDES 153
25. CARBONIC ACIDS 157
26. ESTERS. FATS 164
27. CARBOHYDRATES 167
28. NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 171
Amines 171
Amino acids 173
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds 175
Proteins 176
29. HIGH-MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 178
30. TASKS FOR REPEATING AND DEEPENING KNOWLEDGE ON THE COURSE OF CHEMISTRY 180
ANNEXES
1. Recommended designations of physical quantities 193
2. Solubility of bases and salts in water 194
3. Rounded values \u200b\u200bof the relative atomic masses of some chemical elements 195
4. Relative molecular weights of some inorganic substances 196
5. Relative molecular weights of some organic substances 197
6. Relative electronegativities of some chemical elements 198
7. Electrochemical series of voltages (series of standard electrode potentials of metals) 199
8. Periodic table of elements D. I. Mendeleev 200
ANSWERS TO CALCULATION PROBLEMS 201

Foreword
Mastering an important and very interesting academic subject of chemistry is almost impossible without solving various problems and performing exercises.
This collection contains tasks and exercises on all topics that are studied in secondary educational institutions (schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, technical schools, etc.). It contains tasks of various levels. Mostly these are tasks of the simplest and average difficulty. There are also a small number of tasks of increased complexity. The most difficult problems, which, for example, are offered at chemistry olympiads and upon admission to universities with high requirements in chemistry, are not included in this collection, they can be found in special editions (see, for example, G.P. Khomchenko, I.G. Khomchenko "Collection of problems in chemistry for applicants to universities", Moscow: RIA "New Wave", 2010). The arrangement of the material in the problem book corresponds to the most traditional sequence of studying chemistry in high school.
Solving design problems and performing various exercises is an important element of studying a chemistry course, since it allows you to better assimilate and systematize theoretical material. Without the practice of solving problems, students' knowledge is highly formalized, so this element of learning should be given special attention. At the same time, it is important to solve problems and perform exercises regularly, on all topics studied.
Most of the computational problems included in the collection are provided with answers, which are given at the end of the book. The problem book does not provide solutions, since the choice of the solution method and the form of recording is determined by the teacher.
When solving problems, you should use the international system of units SI. It is allowed to use in calculations some common non-systemic units, for example, liter (l), milliliter (ml), ton (t).
At the end of the book, there are appendices that contain the reference data necessary for solving problems. We recommend using the rounded values \u200b\u200bof the atomic masses of chemical elements and their compounds when solving calculation problems (see Appendices 3, 4 and 5). In this case, the received answers should be rounded to 3-4 significant digits.